{"query_echo":{"q":"Boom or Bust Coal","filters":{},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":41,"relation":"eq"},"page":2,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?page=2&q=Boom+or+Bust+Coal","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?page=3&q=Boom+or+Bust+Coal","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"gem-000075","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000075","title":"Boom & Bust 2020","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"id","date_published":"2020-03","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/BoomAndBust_2020_Indonesian_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while global coal capacity grew by 34.1 GW in 2019, this was primarily driven by China, where 68.3 GW of new capacity began operating. Outside China, the global coal fleet shrank for the second consecutive year. Pre-construction pipelines are declining globally, with significant drops in India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In OECD countries, capacity has declined since 2011, though Japan remains a major driver of new coal power. Financing is becoming more restrictive, with no direct project finance from major US, European, or Australian banks for 2019 constructions, although public financing from China and India continues to support new projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000075#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The global coal fleet grew by 34.1 GW in 2019, marking the first net capacity increase since 2015, though this growth was almost entirely due to China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000075#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Outside of China, the global coal fleet has shrunk for two consecutive years because the number of plant closures exceeded the number of new plants starting operation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000075#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global coal power generation decreased by 3% in 2019 compared to 2018, resulting in a record low average global utilization rate of 51%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000075#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The pipeline for pre-construction coal capacity is shrinking globally, with significant reductions in India (50%), Southeast Asia (22%), Africa (40%), and Latin America (60%) between 2018 and 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000075#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the US, coal plant closures increased by 67% under the Trump administration (averaging 13.7 GW per year) compared to the Obama administration (averaging 8.2 GW per year).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000075#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japan is currently the largest driver of new coal power in the OECD, developing 11.9 GW domestically and financing 24.7 GW abroad.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000075#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's coal capacity continues to exceed demand, leading the central government to designate 40% of new capacity that began operating in 2019 as emergency reserves to limit its use.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000075#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Direct project financing for coal construction starting in 2019 was absent from commercial banks in Australia, Europe, and the US.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000075#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public financing from China remains a critical source for international coal projects, with the Export-Import Bank of China supporting 2.8 GW of new construction outside China in 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000075#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In India, new coal construction in 2019 relied heavily on state-controlled financing through the Power Finance Corporation (PFC) and Rural Electrification Corporation (REC).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000075#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","climate finance","energy transition","carbon dioxide emissions","renewable energy","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","Japan","Turkey","Southeast Asia","Africa","Latin America","Indonesia","Vietnam","Philippines","Pakistan","Bangladesh","South Africa","Egypt"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","capacity assessment","financial analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000049","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000049","title":"Boom and Bust Global Energy Monitor","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"id","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-Indonesian_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while global coal capacity is increasingly subject to carbon neutrality targets, a significant gap remains between current phase-out rates and Paris Agreement goals. China is the primary driver of new coal capacity, while the US leads in retirements. In Indonesia, the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) provides a $20 billion financial commitment to accelerate the electricity sector's emission peak to 2030, though 'captive' coal plants for industrial use remain a significant challenge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000049#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Nearly one-third of global operational coal capacity (580 GW) has a phase-out schedule, and 1,400 GW more are covered by carbon neutrality targets, leaving only 5% of the global fleet outside national emission limit commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000049#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's development of new coal capacity surged by 38% in 2022 (from 266 GW to 366 GW), while capacity in the rest of the world decreased by 20% (from 214 GW to 172 GW). China now accounts for 68% of global capacity currently under construction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000049#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States led coal plant closures in 2022 with 13.5 GW retired. Conversely, the European Union saw a slowdown in closures due to the gas crisis and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, with only 2.2 GW closed in the last year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000049#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The G7 nations hold 15% (323 GW) of the world's operating coal plants and have pledged to phase out unabated coal and decarbonize most of their electricity sectors by 2035.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000049#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Indonesia, operational coal capacity rose 9% in 2022 to 40.6 GW. The Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) has pledged $20 billion to move the electricity sector's emission peak to 2030, earlier than the original 2037 target.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000049#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant portion of Indonesia's coal pipeline consists of 'captive' off-grid plants for industrial use, such as aluminum smelting and mineral processing for EV batteries; these account for approximately 13 GW (58%) of capacity under construction or pre-construction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000049#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global coal capacity under development (including announced, pre-permitted, permitted, and construction) rose 12% in 2022 to 537.1 GW, driven by China, after hitting a record low of 479.4 GW in 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000049#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","carbon neutrality","energy transition","Paris Agreement","climate finance","decarbonization","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","European Union","Indonesia","India","Japan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","financial analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000231","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000231","title":"Boom and Bust Gas","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-03","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/GEM_BoomBustGas2022_FINAL_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that global gas-fired power capacity in development (615 GW) now exceeds that of coal (457 GW), representing an estimated US$509 billion in capital expenditure. This expansion is described as ubiquitous across all continents, directly conflicting with the IEA's 1.5°C net-zero pathway. The authors argue that these investments face significant stranded asset risks as clean energy portfolios (CEPs) increasingly outcompete gas on cost, particularly in the US and Australia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000231#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The global build-out of gas-fired power plants currently in pre-construction or construction phases would add over 615 GW of capacity, with an estimated capital expenditure of nearly US$509 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000231#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The expansion of gas-fired power capacity (615 GW) has surpassed the current global development of coal-fired power plants, which stands at 457 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000231#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current gas expansion is incompatible with the IEA's 1.5°C net-zero pathway, which requires unabated fossil gas-fired generation to peak by 2030 and be reduced by 90% by 2040 compared to 2020 levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000231#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investments in gas-fired power are identified as a stranded asset risk because they may need early retirement to meet net-zero goals and are increasingly underutilized due to the competitiveness of renewables.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000231#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Clean energy portfolios (CEPs), including renewables with battery storage and demand-side management, are now more cost-competitive than gas in many regions, including the United States and Australia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000231#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The surge in gas development is widespread globally, with the top five countries accounting for 39% of new capacity in development and the top 20 accounting for 75%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000231#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["gas-fired power station","coal-fired power station","Net-zero emissions","stranded asset","renewable energy","renewable energy commercialization","methane emissions","energy security","Levelized cost of energy"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","Vietnam","Brazil","European Union","Australia","South Korea","Japan","Nigeria","South Africa","India","Bangladesh"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","comparative analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000082","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000082","title":"BOOM AND BUST 2021","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"id","date_published":"2021-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/BoomAndBust_2021_Indonesian_final_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2020, global coal-fired power capacity increased by 12.5 GW, driven primarily by China, which operated 38.4 GW of new capacity. This offset record closures in the US (11.3 GW) and EU27 (10.1 GW). While China's development grew as an economic stimulus during the pandemic, other Asian nations like Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and the Philippines announced plans to cancel up to 62 GW of planned projects due to falling renewable costs and financing difficulties. The report concludes that current global trajectories remain far from the 1.5°C warming limit, with approximately 1,350 GW of capacity needing to be cancelled or closed to meet IPCC targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000082#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"China's rapid expansion of coal power in 2020 reversed a global downward trend, resulting in the first increase in global coal capacity since 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000082#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China accounted for 76% of the world's new coal capacity in 2020, operating 38.4 GW of new plants, while the global fleet outside China decreased by 17.2 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000082#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal plant closures in the United States reached record levels during the Trump administration, with 52.4 GW closed between 2017 and 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000082#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Four Asian countries—Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Vietnam—announced plans to cancel up to 62 GW of previously planned coal capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000082#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's coal fleet growth reached its lowest level since 2004 in 2020, with a net increase of only 0.7 GW after accounting for 1.3 GW of closures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000082#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EU27 saw record closures of 10.1 GW in 2020, with Spain closing half of its coal fleet (4.8 GW of 9.6 GW).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000082#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To align with the 1.5°C warming limit, approximately 1,350 GW of coal capacity must be cancelled or closed, including 500 GW in China and 450 GW in OECD countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000082#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial institutions are increasingly restricting coal funding, though significant debt financing (nearly US$500 billion in the first three quarters of 2020) still flows to coal developers, primarily from Chinese and Japanese banks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000082#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","decarbonization","climate finance","renewable energy","emission intensity","carbon neutrality","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","European Union","India","Indonesia","Vietnam","Bangladesh","Philippines","Japan","South Korea","Turkey","Australia","South Africa","Zimbabwe","Egypt","Brazil","Chile","Mexico"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","financial analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000060","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000060","title":"2024 活況と不況－石炭 世界の石炭火力発電所の計画追跡","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ja","date_published":"2024-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2024-Japanese_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This document is a Japanese translation of an excerpt from the 'Boom & Bust Coal 2024' report by Global Energy Monitor and its partners. It tracks global coal-fired power plant plans as of April 2024, highlighting a contradiction where global coal capacity reached record highs in 2023 despite a general trend of shrinking development pipelines in most countries except China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000060#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal-fired power capacity increased by 48.4 GW (2%) in 2023, reaching a total of 2,130 GW, with China accounting for two-thirds of this growth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000060#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"While new coal construction starts reached their lowest level since 2015 outside of China, China saw a contrary trend with new starts increasing for four consecutive years, reaching an eight-year high.