Door-to-Downtown

The Door-to-Downtown (d2d) pilot in Boulder, Colorado, tested a public-private partnership to shift residents and visitors from personal vehicles to shared mobility services. By offering a $5 discount on inbound trips, the program attracted 5,400 registrants and generated nearly 2,500 trips, primarily peaking on Fridays. The pilot demonstrated that MaaS can alleviate downtown parking pressure and provide a scalable model for future electric and autonomous vehicle integration to meet carbon reduction goals.

• The d2d pilot program attracted 5,400 registrants and resulted in 2,477 total trips via Uber, Lyft, and zTrip. Usage peaked on Fridays with an average of 60 trips per day, which is the time when downtown parking is most challenging.
• The program successfully reduced parking demand, with an estimated 1,040 personal vehicles avoiding downtown parking during the pilot. This was based on survey data showing 42 percent of users would have otherwise used a single-occupant vehicle (SOV).
• The pilot demonstrated a positive economic return; d2d users spent an average of $87 per person downtown. The resulting sales tax revenue (estimated between $8,318 and $14,972) covered at least 85 percent of the $9,802 subsidy cost.
• While the pilot did not directly reduce emissions, it provided a baseline for potential CO2 savings through electrification. If the 5,410 personal vehicle miles displaced by the program were electrified on Boulder's current grid, it would save 0.5 metric tons of CO2.
• Marketing efforts were most effective via social media and word of mouth. However, the program struggled to convert the 45+ age demographic into active users despite targeted print and digital outreach.
• The report argues that the current US mobility paradigm is unsustainable, noting that personal vehicles sit unused 95 percent of the time and that the US spends $160 billion annually maintaining a system that still faces $2 trillion to $4 trillion in needed upgrades.
• The authors propose a future 'eaMaaS' (electric, autonomous Mobility as a Service) model. They estimate that a fleet of electric, autonomous service vehicles could provide city-wide service for $0.35/mile or lower by 2035, compared to the current average personal vehicle cost of $0.58/mile.

APA

Klock-McCook, E., & McIntosh, R. (2017). Door-to-Downtown. RMI. https://rmi.org/app/uploads/2017/05/Mobility_Report_Door_to_Downtown_2017.pdf

Chicago

Klock-McCook, Edward, and Robert McIntosh. Door-to-Downtown. RMI, 2017. https://rmi.org/app/uploads/2017/05/Mobility_Report_Door_to_Downtown_2017.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Klock-McCook |first1=Edward |last2=McIntosh |first2=Robert |title=Door-to-Downtown |publisher=RMI |date=May 2017 |url=https://rmi.org/app/uploads/2017/05/Mobility_Report_Door_to_Downtown_2017.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{klockmccook2017doortodowntown, author = {Klock-McCook, Edward and McIntosh, Robert}, title = {{Door-to-Downtown}}, institution = {RMI}, year = {2017}, month = may, url = {https://rmi.org/app/uploads/2017/05/Mobility_Report_Door_to_Downtown_2017.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }