{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["NewClimate Institute"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":334,"relation":"eq"},"page":12,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=newclimate-institute&page=12","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=newclimate-institute&page=13","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"newclim-000063","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000063","title":"Climate Action Tracker Global Update: Governments still showing little sign of stepping up","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2019-12-10","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/climate-action-tracker-global-update-governments-still-showing-little-sign","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Climate Action Tracker reports that current pledges put the world on track for 2.8°C of warming by 2100, while real-world actions suggest 3°C. Despite a 75% shrinkage in the coal pipeline since 2015, coal capacity increased by 63 GW in that period, and natural gas demand continues to grow rapidly. Conversely, renewable capacity is projected to increase by 1,200 GW over the next five years, driven primarily by solar PV and onshore wind.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000063#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Current global pledges are projected to lead to a temperature increase of 2.8°C by the end of the century, whereas actual real-world actions are estimated to result in a 3°C rise. An optimistic projection that includes planned additional actions still results in 2.8°C of warming.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000063#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a lack of updated Paris Agreement pledges as of December 2019, with only the Marshall Islands submitting an updated NDC and Chile publishing a draft.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000063#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global coal capacity saw a net increase of 63 GW between 2015 and 2019, although the pipeline for coal expansion decreased by nearly 75% during the same period. China, Japan, and South Korea continue to fund offshore coal, exemplified by the proposed Chinese-funded Lamu coal-fired power station in Kenya.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000063#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Natural gas demand grew by 5% from 2017 to 2018, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the increase in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. To align with the Paris Agreement without CCS, gas in power generation must peak before 2030 and be halved by 2040 relative to 2010 levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000063#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Renewable power capacity is expected to grow by approximately 1,200 GW (a 50% increase) over the next five years, with solar PV and onshore wind contributing 60% and 25% of new installations, respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000063#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Paris Agreement","Nationally Determined Contributions","climate change","coal-fired power station","natural gas","carbon capture and storage","photovoltaics","onshore wind farm","offshore wind power","hydroelectricity","carbon dioxide emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Marshall Islands","Chile","Asia","People's Republic of China","Japan","South Korea","Kenya","Germany","United Kingdom","Vietnam","Spain"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative assessment","policy tracking"]},{"id":"newclim-000196","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000196","title":"NDC Update Report","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-12-03","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/ndc-update-report-december-2019-long-term-society-wide-visions-for-immediate","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The NDC Update Report emphasizes the necessity of long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LTSs) to drive ambition in the 2020 NDC update cycle. Survey data indicates that while confidence in current NDC implementation remains high, over half of respondents are unclear if their governments will raise ambition in the next update, with discussions often focused on costs rather than social or environmental benefits. The report proposes eight key elements for robust LTS processes, noting that more than half of surveyed governments had not yet started the LTS process. It highlights that 13 LTSs had been submitted to the UNFCCC at the time of writing, often characterized as \"living documents\" with a focus on stakeholder engagement. Contributions from organizations such as the NDC Partnership, GIZ, UNDP, WRI, AFD/IDFC, LEDS-GP, and FAO underscore the need for whole-of-government scope, transparency, and sector-specific pathways—particularly in energy and agriculture—to align investments and ensure food security.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000196#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Survey data regarding the 2020 NDC update reveals that more than 50% of respondents are unable to clarify if their government intends to increase ambition, and approximately 80% plan to submit their next NDC in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000196#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a gap in LTS development, noting that over half of the surveyed respondents had not begun the process, and only 70% could confirm their LTS would be consistent with Paris Agreement goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000196#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The NewClimate Institute proposes eight essential elements for LTS processes, which include incorporating GHG emission pathways to 2050 and beyond, covering all economic sectors, identifying financing requirements, and aligning with 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and adaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000196#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of the 13 LTSs submitted to the UNFCCC shows that most are treated as \"living documents\" and prioritize participatory processes and stakeholder engagement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000196#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Nationally Determined Contributions","Net-zero emissions","decarbonization","Paris Agreement","climate finance","Sustainable Development Goals","climate change adaptation","agriculture"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","survey"]},{"id":"newclim-000049","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000049","title":"Assessment of the potentials to increase emissions reduction targets by the","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-12-02","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/assessment-of-the-potentials-to-increase-emissions-reduction-targets-by-the","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes the potential for Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, India, Japan, and the United States to strengthen their mitigation targets to align with the Paris Agreement's temperature goals. It evaluates these potentials by examining socioeconomic data, historical emissions, current policy projections, global least-cost pathways using marginal abatement cost curves, and 'fair share' equity principles. The analysis also considers the political feasibility of deploying available low-carbon technologies and phasing out fossil fuel subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000049#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Current mitigation targets for 2020, 2030, and long-term goals are not aligned with the Paris Agreement's objectives of keeping global warming well below 2°C and limiting it to 1.5°C.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000049#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report utilizes marginal abatement cost curves (MACC) from the POLES database to determine globally cost-effective national pathways for energy- and process-related GHG emissions, with data provided up to a shadow carbon price of 1,200 EUR/t.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000049#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The analysis incorporates 'fair share' contributions for 2030 and 2050 based on equity principles such as equality and historical responsibility, using data from the Climate Action Tracker.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000049#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While emission-reducing technologies are often competitive with high-emitting options, their actual deployment is heavily dependent on the political landscape and the feasibility of removing measures like fossil fuel subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000049#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","Nationally Determined Contributions","Paris Agreement","climate justice","fossil fuel subsidy","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","economic modeling"]},{"id":"newclim-000143","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000143","title":"Fairness and Cost-Effectiveness-Based Approaches to Effort-Sharing under the Paris Agreement","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2019-12-02","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/fairness-and-cost-effectiveness-based-approaches-to-effort-sharing-under-the","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines two methodologies—fairness-based and cost-effectiveness-based—for determining national GHG emission reductions required to meet the Paris Agreement's goals of limiting warming to well below 2°C and ideally 1.5°C. It notes that current commitments, including those of Germany and the EU, are insufficient. The analysis focuses on major emitters including Brazil, Canada, China, the EU, India, Japan, the USA, and specifically Germany, to identify gaps between current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the levels of ambition suggested by mitigation potentials or fair shares.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000143#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Current national emission reduction commitments, specifically those of the European Union and Germany, are inadequate to meet the objectives established by the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000143#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report utilizes two distinct methodologies to derive national GHG reduction targets for 2030 and 2050: a fairness-based approach derived from Climate Action Tracker evaluations and a cost-effectiveness approach based on marginal abatement cost curves.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000143#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Comparing fairness and cost-effectiveness approaches helps determine if a country should increase its NDC ambition, especially when the NDC is significantly lower than the country's fair share or mitigation potentials, and highlights the need for international support when low-cost reduction potentials mismatch fair shares.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000143#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","Paris Agreement","Nationally Determined Contributions","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Brazil","Canada","People's Republic of China","European Union","India","Japan","United States","Germany"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"newclim-000162","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000162","title":"Tackling the challenges of assessing collective progress for an effective Global Stocktake","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11-29","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/tackling-the-challenges-of-assessing-collective-progress-for-an-effective","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document addresses the challenge of ensuring individual country contributions align with the collective goals of the Paris Agreement through the Global Stocktake (GST). It evaluates the potential and limits of the GST process and suggests specific improvements to maximize its effectiveness, including the use of a performance distributions approach and independent support from academia and civil society.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000162#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Paris Agreement's hybrid structure, which mixes collective goals with individual contributions, does not ensure that those individual efforts are sufficient to meet the overall collective objectives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000162#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To maximize the effectiveness of the UNFCCC GST process, the report recommends four specific actions: implementing a public appraisal of inputs, utilizing a performance distributions approach, incorporating detailed sectoral system discussions in expert dialogues, and requesting the IPCC to identify benchmarks based on available research.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000162#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The official Global Stocktake process should be supplemented by independent efforts from the academic community and civil society.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000162#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Global stocktake","Paris Agreement","climate governance","United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy framework","procedural assessment"]},{"id":"newclim-000197","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000197","title":"Guiding questions for the global stocktake under the Paris Agreement","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11-29","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/guiding-questions-for-the-global-stocktake-under-the-paris-agreement","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document identifies critical knowledge gaps in the official Global Stocktake (GST) process, particularly regarding the definitions of equitable implementation, Paris-consistent financial flows, and adequate adaptation responses. It recommends that an independent Global Stocktake (iGST) focus on synthesizing existing data, fostering a common understanding of these ill-defined concepts, and providing forward-looking, country-specific recommendations to raise climate ambition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000197#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"While current trends in emissions, implied temperature increases by 2100, and country activities regarding finance, adaptation, and mitigation are adequately covered by existing knowledge, a majority of other relevant questions remain unanswered.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000197#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant uncertainties exist regarding the definition of a 1.5°C compatible world and specific implementation recommendations for national governments, as well as the definition of an \"adequate adaptation response\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000197#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a lack of common understanding concerning what constitutes Paris-consistent financial flows and what an equitable implementation of finance, adaptation, and mitigation would look like.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000197#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors recommend that an independent Global Stocktake (iGST) prioritize synthesizing existing information, building common understanding on missing fundamental issues, and focusing on forward-looking options to raise ambition through country-specific recommendations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000197#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Paris Agreement","Global stocktake","Nationally Determined Contributions","climate change mitigation","climate change adaptation","climate finance","climate justice","loss and damage","1.5 degree Celsius climate target"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["systematic review"]},{"id":"newclim-000257","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000257","title":"The Role of International Carbon Markets in a Decarbonising World","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11-26","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/the-role-of-international-carbon-markets-in-a-decarbonising-world","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that as countries set long-term decarbonisation targets, the use of international offsets must shift from offsetting continued emissions to supplementing rapid domestic reductions. It warns that misuse of offsets could allow developed countries to maintain 'business as usual' emissions patterns while claiming net-zero targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000257#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The function of international offsets must evolve from supporting existing emission trends toward a model that prioritises the rapid avoidance and reduction of all possible emissions and the removal of carbon from the atmosphere.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000257#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For countries selling offsets, long-term strategies are necessary to determine which emission reductions are required to meet their own national targets to prevent the risk of overselling and to identify technologies requiring international support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000257#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For countries purchasing offsets, such mechanisms should only be used as an addition to the fastest technically feasible domestic decarbonisation pathway; otherwise, net-zero targets may be used to mask continued emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000257#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon offset","Net-zero emissions","Paris Agreement","Nationally Determined Contributions"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"newclim-000080","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000080","title":"The role of geothermal and coal in Kenya's electricity sector","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11-12","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/the-role-of-geothermal-and-coal-in-kenyas-electricity-sector-and","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The study finds that geothermal energy is significantly more cost-effective and sustainable than coal for Kenya's electricity sector. It highlights that geothermal power has a lower Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of approximately USD 10 cents/kWh compared to USD 29.5 cents/kWh for coal. The report warns that planned coal plants in Lamu and Kitui could increase electricity costs by up to 50% due to surplus capacity and result in approximately 1,620 premature deaths by 2065 due to air pollution. Geothermal energy is also found to create three times more domestic employment per MW than coal and aligns better with Kenya's target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% below business as usual by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000080#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Geothermal power is significantly cheaper than coal in Kenya's 2017-2037 Least Cost Power Development Plan (LCPDP), with a Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of approximately USD 10 cents/kWh compared to USD 29.5 cents/kWh for coal, largely because coal is expected to operate at a very low capacity factor.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000080#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The planned 981 MW coal plant in Lamu could increase electricity costs by up to 50% due to surplus capacity. Furthermore, the take-or-pay purchase power agreement (PPA) for the Lamu plant includes a high capacity charge of USD 360 million per year, or roughly KES 100 million per day, which Kenya Power must pay regardless of whether the power is used.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000080#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Geothermal energy provides greater domestic economic benefits than coal, creating three times more domestic employment per MW of new capacity. This is attributed to Kenya's existing local expertise in geothermal energy, whereas coal development would rely heavily on foreign labour for construction, operation, and maintenance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000080#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal power plants pose significant health and environmental risks compared to geothermal plants, which emit less than 1% of the air pollutants produced by coal plants of equal capacity. It is estimated that if both the Lamu and Kitui coal plants are built, approximately 1,620 Kenyans would die prematurely from air pollution by 2065.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000080#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Replacing coal with low-carbon alternatives like geothermal could save almost 3 MtCO2 annually by 2037. Using a shadow carbon price, these emissions savings could result in annual cost savings of USD 160-320 million by 2037.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000080#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To ensure security of supply and reduce site dependency, Kenya should diversify its geothermal development beyond the Olkaria fields—where half of the capacity is expected to remain by 2035—by developing fields such as Suswa, Longonot, Akiira, and Baringo Silali.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000080#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["geothermal energy","coal power","greenhouse gas emissions","air pollution","climate finance","Nationally Determined Contributions","Paris Agreement","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Lamu","Kitui","Olkaria","Suswa","Mount Longonot","Akiira","Baringo Silali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative analysis","economic assessment","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"newclim-000089","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000089","title":"The Role of Renewable Energy Mini-Grids in Kenya's Electricity Sector","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11-12","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/the-role-of-renewable-energy-mini-grids-in-kenyas-electricity-sector","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that renewable energy mini-grids are often the most cost-effective solution for rural electrification in Kenya compared to national grid extension. While Kenya's current strategy focuses on grid extension, the report suggests that integrating mini-grids into national planning could accelerate electrification, create local jobs, improve energy security, and reduce CO2 emissions by 0.14-0.48 MtCO2e per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000089#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Mini-grids are identified as a more cost-effective alternative to grid extension for rural electrification in Kenya. In 2017, renewable energy mini-grids had an estimated capital cost of approximately USD 1,000 per household connection, whereas grid extension to isolated rural areas has cost up to USD 2,427 per connection.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000089#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant discrepancy between official government estimates and independent studies regarding the role of mini-grids. The 2018 Kenya National Electrification Strategy (KNES) estimates 38,661 household connections are best served by mini-grids, while other studies suggest a range between 660,000 and 2.1 million connections, potentially supplying 180 to 570 GWh of electricity by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000089#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The deployment of mini-grids offers substantial socio-economic and environmental benefits. Each 1 MW of capacity creates approximately 800 full-time-equivalent job-years for Kenyan workers. Environmentally, displacing 180-570 GWh of coal-based electricity with mini-grids could reduce emissions by 0.14-0.48 MtCO2e annually and save USD 5.5-17.3 million in coal import costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000089#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Kenya's current electricity sector planning under-represents mini-grids. They are not sufficiently integrated into the 2018 KNES or the 2017-2037 Least Cost Power Development Plan (LCPDP). The report suggests that modest subsidies could reduce project payback periods from over 30 years to 5.5 years to attract private investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000089#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["rural electrification","photovoltaics","climate change mitigation","energy security","climate finance","distributed generation","carbon dioxide emissions"],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa","Tanzania","Chile","Nigeria","Naivasha"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","cost-benefit analysis","socio-economic impact assessment"]},{"id":"newclim-000105","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000105","title":"Offset Credit Supply Potential for CORSIA","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11-05","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/offset-credit-supply-potential-for-corsia","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The analysis finds that the potential supply of offset credits from the Clean Development Mechanism, Verified Carbon Standard, Gold Standard, and Climate Action Reserve is approximately 18 billion credits, exceeding anticipated CORSIA demand by more than six times. The authors argue that without robust eligibility restrictions, the scheme will fail to achieve significant additional emissions reductions because over 80 percent of the supply comes from projects likely to continue abatement regardless of credit sales.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000105#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Existing projects across the Clean Development Mechanism, Verified Carbon Standard, Gold Standard, and Climate Action Reserve could provide roughly 18 billion offset credits, which is more than six times the expected total demand for CORSIA.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000105#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"CORSIA risks failing to produce significant emissions reductions beyond baseline levels if robust eligibility restrictions are not implemented, as over 80 percent of the available supply originates from projects that would likely continue abatement without the sale of offset credits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000105#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To prevent the undermining of the goal of carbon neutral growth, policy-makers should implement eligibility restrictions that either encourage new emission reduction projects or provide support to existing vulnerable projects that depend on credit revenues for continued GHG abatement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000105#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon offset","clean development mechanism"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative estimation","policy analysis"]},{"id":"newclim-000274","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000274","title":"Unlocking Low Cost Renewables in South East Europe","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-10-16","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/unlocking-low-cost-renewables-in-south-east-europe","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that high perceived investor risks in South East Europe lead to inflated financing costs for renewables, making them less competitive than conventional power plants. It proposes specific de-risking measures—most notably the EU budget guarantee mechanism—that could reduce project costs by up to 20%, potentially bringing onshore wind costs down to 46 EUR/MWh in Greece and 54 EUR/MWh in Serbia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000274#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Renewable energy investments in South East Europe face significantly higher financing costs and risk premiums compared to conventional power plants and projects in Western and Northern Europe, which hinders the modernisation of the power system.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000274#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Implementing targeted de-risking measures can reduce the cost of renewable energy projects by 20 per cent, potentially lowering onshore wind costs to 46 EUR/MWh in Greece and 54 EUR/MWh in Serbia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000274#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposed EU budget guarantee mechanism for 2021-2027 is identified as a high-impact, 'no-regret' instrument, accounting for 40 per cent of the decline in financing costs attributed to the analysed de-risking measures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000274#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Other effective de-risking measures include long-term renewables targets and remuneration regimes, corporate power purchase agreements, and regionally integrated balancing and intraday markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000274#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"With approximately 50% of the region's existing power capacity requiring replacement in the next decade due to age, there is a significant opportunity to replace polluting lignite plants with low-cost renewables.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000274#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["photovoltaics","climate finance","power purchase agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Greece","Serbia","Western Europe","Northern Europe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","financial assessment"]},{"id":"newclim-000193","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000193","title":"Transition towards a decarbonised electricity sector","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-10-02","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/transition-towards-a-decarbonised-electricity-sector","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document introduces a qualitative assessment framework designed to guide policy makers through the phased process of decarbonising the electricity sector. It emphasizes that while the transition to variable renewable energy sources (vRES) like wind and solar presents universal technical challenges, the impact of these challenges is shaped by a country's specific geographic and socio-economic characteristics. The author argues that successful transformation requires timely planning and the embedding of technical solutions within country-specific regulatory frameworks to achieve Paris Agreement goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000193#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Power sector transformation is a phased process where specific challenges emerge at certain stages regardless of a country's socio-economic or geographic traits, although these traits can influence how those challenges affect the integration of variable renewable energy sources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000193#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Technical, policy, and market design measures to address vRES integration challenges are already available, but their success depends on being integrated into effective, country-specific regulatory frameworks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000193#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Decarbonising the power sector is essential for meeting the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C or well below 2°C, as energy production and use account for 90% of carbon dioxide emissions and two-thirds of global greenhouse gases.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000193#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While universal recommendations are difficult to derive due to unique national contexts, policy makers can use the assessment of other countries' approaches to vRES challenges for peer-learning and orientation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000193#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["decarbonization","electric power industry","wind power","solar energy","Paris Agreement","greenhouse gas emissions","energy policy"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["qualitative assessment framework"]},{"id":"newclim-000284","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000284","title":"A possible 2050 climate target for the EU","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-09-23","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/a-possible-2050-climate-target-for-the-eu","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The study finds that the EU's 2050 target of 80% to 95% reduction from 1990 levels is outdated and insufficient. An 80% reduction is incompatible with the Paris Agreement's temperature limits, and even GHG neutrality by 2050 is deemed an unfair contribution given the EU's historical emissions. The report suggests the EU would need to reach zero emissions by 2030-2040 to allow other countries a fair share of the remaining carbon budget.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000284#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The EU's 2050 greenhouse gas reduction target of 80% to 95% from 1990 levels is considered outdated because the global goals established in Paris in 2015 are more ambitious and global emissions have increased since the target was set.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000284#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"An 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 relative to 1990 levels does not align with the long-term temperature limits of the Paris Agreement. Furthermore, a 95% reduction or achieving GHG neutrality by 2050 is not considered a fair contribution by the EU according to many interpretations of the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000284#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Based on equity principles and historical responsibility, the EU has already used its fair share of emissions and would need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to zero between 2030 and 2040 to leave the remaining limited budget for other countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000284#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","Paris Agreement","climate target","carbon budget"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment"]},{"id":"newclim-000264","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000264","title":"Global Climate Action from Cities, Regions, and Businesses 2019","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-09-18","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/global-climate-action-from-cities-regions-and-businesses-2019","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes climate mitigation commitments from subnational and non-state actors, finding that while individual commitments from ten major emitting economies can reduce 2030 emissions by 1.2 to 2.0 GtCO2e, international cooperative initiatives (ICIs) offer a much larger potential reduction of 18 to 21 GtCO2e. If fully implemented, these ICIs could put the world on track to limit global warming to 2°C. The report also highlights the synergies between these climate actions and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000264#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Individual climate commitments from cities, regions, and companies within ten major emitting economies could reduce global greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 by 1.2 to 2.0 GtCO2e compared to a scenario based on current national policies, provided these efforts do not alter the pace of action elsewhere.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000264#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International cooperative initiatives (ICIs) represent the most significant lever for emissions reductions; 17 analyzed initiatives could reduce global emissions in 2030 by 18 to 21 GtCO2e relative to current national policies, which would be sufficient to close the global emissions gap to 2°C of warming.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000264#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate action by non-state actors generally supports the delivery of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with more potential for positive effects than negative ones, though the report notes that trade-offs must be explicitly managed to avoid unintended consequences.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000264#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","climate change mitigation","Paris Agreement","Sustainable Development Goals"],"geography_discussed":["Brazil","Canada","People's Republic of China","European Union","India","Indonesia","Japan","Mexico","South Africa","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"newclim-000107","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000107","title":"Consolidation of climate planning processes in the Energy Community","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2019-06-18","source_url":"https://newclimate.org/resources/publications/consolidation-of-climate-planning-processes-in-the-energy-community","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document advises Energy Community Contracting Parties on integrating various climate and energy planning efforts, such as National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs), NDCs, and sectoral strategies, to reduce resource burdens and ensure policy alignment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000107#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Energy Community Contracting Parties are required to develop National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) covering 2021 to 2030, with a perspective extending to 2050, to align with EU, UNFCCC, and Energy Community objectives. These plans must address renewable energy, energy efficiency, and greenhouse gas emissions, with final submissions due to the Secretariat by the end of 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000107#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is significant overlap between various climate-related processes across all nine Contracting Parties, which creates opportunities to consolidate medium-term strategies. Specifically, climate-related action plans and sectoral strategies like NREAPs, NEEAPs, and LEDS can serve as direct inputs to the NECP rather than being developed as separate processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000107#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) updates can be treated as synthesis reporting documents for the international community, based on the latest NECP or other national strategies, thereby removing the need for additional separate planning processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000107#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To accelerate implementation, Contracting Parties should establish overarching legislation that defines roles for cross-ministerial coordinating bodies, working groups, and data collection teams, including a body with a comprehensive overview of national climate processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000107#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Contracting Parties can increase efficiency by aligning the timelines of National Communications (NC) to the UNFCCC and Progress Reports to the Energy Community, as both documents require similar data on renewable energy, energy efficiency, and GHG emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000107#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["renewable energy","energy efficiency","greenhouse gas emissions","Nationally Determined Contributions","United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["guidance"]},{"id":"newclim-000198","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000198","title":"A Ten Point Agenda for Delivering Higher Mitigation Ambition","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-06-14","source_url":"https://newclimate.org/resources/publications/a-ten-point-agenda-for-delivering-higher-mitigation-ambition","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C limit and proposes a ten-point agenda to scale up mitigation ambition. It emphasizes the need for a whole-economy view to avoid detrimental social and economic consequences and argues that climate mitigation and sustainable development goals are synergistic rather than contradictory. The paper calls for a full transformation across all sectors to reach net zero CO2 emissions globally by 2050, requiring that all financial flows be made Paris-compatible and that countries with higher capacities support those with limited resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000198#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are not aligned with the pathways required to limit global warming to 1.5°C, as highlighted by the IPCC 1.5 Special Report.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000198#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Achieving the Paris Agreement goals requires a comprehensive decarbonisation of all sectors and all countries to reach global net zero CO2 emissions by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000198#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A long-term, whole-economy perspective is necessary to ensure short-term actions are correct and to prevent social and economic damage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000198#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a perceived but false conflict between pursuing ambitious long-term strategies and the short-term implementation of NDCs and sustainable development goals (SDGs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000198#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial alignment is critical, requiring that government spending and private sector incentives be directed exclusively toward Paris-compatible activities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000198#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Nationally Determined Contributions","Paris Agreement","Sustainable Development Goals","climate finance","decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy framework"]},{"id":"newclim-000325","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000325","title":"NDC Update Report","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-06-12","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/ndc-update-report-june-2019-sector-decarbonisation-pathways-from-different","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that to meet the Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goals, most countries must reach net-zero emissions by 2050 or shortly thereafter, requiring immediate sector-specific planning. It identifies five critical sectors—power, industry, transport, buildings, and agriculture, forestry and other land-use—and warns that delaying strategic choices until after 2030 risks 'carbon lock-in' and inefficient, costly infrastructure transitions. The document advocates for a multi-disciplinary approach to planning, combining scenario modelling to translate global goals into feasible policies, Political Economy Analysis (PEA) to navigate stakeholder interests and political feasibility, and a focus on transparency, finance, and governance to mobilise investment and ensure systemic implementation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000325#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"To align with the Paris Agreement, global decarbonisation must occur by 2050 or shortly thereafter, meaning sector transformations must be well underway by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000325#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Strategic decisions regarding decarbonisation options in the power, industry, transport, buildings, and agriculture and land-use sectors must be made before 2030 to avoid path-dependency and the risk of locking countries into sub-optimal pathways.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000325#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective sector transition planning requires a combination of scenario modelling to explore future developments and Political Economy Analysis (PEA) to understand the political dynamics and stakeholder interests that influence the feasibility of technical actions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000325#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To establish the foundations for a net-zero future by 2050, specific governance enablers must be implemented by 2025, including a clear long-term vision, upgraded systemic governance capacities, the integration of decarbonisation with sustainable development, and clear implementation plans in revised NDCs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000325#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant risk that updated NDCs will prioritise intermediate targets over robust long-term strategies, potentially leading to pathways that are insufficiently ambitious to achieve full decarbonisation across sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000325#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Net-zero emissions","Paris Agreement","Nationally Determined Contributions","electric power industry","Industrial decarbonization","climate finance","Carbon lock-in","climate governance"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","strategic framework"]},{"id":"newclim-000007","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000007","title":"GHG mitigation policies in major emitting countries: an overview of recently adopted and under development policies","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-06-06","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/ghg-mitigation-policies-in-major-emitting-countries-an-overview-of-recently","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies about 50 policies from July 2018 to May 2019 in 25 countries, noting that the energy sector saw the most activity with 29 entries. While most policies aim to reduce emissions, the document highlights emissions-increasing policies in Argentina and the United States. Additionally, it notes that of the 25 countries, four have submitted long-term GHG strategies to the UNFCCC and five have developed drafts or domestic strategies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000007#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between July 2018 and May 2019, the energy sector was the primary area of policy activity with 29 entries, followed by transport (six), forestry (six), industry and industrial processes (two), and agriculture and waste (two), alongside seven cross-sectoral policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000007#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While the majority of policy developments are intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, specific policies in Argentina regarding fossil fuel exploration and regulatory rollbacks in the United States are expected to increase emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000007#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regarding long-term GHG emissions development strategies among the 25 assessed countries, four have submitted strategies to the UNFCCC and five have either adopted them domestically or developed drafts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000007#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","energy policy","transport industry","forestry","agriculture","waste management"],"geography_discussed":["Argentina","United States","Australia","Brazil","Canada","People's Republic of China","European Union","India","Indonesia","Japan","Mexico","Russia","South Korea","Turkey"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy overview"]},{"id":"newclim-000279","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000279","title":"Bringing climate policy up to date: decreasing cost projections for renewable","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2019-05-27","source_url":"https://newclimate.org/resources/publications/bringing-climate-policy-up-to-date-decreasing-cost-projections-for-renewable","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document applies a methodology to Canada's NDC, suggesting that since 2017, the falling costs of wind, solar PV, and batteries could enable a further reduction of the 2030 emissions target by 1 to 2 percentage points, or 4 to 9 MtCO2e.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000279#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"By incorporating technology cost developments for wind, solar PV, and batteries that have occurred since 2017, Canada has the potential to raise the ambition of its NDC target.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000279#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"If cost savings in these technologies are reinvested into the same areas, Canada's NDC target of 30% below 2005 levels could be further reduced by 1 to 2 percentage points, which equates to an absolute reduction of 4 to 9 MtCO2e by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000279#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["electric vehicle","battery","wind energy","photovoltaics","Nationally Determined Contributions"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]},{"id":"newclim-000047","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000047","title":"Nordic opportunities to provide leadership in the Global Climate Action Agenda","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-05-22","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/nordic-opportunities-to-provide-leadership-in-the-global-climate-action","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies approximately 300 international cooperative initiatives (ICIs) under the Global Climate Action Agenda, noting that Nordic countries are highly active participants, with 62% of these initiatives involving at least one Nordic country. It argues that while these initiatives vary in scale and transparency, they are critical for bridging the estimated 32 Gigaton emissions gap by 2030 required to limit temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The analysis highlights seven specific initiatives—including the Under2 Coalition and the New York Declaration on Forests—as high-potential areas for Nordic leadership and support, aligned with the 2019 Declaration on Nordic Carbon Neutrality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000047#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Nordic countries demonstrate a high level of engagement in international cooperative initiatives (ICIs) relative to their size, with 186 initiatives (62% of the approximately 300 identified worldwide) featuring participation from at least one Nordic country.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000047#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-state climate initiatives are viewed as essential for closing the emissions gap, which is estimated at roughly 32 Gigatons by 2030 under current unconditional Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to meet the 1.5 degrees Celsius target.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000047#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies seven specific initiatives with significant upscaling potential that align with the 2019 Declaration on Nordic Carbon Neutrality: the Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP), InsuResilience Global Partnership, Private Financing Advisory Network (PFAN), Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative (TUMI), The New York Declaration on Forests, and the Under2 Coalition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000047#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While ICIs offer potential for reducing gigatons of greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing climate resiliency, the report notes that challenges regarding transparency and monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) persist across many of these initiatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000047#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change mitigation","climate change adaptation","climate finance","Nationally Determined Contributions","greenhouse gas emissions","Sustainable Development Goals","measurement, reporting, and verification","carbon neutrality","urban transport","forestry"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative assessment","qualitative assessment"]}]}