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000060#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Japan ranks 4th globally in coal capacity, reaching 55.1 GW in 2023 after the completion of the Kobe, Saijo, and Yokosuka plants. Despite a 97.6% decrease in new plans since 2015, one 'zombie' project remains: the 0.5 GW GENESIS Matsushima plant planned by J-POWER for a 2026 start, which utilizes biomass, ammonia, and hydrogen co-firing and CCS technology.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000060#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Japan lacks a planned coal phase-out target, with only 1.9 GW (3.4%) of its operating capacity having scheduled closure dates. The document notes Japan's opposition during the April 2023 G7 meeting to adopting 2030 as a formal phase-out date for unabated coal power.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000060#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power","energy transition","phase-out","paris agreement","carbon capture and storage (ccs)"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","Turkey","Indonesia","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Laos","Philippines","South Korea","Australia","Central Asia","Middle East and North Africa","sub-Saharan Africa","Latin America and the Caribbean","Zimbabwe","Brazil"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Tracking","Policy Analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000057","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000057","title":"繁荣与衰落","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"zh","date_published":"2024-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2024-Chinese_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2024 'Boom and Bust' report finds that while many countries are reducing coal capacity, global operational capacity grew by 2% in 2023 to 2,130 GW, driven largely by China. China's new coal construction reached an eight-year high, contradicting its 2021 pledge to strictly control new projects. Globally, only 15% of operational coal capacity is committed to retirement aligned with the 1.5°C goal. While construction outside China hit a nine-year low, new planning in India, Kazakhstan, and Indonesia remains a challenge, and captive coal plants are emerging as a persistent loophole.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000057#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global operational coal capacity increased by 2% in 2023, reaching 2,130 GW, with two-thirds of this growth coming from China. This follows a trend where global operational capacity has grown by 11% since the 2015 Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000057#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's coal power expansion is accelerating despite official pledges. New coal project construction in China reached its highest level in eight years, and the total capacity of approved projects in 2022 and 2023 was four times the total approved between 2016 and 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000057#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While new construction outside China hit a nine-year low, new planning persists. In 2023, new planned capacity totaled 20.9 GW, primarily in India (11.4 GW), Kazakhstan (4.6 GW), and Indonesia (2.5 GW). Captive coal plants, which serve specific industrial activities like chrome smelting in Zimbabwe or nickel smelting in Indonesia, are identified as a remaining stronghold for coal planning.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000057#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","Coal phase-out","climate finance","carbon capture and storage"],"geography_discussed":["United States","European Union","United Kingdom","Kazakhstan","Zimbabwe","Brazil"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["capacity tracking","policy assessment"]},{"id":"reclfin-000144","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/reclfin-000144","title":"Coal retirement rates are not up to speed","publisher":{"name":"Reclaim Finance","organization":"reclaim-finance"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2024-04-16","source_url":"https://reclaimfinance.org/site/en/2024/04/16/coal-retirement-rates-are-not-up-to-speed/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document highlights a recent increase in global coal capacity and a slowdown in the adoption of coal-restrictive policies by private financial institutions, calling for urgent regulatory action and the implementation of the Coal Transition Accelerator.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000144#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global operating coal capacity grew at an eight-year high in 2023, driven by new plant construction and the lowest rate of coal retirements in over a decade, resulting in the highest net increase in capacity since 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000144#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Only 15% of global coal power capacity currently has a closure timeline that aligns with the International Energy Agency's recommendation to phase out coal globally by 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000144#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private financial institutions are adopting coal-restrictive policies at a slower rate, with only 23 top institutions updating policies in 2023 compared to 57 in 2022; currently, 187 out of 336 top global financial players have no coal policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000144#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Factors hindering the adoption of ambitious climate targets by financial institutions include energy security concerns linked to the war in Ukraine and instability in the Middle East, anti-ESG sentiment in the United States, and the desire to protect profits from fossil fuel investments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000144#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Coal Transition Accelerator (CTA), launched by France at COP28 to end coal expansion financing and support early retirements, has provided no updates on its three deliverables four months after its establishment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000144#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","Coal phase-out","climate finance","fossil-fuel divestment","energy security","environmental, social and corporate governance","renewable energy","carbon capture and storage","Cofiring","natural gas"],"geography_discussed":["United States","West Virginia","Ukraine","France"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","financial analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000038","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000038","title":"Küresel Kömürlü Termik Santral Takibi","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"tr","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_Turkish.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal capacity increased by 3.5% while coal-generated electricity decreased by 0.6%, reflecting a shift where coal serves as backup capacity rather than a primary source. This trend is most prominent in China and India, where record capacity additions coexist with falling production due to the rise of renewables. While the number of countries planning new coal projects fell to 32 in 2025, some nations like the US and EU delayed plant closures for energy security. In Turkey, planned coal capacity has plummeted from 57.5 GW in 2015 to 0.7 GW by 2025, though tensions remain between social demand for transition and government policies such as guaranteed purchase mechanisms for coal plants through 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a growing gap between coal plant capacity and actual electricity production globally; in 2025, global installed capacity rose by 3.5% while coal-generated electricity fell by 0.6%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are leading the trend of adding coal capacity as backup for system security while simultaneously seeing a decline in coal-based generation as renewables meet increasing demand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China reached a historical peak in 2025 with 161.7 GW of new and reopened coal plant projects, and has over 500 GW in the planning stage, risking a 'lock-in' of coal capacity through 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The number of countries planning or constructing new coal plants continues to decline, dropping from 75 in 2014 to 32 in 2025, with Latin America reporting no new coal projects in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Approximately 70% of coal plants scheduled for closure globally in 2025 were not closed as planned, with failure rates of 69% in the EU and 59% in the US due to energy security and federal interventions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Turkey has seen a massive reduction in planned coal capacity, falling from 57.5 GW in 2015 to 0.7 GW in 2025, leaving only one active project: the expansion of the Afşin-Elbistan A Thermal Power Plant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the decline in planned projects, the Turkish government announced a guaranteed purchase mechanism for coal plants valid until 2030 in September 2025, and is considering long-term guarantees until 2045.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","renewable energy","solar energy","wind energy","energy security","stranded asset","just transition","carbon dioxide emissions","air pollution","climate target"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","Turkey","Indonesia","South Korea","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Africa","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","capacity tracking"]},{"id":"trendas-000048","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/trendas-000048","title":"Melacak Rangkaian Proyek Baru Pembangkit Listrik Batu Bara Global","publisher":{"name":"Trend Asia","organization":"trend-asia"},"document_type":"report","language":"id","date_published":"2024-04","source_url":"https://trendasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Boom-Bust-Coal-2024-Indonesian_EMBARGOED-11-April-2024-UTC.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that global coal capacity reached a historic high in 2023, increasing by 48.4 GW to a total of 2,130 GW. While new construction starts reached a nine-year low outside of China, China saw an eight-year high in new starts. Only 15% of global operating coal capacity has commitments to close in line with the 1.5°C Paris Agreement goal. In Indonesia, the report highlights a surge in 'captive' coal plants supporting nickel smelting, noting that 27.5% of Indonesia's operating coal capacity is captive. Despite the US$20 billion Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), Indonesia's early retirement targets for coal plants shrank from 5.5 GW to 1.7 GW in late 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000048#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"New coal construction starts in 2023 reached their lowest annual level since 2015 outside of China, whereas China experienced its highest level of new construction starts in eight years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000048#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Only 15% (317 GW) of the world's currently operating coal capacity is covered by commitments to close in alignment with the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C warming limit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000048#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2023, new coal proposals outside China were led by India (11.4 GW), Kazakhstan (4.6 GW), and Indonesia (2.5 GW).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000048#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Captive coal plants, which operate independently of the power grid for industrial use, are becoming a primary driver for new proposals, specifically for nickel smelting in Indonesia and chrome smelters in Zimbabwe.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000048#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's energy transition is hindered by a reliance on captive coal plants for metal processing; 27.5% of its operating coal capacity is captive, and these plants are often affiliated with China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000048#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) in Indonesia has been criticized for its funding structure, where grants represent less than 1% of the US$20 billion commitment, and its early retirement target for coal plants was reduced from 5.5 GW to 1.7 GW in November 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000048#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indonesian Financial Services Authority (OJK) updated its financial taxonomy to classify captive coal plants as 'transition' activities, which the report describes as a step backward.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000048#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","climate finance","Just Energy Transition Partnership","carbon capture and storage","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Indonesia","India","United States","European Union","United Kingdom","Kazakhstan","Zimbabwe","Brazil","Japan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["assessment","monitoring"]},{"id":"gem-000065","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000065","title":"KÜRESEL KÖMÜRLÜ TERMIK SANTRAL TAKIBI","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"tr","date_published":"2024-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2024-Turkish_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global coal-fired power capacity reached a record 2,130 GW in 2023, driven largely by China, despite a general global trend toward reducing new coal construction. While the EU and UK are accelerating retirements, China's new construction capacity reached an eight-year high. Turkey continues to develop coal capacity, ranking eighth globally in capacity under development, despite significant local opposition and the cancellation of numerous projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000065#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal-fired power capacity reached its highest level in history in 2023, totaling 2,130 GW after a 2% (48.4 GW) increase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000065#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's coal plant construction trends diverge sharply from the rest of the world; while non-Chinese countries saw the lowest level of new construction since 2015, China's new capacity reached its highest level in eight years in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000065#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Only 15% (317 GW) of the global operating coal capacity has retirement commitments aligned with the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C goal. To reach zero coal capacity by 2040, an average of 126 GW must be retired annually over the next 17 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000065#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Turkey ranks eighth globally for coal capacity under development (4.8 GW) and remains the highest in this category among OECD countries and neighbors in Eastern Europe and Western Asia, despite not starting new construction in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000065#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the EU and UK, coal-fired electricity generation fell by 26% in 2023, and for the first time, renewable energy accounted for more than 40% of total electricity production in the EU.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000065#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The G20 countries control the vast majority of coal infrastructure, holding 92% of operating capacity (1,968 GW) and 88% of pre-construction capacity (336 GW).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000065#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","renewable energy","decarbonization","climate finance","just transition","carbon capture and storage"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","Turkey","Indonesia","Zimbabwe","Kazakhstan","Brazil","Ireland","Spain","Slovakia","Germany","Greece","Poland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["capacity tracking","policy assessment","trend analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000061","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000061","title":"석탄의 경제 대전환 전 세계 석탄발전소 추이 조사","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ko","date_published":"2024-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2024-Korean_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while many countries are reducing planned coal capacity, global operational capacity reached a record high in 2023, driven largely by China. It highlights a divergence between China's increasing construction and the decline in other regions. In South Korea, the report argues that current plans are insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals and that continued reliance on coal, including ammonia co-firing, poses significant financial risks to the state utility and the national economy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000061#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global operational coal power capacity increased by 48.4GW (2%) in 2023 to reach a total of 2,130GW, with China accounting for two-thirds of this growth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000061#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"New coal construction starts in regions outside China have reached their lowest annual level since data collection began in 2015, whereas China's starts have increased for four consecutive years, reaching an 8-year high.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000061#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Only 15% (317GW) of the world's operational coal capacity is currently committed to be retired in line with the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C goal; achieving a full phase-out by 2040 would require closing approximately two plants per week for the next 17 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000061#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) has recorded a total deficit of 50 trillion KRW since 2022, with approximately 30% of this estimated to be directly attributable to coal power generation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000061#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In South Korea, the use of ammonia co-firing at plants such as Yeongheung, Samcheok, and Shin-Boryeong is criticized for potentially extending the lifespan of coal plants and maintaining national dependence on coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000061#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","Nationally Determined Contributions","phase-out","Cofiring","climate finance","just transition","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","United Kingdom","Indonesia","Kazakhstan","Zimbabwe","Brazil","Central Asia","South Chungcheong"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","financial risk analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000051","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000051","title":"석탄의 경제 대전환","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ko","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-Korean_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while global coal phase-out remains possible, the current pace of closures is insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals. China is a major outlier, accounting for 68% of proposed global coal capacity in 2022, while other regions show a decline in new projects. In South Korea, the report argues that current plans are inconsistent with national climate goals and that the financial risks of coal dependence are evident in the deficits of the Korea Electric Power Corporation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000051#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal phase-out is progressing but remains insufficient to meet Paris Agreement targets. Approximately one-third of operating capacity (580 GW) has assigned closure dates, and most of the remaining 1,400 GW falls within carbon neutrality goals, meaning only 5% of global capacity is outside national commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000051#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's coal expansion is diverging sharply from the rest of the world. In 2022, China's proposed coal capacity increased by 38% (from 266 GW to 366 GW), while capacity in the rest of the world decreased by 20% (from 214 GW to 172 GW). China now represents 68% of all proposed global coal capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000051#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The pace of coal plant closures must accelerate significantly to meet 2040 targets, requiring an average annual closure of 117 GW, which is 4.5 times the amount closed in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000051#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Korea's coal phase-out plan is deemed insufficient to meet its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 2018. The government plans to operate 41 coal plants (31.7 GW) in 2030, representing only a 19% decrease from the current 39.1 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000051#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial risks associated with coal dependence are manifesting in South Korea, with the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) recording a deficit of over 32.6 trillion KRW (25 billion USD) in 2022, of which approximately 30% is attributed to coal power.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000051#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","energy transition","Paris Agreement","carbon neutrality","greenhouse gas emissions","climate finance","just transition","Nationally Determined Contributions","decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","European Union","United States","India","South Korea","South Chungcheong"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","financial risk analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000036","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000036","title":"Отслеживание глобального портфеля угольных электростанций","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ru","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_Russian%20layout.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal capacity increased by 3.5% while generation fell by 0.6%, reflecting a trend where coal plants are increasingly used as backup reserves rather than primary energy sources. This divergence is most acute in China and India, where record capacity additions coexist with falling generation due to the rise of wind and solar power. While the number of countries proposing new coal projects declined from 38 to 32, political interventions in the US and EU delayed planned retirements. Regionally, Latin America reported no new projects, while Russia and Kazakhstan continue to integrate coal into their long-term energy security strategies despite international financing constraints and sanctions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a widening gap between coal capacity and generation; in 2025, global installed capacity rose by 3.5% while generation decreased by 0.6%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India saw the sharpest drops in coal generation despite record capacity additions, as renewables met most of the demand growth. China added 161.7 GW of new and refurbished projects in 2025, while India announced 27.9 GW of new projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The number of countries proposing or building new coal plants is shrinking, falling from 75 in 2014 to 32 in 2025. Only 5% of global coal construction now occurs outside of China and India.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Planned coal plant retirements are frequently delayed; nearly 70% of units scheduled for decommissioning in 2025 remained operational, including 69% in the EU and 59% in the US.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia's coal sector is under stress due to sanctions, high transport costs, and falling global demand, leading to a sharp drop in new proposals to just 65 MW in 2025. However, the government plans to increase coal production to 662 million metric tons by 2050 to support internal consumption in Siberia and the Far East.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Kazakhstan is pursuing a strategy of expanding coal capacity for energy security while aiming for carbon neutrality by 2060. The government plans to invest over $17 billion in coal expansion by 2030, including 7.6 GW of capacity across six new plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mongolia experienced the highest number of coal project cancellations globally in 2025, accounting for 24% of all world cancellations, primarily due to the collapse of the 5.28 GW Shivee-Ovoo export project.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Central Asia, most coal projects in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan have been frozen due to a lack of financing, particularly following China's 2021 pledge to stop funding new coal plants abroad.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","renewable energy","wind power","solar energy","carbon neutrality","energy security","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","Indonesia","Turkey","Latin America","South Korea","Russia","Kazakhstan","Mongolia","Kyrgyzstan","Tajikistan","Uzbekistan","Africa","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Pakistan","Bangladesh"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["portfolio tracking","regional assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000052","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000052","title":"RASTREAMENTO GLOBAL DAS USINAS DE CARVÃO","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"pt","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-Portuguese_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report indicates that while the global coal fleet grew by 19.5 GW in 2022, this was primarily driven by China, which now accounts for 68% of global developing coal capacity. Outside China, new coal proposals have collapsed by 84% since 2015. However, the current pace of decommissioning is insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals, with a required average of 117 GW of annual retirements to achieve a 2040 phase-out. In Latin America, development has slowed significantly, though Argentina recently commissioned the Río Turbio plant and Brazil maintains plans for 1.4 GW of new capacity by 2031, despite current project stalls.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"China is the primary driver of global coal expansion; its developing capacity increased by 38% (from 266 GW to 366 GW) in 2022, and it now represents 68% of the world's developing coal capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Outside of China, the pipeline for new coal power has seen a massive decline, with proposed capacity falling 84% since 2015, including a 90% reduction in the OECD/EU.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current global decommissioning rates are far below what is necessary to meet a 2040 phase-out target, which would require an average of 117 GW of retirements per year—4.5 times the 2022 rate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States led coal retirements in 2022 with 13.5 GW decommissioned, while the European Union saw a slowdown in retirements (only 2.2 GW) due to the gas crisis and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Latin America, coal development has dropped 82% since 2015, with only 1.8 GW in development by the end of 2022. Argentina's Río Turbio plant became the first newly commissioned coal plant in the region since 2019 in November 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Brazil's 10-year energy expansion plan calls for 1.4 GW of new coal by 2031, but current proposals like the 600 MW Ouro Negro plant have been outcompeted by renewables or stalled by legal decisions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The G20 controls the vast majority of the world's coal infrastructure, holding 93% of operational capacity (1,926 GW) and 88% of pre-construction capacity (305 GW).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","decarbonization","Paris Agreement","climate finance","climate target","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","European Union","India","Latin America","Argentina","Brazil","Chile","Peru","Panama","Colombia","Mexico","Dominican Republic"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["capacity tracking","policy analysis","geographic comparison"]},{"id":"gem-000034","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000034","title":"전 세계 석탄발전소 추이 조사","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ko","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_Korean%20layout.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal power capacity increased by 3.5% while generation fell by 0.6%, reflecting a trend where coal plants act as 'system insurance' rather than primary power sources. This gap is most prominent in China and India, where record-high completions coexist with falling generation due to rapid wind and solar expansion. While the number of countries proposing new coal projects decreased from 38 in 2024 to 32 in 2025, and Latin America reached a state of no new proposals, some regions like the US and EU delayed planned closures due to energy security and political intervention. South Korea has committed to a 2040 coal phase-out, contrasting with Japan's more gradual approach focused on ammonia co-firing and efficiency improvements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2025, there was a widening gap between coal capacity and actual usage: global coal power capacity rose by 3.5%, while generation decreased by 0.6%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India saw the largest decreases in coal generation despite high completion rates; China's capacity grew by 6% while generation fell 1.2%, and India's capacity grew 3.8% while generation fell 2.9%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China recorded a historic high of 161.7GW in new and resumed coal projects in 2025, with over 500GW of total capacity currently under development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India proposed 27.9GW of new or resumed coal plants in 2025 and aims to add 100GW of new capacity over the next seven years, even as non-fossil capacity exceeded half of its total installed capacity in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Approximately 70% of coal plants scheduled for closure in 2025 remained operational, including 69% of planned closures in the EU and 59% in the US.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The number of countries proposing or constructing new coal plants fell from 38 in 2024 to 32 in 2025; Latin America reached a status of having no new coal plant proposals in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Korea committed to a phase-out of coal power by 2040, noting that about half of its 42GW operating capacity has closure plans before 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japan continues to operate one of the largest coal fleets in the OECD (53GW) without a binding national phase-out schedule, focusing instead on ammonia co-firing and carbon capture and storage (CCS).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","renewable energy","wind power","solar energy","energy security","carbon capture and storage","Cofiring","phase-out","stranded asset"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","South Korea","Japan","Indonesia","Turkey","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Southeast Asia","Africa","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Latin America","Western Balkans","Ukraine","Australia","Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000046","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000046","title":"Yükseliş ve Çöküş 2025 Küresel Kömürlü Termik Santral Takibi","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"tr","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-and-Bust-Coal-2025-Turkish_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, global coal-fired power capacity additions reached their lowest level in 20 years at 44 GW, though net capacity still increased by 18.8 GW due to continued growth in China and India. While the EU saw a fourfold increase in retired capacity and the UK became the sixth country to fully exit coal since the Paris Agreement, China and India saw record-high numbers of new plant starts and proposals. In OECD countries, planned coal plants have dropped from 142 in 2015 to five today, with Turkey and Australia remaining among the few with active projects. Turkey specifically is noted as the only OECD country actively increasing coal-based electricity production, despite a 2053 net-zero target and the recent approval of an expansion at the Afşin-Elbistan complex.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000046#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal capacity additions in 2024 were the lowest in two decades, totaling 44 GW, which is approximately 30 GW below the 2004-2024 annual average of 72 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000046#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India dominate new coal development, accounting for 107 GW of the 116 GW of new coal plant capacity planned worldwide in 2024. China specifically saw its highest number of coal plant construction starts since 2015, with new plants totaling 94 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000046#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union experienced a significant increase in coal retirements, with decommissioned capacity rising from 2.7 GW in 2023 to 11 GW in 2024, led by Germany with 6.7 GW. The United Kingdom became the sixth country to completely abandon coal-fired power since the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000046#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Among 38 OECD member countries, the number of planned coal plants fell from 142 in 2015 to five. Turkey is identified as the only OECD country still actively increasing coal-based electricity production, as it has not retired any coal plants since 2010.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000046#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Turkey, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change approved the EIA report in December 2024 for the expansion of the Afşin-Elbistan energy complex in Kahramanmaraş, which involves adding two units to be operational by 2028 and remaining in service beyond 2060.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000046#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","carbon neutrality","renewable energy","just transition","carbon capture and storage","Cofiring"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","Indonesia","Brazil","Turkey","Australia","Japan","South Korea","Zimbabwe","Zambia","South Africa","Kahramanmaraş Province"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","capacity tracking"]},{"id":"gem-000048","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000048","title":"L’ÉTAT DES CENTRALES À CHARBON DU MONDE","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-French_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while the 'return of coal' did not materialize globally in 2022, the pace of retirements remains insufficient to meet Paris Agreement targets. China is a major outlier, with its coal capacity in development increasing by 38% in 2022, while capacities in the rest of the world decreased by 20%. In the EU and UK, coal use saw a marginal 1% increase due to the gas crisis, but long-term trends remain downward. In Sub-Saharan Africa, coal projects persist despite funding shortages, though some successful just transition initiatives, such as the Komati plant retirement in South Africa, provide a potential model for the region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal capacity retirements are not currently aligned with Paris Agreement goals. To achieve total elimination by 2040, an average of 117 GW must be closed annually, which is 4.5 times the capacity closed in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China is significantly expanding its coal capacity while the rest of the world declines. In 2022, China's developing capacities rose by 38% (from 266 GW to 366 GW), whereas the rest of the world saw a 20% decrease (from 214 GW to 172 GW). China now accounts for 68% of global coal power capacity in development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union and United Kingdom have largely ceased developing new coal plants, with no plants in pre-construction and only one under construction. Despite a temporary 1% increase in EU coal generation in 2022 due to the gas crisis and the invasion of Ukraine, the long-term trend remains a decline, with approximately 60 GW projected for retirement by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In North Africa and the Middle East, coal capacity is declining; no new proposals were made in 2022. Over half of the region's 8.6 GW of coal capacity is scheduled for retirement or replacement by 2026, although some plants in Morocco and Israel have seen extensions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a crossroads with nearly 50 GW of operational capacity and 10 GW in development. While some projects were cancelled in Kenya and Tanzania, others persist, such as the 2.8 GW Sengwa plant in Zimbabwe. South Africa's energy crisis and load shedding have led the government to consider accelerated approval processes for new installations, which may favor coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private financial support for coal is largely insufficient. While 99 financial institutions updated their coal policies in 2022, only 12 of these commitments are restrictive enough to effectively stop the funding of new mines and power plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","climate finance","renewable energy","decarbonization","just transition","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","sub-Saharan Africa","South Africa","Zimbabwe","Morocco","Israel","Kenya","Tanzania","Botswana","Germany","France"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","capacity tracking"]},{"id":"gem-000062","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000062","title":"RASTREAMENTO GLOBAL DAS USINAS DE CARVÃO","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"pt","date_published":"2024-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2024-Portuguese_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global coal capacity reached a record high of 2,130 GW in 2023, growing by 2% (48.4 GW), primarily driven by China. While new construction hit a nine-year low outside China, it reached an eight-year high within China. Only 15% of global operational capacity is under a phase-out commitment. In Latin America, operational capacity is declining, though some countries like Brazil and Mexico face challenges with decommissioning timelines and legislative extensions of plant lifespans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000062#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global operational coal capacity reached a historic peak in 2023 at 2,130 GW, representing a 2% increase (48.4 GW) over the previous year, with China accounting for two-thirds of these additions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000062#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"New coal construction trends diverged sharply in 2023: starts reached a record annual low outside China since 2015, while in China they hit an eight-year high, contradicting President Xi Jinping's 2021 pledge to \"strictly control\" coal projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000062#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","carbon capture and storage","climate finance","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative assessment","policy review"]},{"id":"gem-000044","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000044","title":"Ascensão e Queda 2025 Rastreamento global das usinas de carvão","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"pt","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-and-Bust-Coal-2025-Portuguese_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, the world commissioned the lowest amount of new coal capacity in twenty years (44 GW), though global capacity still saw a net increase of 18.8 GW. While the EU27 quadrupled its retirements and the UK closed its last coal plant, China and India saw record construction starts and proposals, respectively. Outside these two nations, development capacity has fallen for ten consecutive years. In Latin America, new proposals are nearly zero, though Brazil continues to provide significant government subsidies to keep existing plants operational despite the competitiveness of renewables.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The year 2024 marked the lowest level of new coal power production in two decades, with 44 GW commissioned, which is nearly 30 GW below the 2004-2024 annual average of 72 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite low new production, global coal capacity increased by a net 18.8 GW in 2024 because the 44 GW of new capacity exceeded the 25.2 GW retired.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India dominated new coal developments in 2024, together accounting for 92% of the world's proposed coal capacity (107 GW out of 116 GW). China had its highest number of construction starts since 2015 (94 GW), and India saw a record 38 GW in new proposals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union (EU27) saw coal retirements quadruple in 2023, rising from 2.7 GW to 11 GW, with Germany leading the trend at 6.7 GW. The United Kingdom became the sixth country to fully eliminate coal power since the 2015 Paris Agreement by closing its last plant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Brazil, government subsidies maintain coal plants despite their high costs and the competitiveness of renewables. Between 2020 and 2024, the government spent an average of R$ 1.07 billion (US$ 185 million) annually on coal generation subsidies. There is a risk that legislative actions could reinstate R$ 92 billion (US$ 16 billion) in contracted subsidies, potentially extending the operation of plants like Jorge Lacerda until 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Latin American coal proposals are nearly non-existent, with development capacity falling to 0.8 GW in 2024. Chile has closed 11 plants since 2018 and has committed to further retirements of 2.1 GW in 2025. Panama has committed to a total coal phase-out by 2026.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the OECD countries, coal plant proposals dropped from 142 in 2015 to five currently. However, to meet the Paris Agreement, annual retirements in the region must increase from 19 GW in 2024 to 70 GW by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","climate finance","fossil fuel subsidy","Paris Agreement","renewable energy","just transition","Cofiring","Nationally Determined Contributions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","Indonesia","Brazil","Chile","Colombia","Panama","Dominican Republic","Germany","Japan","South Korea","Zimbabwe","Zambia","South Africa","Honduras","Mexico","Argentina"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["tracking","policy assessment"]},{"id":"sei-000378","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-000378","title":"Risks for New Natural Gas Developments in Appalachia","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2021-03-23","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/publications/risks-for-new-natural-gas-developments-in-appalachia","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This research paper examines the economic viability of the natural gas industry in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia, arguing that the region is vulnerable to low prices and a global shift toward low-carbon energy sources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000378#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The natural gas industry in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia is susceptible to economic instability due to sustained low prices for domestic gas and natural gas liquids.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000378#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The growth of the gas industry in Appalachia, driven by horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, faces risks as global energy markets, including the U.S., transition toward inexpensive renewables and low-carbon energy, a trend accelerated by the global pandemic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000378#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The potential decline of the gas industry mirrors the previous collapse of the coal industry in Appalachia, creating economic risks for communities dependent on gas extraction for tax revenue and employment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000378#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","natural gas","renewables","fossil fuels"],"geography_discussed":["United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic risk assessment"]}]}