Biaya Kesehatan dari Batubara di Indonesia

The report analyzes the health and economic costs of coal in Indonesia, highlighting that coal-related air pollution causes thousands of premature deaths and significant financial burdens on low-income households. It argues that the Indonesian government's continued subsidies for coal production and power plants contradict public health goals and that transitioning to cheaper renewable energy would reduce these burdens.

• Coal combustion in Indonesia releases toxic pollutants including nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and lead, which contribute to non-communicable diseases such as ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke, and lung cancer.
• Indonesia experienced the highest rate of premature deaths from coal emissions among its neighbors in 2011, with an estimated 7,480 additional deaths per year. This figure is projected to rise to 25,000 per year by 2030 if no action is taken.
• Health costs for non-communicable diseases caused by coal pollution place a severe financial burden on low-income Indonesian households. For example, annual therapy for COPD is estimated at USD 1,125 per person, which represents nearly half of the annual income for low-income families (estimated at USD 2,400).
• The Indonesian government provides substantial financial support to the coal industry that outweighs its public health spending. In 2013, fossil fuel subsidies totaled USD 31 billion, more than three times the USD 10 billion spent on public health. Specifically, coal production subsidies in 2014 reached USD 946 million, equivalent to 10% of the 2013 public health expenditure.
• Air quality monitoring in Indonesia is limited; however, 2017 data for Central Jakarta showed an average annual PM2.5 concentration of 28.4 μg/m3, which is significantly higher than the WHO guideline of 10 μg/m3, with 87% of measurements exceeding the guideline.
• Vulnerable populations, including newborns, children under one year, and the elderly, are most susceptible to coal-related pollutants. Mercury and lead exposure are particularly dangerous for pregnant women and infants, potentially causing lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and memory deficits.

APA

Sanchez, L., & Luan, B. (2018). Biaya Kesehatan dari Batubara di Indonesia. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/health-cost-coal-indonesia-bahasa.pdf

Chicago

Sanchez, Lourdes, and Bernadethe Luan. Biaya Kesehatan dari Batubara di Indonesia. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2018. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/health-cost-coal-indonesia-bahasa.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Sanchez |first1=Lourdes |last2=Luan |first2=Bernadethe |title=Biaya Kesehatan dari Batubara di Indonesia |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development |date=May 2018 |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/health-cost-coal-indonesia-bahasa.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{sanchez2018biaya, author = {Sanchez, Lourdes and Luan, Bernadethe}, title = {{Biaya Kesehatan dari Batubara di Indonesia}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, year = {2018}, month = may, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/health-cost-coal-indonesia-bahasa.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }