Plug-in Electric Vehicles

The document describes the U.S. plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) landscape in 2014, distinguishing between all-electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). It highlights that while PEVs represent less than 1% of new vehicle sales, they are the fastest-growing segment, with sales increasing 85% from 2012 to 2013. The text details specific models like the Nissan LEAF and Tesla Model S, discusses the necessity of expanding public charging infrastructure, and notes a downward trend in battery costs. Additionally, it outlines federal tax credits and various state-level incentives designed to encourage PEV adoption.

• Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are categorized into all-electric vehicles (EVs), which rely solely on grid electricity and have no internal combustion engine, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which use a combination of grid electricity and liquid fuel.
• Despite representing less than one percent of all new vehicle sales, the PEV market is the fastest-growing automobile segment, with sales increasing by 85 percent between 2012 and 2013 and 31 percent from 2013 to May 2014.
• Four models—the Nissan LEAF, Chevrolet Volt, Toyota Prius Plug-in, and Tesla Model S—dominated the U.S. market, accounting for 81 percent of total plug-in vehicle sales.
• U.S. charging infrastructure consists of approximately 8,000 public stations, significantly fewer than the 150,000 gasoline stations, though most vehicles can charge via standard home outlets.
• Battery costs are declining rapidly; large-format battery packs cost an estimated $500 per kWh in late 2013, which is half of the 2009 price, with projections suggesting costs could drop to $160 per kWh by 2025.
• Federal incentives include tax credits of $2,500 plus $417 per kWh of battery capacity over four kWh, capped at $7,500, available for the first 200,000 eligible vehicles per automaker.
• Various U.S. states provide additional incentives, such as California's rebates up to $2,500 and HOV lane access, Colorado's tax credit up to $6,000, and Georgia's income tax credit of 20 percent of a new EV's cost.

APA

Andrade, I., & Querejazu, D. (2014). Plug-in Electric Vehicles. Environmental and Energy Study Institute. https://www.eesi.org/files/FactSheet_plugin_electric_vehicles_061014.pdf

Chicago

Andrade, Ivana, and Daniel Querejazu. Plug-in Electric Vehicles. Environmental and Energy Study Institute, 2014. https://www.eesi.org/files/FactSheet_plugin_electric_vehicles_061014.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Andrade |first1=Ivana |last2=Querejazu |first2=Daniel |title=Plug-in Electric Vehicles |publisher=Environmental and Energy Study Institute |date=June 2014 |url=https://www.eesi.org/files/FactSheet_plugin_electric_vehicles_061014.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{andrade2014plugin, author = {Andrade, Ivana and Querejazu, Daniel}, title = {{Plug-in Electric Vehicles}}, institution = {Environmental and Energy Study Institute}, year = {2014}, month = jun, url = {https://www.eesi.org/files/FactSheet_plugin_electric_vehicles_061014.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }