A CITIZENS’ GUIDE TO ENERGY SUBSIDIES IN INDONESIA

The document examines Indonesia's energy subsidy regime, focusing on petroleum products, electricity, and coal. It argues that these subsidies primarily benefit high-income groups rather than the poor, create fiscal vulnerability to global oil price volatility, and discourage investment in clean energy. The guide provides evidence from international experiences to suggest a comprehensive reform strategy involving gradual price phase-outs, targeted cash transfers, and improved governance to mitigate social and economic shocks.

APA

International Institute for Sustainable Development (2012). A CITIZENS’ GUIDE TO ENERGY SUBSIDIES IN INDONESIA. https://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/indonesia_czguide_eng_update_2012.pdf

Chicago

International Institute for Sustainable Development. A CITIZENS’ GUIDE TO ENERGY SUBSIDIES IN INDONESIA. 2012. https://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/indonesia_czguide_eng_update_2012.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=International Institute for Sustainable Development |title=A CITIZENS’ GUIDE TO ENERGY SUBSIDIES IN INDONESIA |date=2012 |url=https://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/indonesia_czguide_eng_update_2012.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{internationalinstituteforsustainabledevelopment2012citizens, author = {{International Institute for Sustainable Development}}, title = {{A CITIZENS’ GUIDE TO ENERGY SUBSIDIES IN INDONESIA}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, year = {2012}, url = {https://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/indonesia_czguide_eng_update_2012.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }