{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["International Institute for Sustainable Development"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":3753,"relation":"eq"},"page":50,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=international-institute-for-sustainable-development&page=50","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-002574","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002574","title":"Why Canadian Liquefied Natural Gas Is Not the Answer for the European Union’s Short-Term Energy Needs","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2022-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-08/bottom-line-canadian-lng-not-eu-energy-crisis-solution.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the feasibility of using Canadian LNG to replace Russian gas in the EU, concluding that the 3-to-5-year timeline for building new Canadian facilities is incompatible with the EU's immediate needs and its medium-term goal of phasing out gas by 2025-2027.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002574#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Canada currently lacks any operating LNG export infrastructure, as most gas is used domestically or exported to the United States via pipelines. The first completed export facility, LNG Canada in Kitimat, British Columbia, is scheduled to come online in 2025 and is intended for Asian markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002574#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union is accelerating its transition away from fossil fuels to reduce dependence on Russian gas, with targets to reduce gas demand by 32%–37% by 2030. Some analyses suggest the EU could phase out Russian gas imports as early as 2025 through energy efficiency, heat pumps, and renewable energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002574#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a fundamental temporal mismatch between Canadian supply capabilities and European demand. New Canadian LNG projects would take at least 3 years to complete, by which time the EU's immediate energy crisis will likely be resolved and its overall gas demand will be declining.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002574#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Three potential LNG projects in Atlantic Canada—LNG NL, Goldboro LNG, and the Saint John LNG Terminal—face significant hurdles. LNG NL targets 2028 for exports, Goldboro LNG is not expected to be operational until 2027, and the Repsol project in Saint John is estimated to take 3 to 5 years to complete.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002574#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investment in new Canadian LNG infrastructure specifically for the European market carries a high risk of creating stranded assets due to the EU's climate commitments and the global trend toward an accelerated transition away from gas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002574#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["liquefied natural gas","energy transition","renewable energy","energy efficiency","stranded asset","photovoltaics","wind power","heat pump","renewable natural gas","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Russia","Germany","Spain","United States","British Columbia","Alberta","Saskatchewan","New Brunswick","Quebec","Nova Scotia","Newfoundland and Labrador","Norway","Denmark","Italy","Qatar","Egypt","Algeria","Azerbaijan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","economic assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-003176","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003176","title":"Investor Perspectives on Accelerating Growth in the Indian EV Ecosystem","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-08/investor-perspectives-growth-indian-electric-vehicle-ecosystem.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines India's transition to electric mobility, highlighting the success of demand-side incentives like FAME II for two- and three-wheelers. It identifies critical investment gaps in charging infrastructure and battery manufacturing, while discussing the potential of battery swapping and the risks posed by global supply chain dependencies on China and other mineral-rich nations. The analysis emphasizes the need for binding targets, improved consumer financing, and workforce retraining to ensure a competitive and just transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003176#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"India's FAME II scheme has significantly boosted EV demand by increasing subsidies tenfold to $1.35 billion compared to phase I, specifically accelerating the adoption of two-wheelers (2W) and three-wheelers (3W).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003176#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Consumer financing remains a major barrier, with electric 2Ws facing higher interest rates and down payments than internal combustion engine vehicles; proposed solutions include a $300 million first-loss risk-sharing instrument and including EVs in priority sector lending.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003176#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Charging infrastructure is a critical bottleneck, with only about 1,800 public stations available. Investors identify land availability and electricity grid readiness as the primary obstacles to deployment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003176#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Battery swapping is viewed as a viable solution for urban centers to reduce upfront costs and land requirements, though it is currently hindered by a lack of interoperability and a higher tax rate (18 percent) compared to fixed batteries (5 percent).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003176#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India aims to establish 50 GWh of local battery manufacturing capacity through the Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell Batteries (PLI-ACC), which offers $2.5 billion in subsidies over five years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003176#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indian EV supply chain is highly vulnerable to geopolitical tensions and global shortages, particularly regarding battery cells, semiconductors, and raw metals, with China controlling 75-80 percent of refining and cell manufacturing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003176#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To improve global competitiveness, investors suggest India move from enabling policies to binding targets for EV penetration and tighten fuel economy standards, which currently lag behind the EU, US, and China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003176#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant skill gap in the labor force, particularly in R&D and the transition of ICE mechanics to EV servicing, necessitating state-led vocational training and retraining initiatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003176#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["electric vehicle","Battery Manufacturing","electric vehicle charging network","battery recycling","supply chain","critical minerals","just transition","green industrial policy"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","European Union","United States","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Bolivia","Chile","Australia","Russia","Taiwan","Delhi","Maharashtra","Gujarat","Telangana","Karnataka","Tamil Nadu","Kerala"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","investment assessment","supply chain analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003498","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003498","title":"Principles-Based Social Taxonomy for Sustainable Investing","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-08/social-taxonomy-sustainable-investing.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report outlines a framework for a social taxonomy that classifies business activities based on their contribution to social well-being and governance. It establishes a system of minimum social safeguards as a mandatory threshold, followed by two Guiding Principles (GP1 for positive social impacts and GP2 for governance improvements). The taxonomy uses a color-coded performance scale (Red to Dark Green) to categorize companies and activities, providing illustrative examples across sectors such as construction, finance, and agriculture to guide investors and regulators in identifying socially sustainable investments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003498#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The proposed social taxonomy is structured around two primary Guiding Principles: GP1, which focuses on \"promoting overall social well-being (enhancing positive social impacts)\", and GP2, which focuses on \"enhancing respect for human rights and enhanced company conduct (through company-level governance improvements on social issues)\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003498#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To be eligible to use the taxonomy, a company must first meet mandatory minimum social safeguards, which include avoiding risks to human health, employees, and communities, as well as complying with domestic laws and minimum environmental safeguards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003498#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The taxonomy employs a five-tier color-coded system to assess social performance: Dark Green (substantial contribution to both GP1 and GP2), Light Green (substantial contribution to GP1 with an improvement plan for GP2), Yellow (substantial contribution to GP1 without a GP2 plan), Orange (meets safeguards but no substantial contribution to either GP), and Red (does not meet minimum social requirements).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003498#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A 'substantial contribution' to the guiding principles is defined by three criteria: meeting international best practices, norms, or standards; demonstrating positive benefits and measurable outcomes; and maintaining robust reporting and disclosure systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003498#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report emphasizes the necessity of integrating social and environmental taxonomies to ensure that 'green' projects do not cause negative social impacts and to support a 'just transition' for workers and communities moving away from fossil fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003498#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The taxonomy provides illustrative qualifying activities for several key sectors, such as creating affordable housing in the construction sector, providing microloans to women or low-income entrepreneurs in financial services, and implementing reskilling for workers in the energy transition within extractive industries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003498#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The framework is designed to be applicable not only to a company's direct operations but also to its business counterparties, including contractors, suppliers, distributors, and borrowers, thereby extending the social impact beyond corporate boundaries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003498#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["just transition","human rights","Sustainable Development Goals","Environmental and Social Safeguards","energy transition","affordable housing","Climate-smart agriculture"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","Bangladesh","Colombia","Indonesia","Malaysia","South Africa","People's Republic of China","Mongolia","Singapore"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy proposal","framework development","retrospective analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003741","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003741","title":"WOMEN AND THE MINE OF THE FUTURE","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-04/women-mine-of-the-future-peru-en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the status of women in Peru's large-scale mining sector, finding that female labour force participation remained relatively constant at around 6% between 2010 and 2019. Women are primarily concentrated in administrative roles, with significantly lower representation in managerial (11%), operational (5%), and staff (4%) positions. The study identifies structural barriers including 'machismo', a lack of women in STEM education (only 30% of graduates in mining-related courses are women), and challenges in retaining female staff after childbirth. It also notes a gross gender wage gap in the sector of 6% in 2019, though this gap is higher in specific roles such as operators (34%). The document recommends incentives for women in STEM, improved recruitment processes, greater labour flexibility for parents, and increased transparency in employment data.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003741#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Female labour force participation in the Peruvian mining sector remained relatively stable at approximately 6% from 2010 to 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003741#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women's employment in the mining sector is heavily concentrated in administrative roles, while representation in other categories is much lower: managerial positions average 11%, operational positions 5%, and staff 4%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003741#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gender gap in education for mining-related fields, with women representing only about 30% of those enrolled and graduating from these courses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003741#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A gross gender wage gap exists in the Peruvian mining sector; in 2019 it was 6% overall, but significantly higher for operators at 34%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003741#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women's participation in large-scale mining varies by activity stage, with the highest average participation in the exploration stage (10%) and the lowest in the exploitation stage (6%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003741#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Contracting companies have the lowest female labour participation in large-scale mining, averaging around 4%, likely because they primarily perform operational work.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003741#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies 'machismo' and traditional perceptions of gender roles as primary barriers that limit women's participation and retention in the industry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003741#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Retaining female personnel after childbirth is cited as one of the most significant challenges for large-scale mines in Peru.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003741#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Government expenditure on research and development (R&D) for the Energy and Mines sector is low, representing only 3% of total R&D spending between 2016 and 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003741#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["gender equality"],"geography_discussed":["Canada","South Africa","Chile","Norway","Denmark"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["situational analysis","descriptive analysis","gender analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003742","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003742","title":"A Gendered Analysis of Employment and Skills in the Large-Scale Mining Sector: South Africa","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-04/women-mine-of-the-future-south-africa.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report provides a gendered analysis of the South African large-scale mining (LSM) sector, identifying a slow increase in female representation from 10% in 2015 to over 17% by 2020. While women are increasingly outperforming men in STEM and tertiary education, they remain under-represented in core mining operations and decision-making roles. The analysis highlights significant barriers, including a gender pay gap estimated between 23% and 35%, lack of gender-specific PPE, and persistent issues with gender-based violence and harassment. It recommends the development of a national gender strategy for mining, improved sex-disaggregated data collection, and targeted STEM career development to ensure a just transition to a low-carbon economy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003742#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Female representation in the South African mining sector saw a modest increase from 10% in 2015 to more than 17% in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003742#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women are enrolling and graduating from tertiary education, including STEM-based streams, at higher rates than men in South Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003742#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite educational gains, women are severely under-represented in core mining operations and high-level management; only 19% of employees in top and senior management are women.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003742#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gender pay gap in South Africa, with a median range between 23% and 35%, though some sector-specific data suggests a higher ratio of 2.06 to 1.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003742#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women in the LSM sector face systemic workplace barriers, including a lack of gender-specific personal protective equipment (PPE), inadequate sanitation, and the prevalence of gender-based violence (GBV) and sexual harassment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003742#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The transition to a low-carbon economy and the decommissioning of coal plants in Mpumalanga and east of Johannesburg pose significant risks of job losses that may disproportionately affect vulnerable workers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003742#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical deficiency in the availability and standardization of sex-disaggregated data across public and private mining entities, which hinders the measurement of transformation goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003742#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Many women in the sector report a lack of awareness or implementation of gender-specific policies, with 53.8% of survey respondents indicating no such policy exists in their workplace.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003742#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","critical minerals","just transition","renewable energy","environmental, social and corporate governance","gender equality"],"geography_discussed":["Mpumalanga","Gauteng","Northwest","Limpopo","Australia","Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["baseline study","gender analysis","gap analysis","policy review"]},{"id":"iisd-003743","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003743","title":"A Gendered Analysis of Employment and Skills in the Large-Scale Mining Sector: Sweden","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-04/women-mine-of-the-future-sweden.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the gender profile of Sweden's mining and quarrying industry, which is heavily male-dominated (77% men in 2020). It analyzes sex segregation across occupational levels, the impact of educational pipelines, and the influence of technological advancement on workplace culture. While women's representation has increased in some operational roles, it has decreased in top management. The report also discusses the persistence of 'macho masculinity' and the framing of gender equality as a business case for recruitment and competitiveness.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003743#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Swedish mining and quarrying industry is strongly male-dominated, with men constituting 77% of the 9,092 employees in 2020, making it the fourth most male-dominated industry in Sweden.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003743#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender segregation is prominent across occupational levels; men dominate Craft and related workers (92%), Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers (83%), and Management (79%). The only level dominated by women is Clerical and support workers at 78%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003743#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 2014 and 2019, women's representation increased among Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers from 13% to 17%, but decreased among top managers from 27% to 21%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003743#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The industry is geographically concentrated in northern Sweden, with 67% of employees living in Norrbotten and Västerbotten counties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003743#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Educational pipelines show significant sex segregation; men dominate the vocational upper-secondary programs from which the industry primarily recruits, though women's representation in higher education degrees for Science and Engineering, manufacturing, and construction increased from 22% in 1999/2000 to 31% in 2019/20.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003743#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Technological advancements and digitalization have reduced physically strenuous tasks, making mine work more accessible to women, but have also created a cultural divide where 'real' mining is still associated with manual labor and 'macho masculinity'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003743#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mining companies like LKAB and Boliden frame gender equality as a 'business case' to improve profitability, innovation, and attractiveness as employers, focusing primarily on recruitment strategies to increase the number of women.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003743#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Health and safety indicators show a significant long-term decline in the lost time injury frequency rate (LTIFR) from the 1980s to 2010s, though data from 2014-2020 shows a significant increase in work-related illnesses and accidents among women in 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003743#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["gender equality"],"geography_discussed":["Norrbotten County","Västerbotten County","Dalarna County","Örebro County","Stockholm"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["gender analysis","baseline study","labor market analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002428","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002428","title":"Identifying Inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Canada","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07-28","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/brief/identifying-inefficient-fossil-fuel-subsidies-canada","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Canada committed in 2009 to phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, a goal it recently accelerated to 2023. However, the lack of a clear, shared definition of 'inefficient' remains a barrier. The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) argues that Canada should adopt the World Trade Organization's definition of subsidies and apply four specific criteria—alignment with climate commitments, support for the low carbon economy, just transition consistency, and the effectiveness of the policy goal—to identify which subsidies are inefficient. The brief highlights that federal subsidies totaled at least CAD 1.91 billion in 2020, with additional billions provided at the provincial level.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002428#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Canada has accelerated its commitment to eliminate fossil fuel subsidies, moving the target date from 2025 to 2023, alongside a goal to phase out coal-fired power by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002428#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Substantial financial support for fossil fuels persists in Canada; federal subsidies were at least CAD 1.91 billion in 2020, while Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Newfoundland and Labrador combined provided at least CAD 2.5 billion in the 2020/2021 fiscal year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002428#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The absence of a universally endorsed definition for what constitutes a fossil fuel subsidy, what makes it inefficient, and what is considered wasteful consumption hinders the phase-out process.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002428#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To identify inefficient subsidies, the document recommends Canada apply four criteria: alignment with climate commitments, support for the low carbon economy, just transition consistency, and the best way to achieve the overall policy goal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002428#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The author recommends that Canada adopt the World Trade Organization definition of fossil fuel subsidies, which encompasses direct transfers, foregone revenue, transfer of risk, and the provision of goods and services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002428#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","climate finance","low-carbon economy","just transition","coal-fired power station","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Alberta","British Columbia","Saskatchewan","Newfoundland and Labrador","Quebec","Italy","Peru","Germany","Mexico","United Kingdom","Argentina"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","recommendations"]},{"id":"iisd-000726","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000726","title":"Greening Aid for Trade","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07-27","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/greening-aid-trade","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines how Aid for Trade (A4T) can be leveraged as a policy tool to address biodiversity loss, climate change, and pollution. It proposes six complementary pathways to 'green' A4T, emphasizing the need for alignment with the priorities of developing and least developed countries and the integration of trade considerations into environmental funding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000726#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"To achieve a green global economy and the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Aid for Trade (A4T) must be used as a tool to address the planetary crises of pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss across economic, environmental, and social dimensions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000726#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies six complementary pathways to green A4T, which must be based on the priorities of least developed and developing countries: mainstreaming environmental goals, securing new resources, fostering policy coherence, improving monitoring of environmental impacts, integrating trade into climate funding, and enhancing South–South cooperation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000726#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective implementation requires investment in national processes within both developing and developed nations to facilitate stakeholder consultation and integrated decision-making regarding trade policies and sustainable development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000726#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","biodiversity loss","pollution","South–South cooperation","Sustainable Development Goals"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy framework"]},{"id":"iisd-000457","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000457","title":"Achieving a Just Energy Transition in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07-26","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/brief/achieving-just-energy-transition-indonesia","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document emphasizes the necessity for Indonesia to plan for a just energy transition given the dominant role of coal and oil and gas in its economy. It highlights that coal-fired power plants provide over 60 percent of the country's electricity and that the coal industry employed at least 100,000 people in 2018. The brief warns that current government projections for the coal industry may be overly optimistic and recommends institutionalizing tripartite social dialogue and increasing administrative capacity on just transition to avoid missing the 23% renewable energy target.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000457#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia's energy system is heavily reliant on coal, which provides more than 60 percent of the total electricity demand, and the coal industry employed at least 100,000 people in 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000457#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The oil and gas sector in Indonesia is increasingly dependent on public funds, as the government pays more in subsidies than it receives in return from the sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000457#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Government of Indonesia's projections for the coal industry, which envision it remaining massive into the 2050s, may be delayed compared to the actual timeline of global fossil fuel demand shrinkage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000457#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To ensure a successful transition and meet its 23% renewable energy target, the government should institutionalize tripartite social dialogue with unions and increase administrative capacity regarding just transition principles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000457#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["just transition","coal","petroleum industry","renewable energy","fossil fuel subsidy","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy recommendation"]},{"id":"iisd-000834","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000834","title":"Switching Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Indonesia to Support a Green Recovery","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07-21","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/brief/switching-fossil-fuel-subsidies-indonesia-support-green-recovery","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that Indonesia can accelerate its energy transition by reforming transport fuel and coal subsidies to raise funds for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and grid upgrades. It highlights a specific investment need of IDR 500 trillion to meet 2025 renewable energy goals and suggests that reforming subsidies could provide IDR 166 trillion toward this end.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000834#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia requires approximately IDR 500 trillion in investment to reach its target of 23% new and renewable energy by 2025, as stated by the Directorate General of New Renewable Energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000834#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Reforming coal and transport fuel subsidies, and taxing them based on social costs, could generate IDR 166 trillion for Indonesia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000834#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To decarbonize its energy mix, Indonesia must remove deployment hurdles, including unattractive feed-in tariffs, land and infrastructure barriers, and support PT PLN's climate neutrality plans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000834#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy","energy transition","energy efficiency","energy access","decarbonization","transportation","electrical grid","feed-in tariff"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000810","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000810","title":"Fuel Subsidies to Marine Fisheries in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07-19","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/brief/fuel-subsidies-marine-fisheries-indonesia","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the role of fuel subsidies in Indonesia's marine fisheries sector, noting they are the second-largest and most consistent form of government support. It argues that these subsidies risk incentivizing overfishing and suggests that Indonesia's general experience with fossil fuel subsidy reform could provide a roadmap for reforming fisheries-specific support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000810#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Fuel subsidies represent the second-largest and most consistent form of government support for Indonesia's marine fisheries sector, with substantial amounts committed annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000810#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fuel subsidies in the fishing sector are considered risky for sustainability because they may encourage overfishing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000810#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's previous experience in reforming general fossil fuel subsidies may offer valuable lessons for reforming fuel subsidies specifically within the marine fisheries sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000810#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy overview"]},{"id":"iisd-000990","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000990","title":"IGF Case Study: Biodiversity and Mining Governance in Senegal and Turkey","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07-18","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/brief/igf-case-study-biodiversity-mining-senegal-turkey","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document discusses the integration of biodiversity protections into mining policy in Senegal and Turkey, emphasizing the use of the mitigation hierarchy to minimize ecological damage. It highlights that while mining activities—from exploration to post-mining—can cause deforestation, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions, collaborative planning can aim for no net loss or a net gain for nature.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000990#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Mining activities throughout their life cycle can cause significant environmental damage, including land-use change, deforestation, pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and the introduction of invasive species.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000990#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The adoption of biodiversity and ecosystem protections in mining legislation is driven by a growing understanding of ecological processes, the economic value of nature-based tourism, the link between environmental health and community support, and the operational and reputational risks of biodiversity loss.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000990#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Through the application of the mitigation hierarchy and collaborative planning, mining projects can aim for a result of no net loss of biodiversity, or in optimal cases, a net gain for nature.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000990#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity","ecosystem service","deforestation","greenhouse gas emissions","critical minerals"],"geography_discussed":["Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]},{"id":"iisd-000565","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000565","title":"Adaptive Monitoring on the Winnipeg River","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/brief/adaptive-monitoring-winnipeg-river","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and Aquatic Life® are conducting a pilot project in the Winnipeg River basin to test high-frequency sensors that provide near real-time freshwater data via mobile networks and satellites.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000565#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"IISD and Aquatic Life® have launched a pilot project in the Winnipeg River basin utilizing high-frequency sensors that transmit data in near real-time through satellites and mobile data networks. The project aims to enhance the shared understanding of the river's state, create near-term forecasting and surrogate models, and employ spectral fingerprints to distinguish between nitrogen and phosphorus.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000565#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Current project progress includes the installation of sensors at two specific locations: the Powerview-Pine Falls Drinking Water Treatment Facility and the Pinawa Marina.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000565#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["freshwater","water monitoring","sensors"],"geography_discussed":["Pinawa Marina","Powerview-Pine Falls Drinking Water Treatment Facility"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["pilot project"]},{"id":"iisd-001479","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001479","title":"Greening Aid for Trade","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07-01","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-07/greening-aid-trade-brief.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document proposes six pathways to 'green' Aid for Trade (A4T), emphasizing that developing countries must lead the prioritization of resources to ensure a just transition. It highlights a significant gap between reported environment-related A4T and projects with clear environmental purposes, while calling for updated monitoring systems and increased financing to align trade policy with the UN SDGs and the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001479#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Aid for Trade (A4T) represents a significant portion of development assistance, accounting for 23% of total official development assistance in 2019, with disbursements totaling USD 46.6 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001479#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a major discrepancy in how environment-related A4T is tracked; while some estimates suggest it reaches 25% to 40% of A4T, a preliminary OECD staff review indicates that fewer than 2% of projects have a clear environmental purpose.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001479#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Developing countries emphasize that the transition to a green economy must follow the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, ensuring that the economic burden does not fall on the poorest economies and that green trade policies do not create unnecessary trade barriers or widen the technology gap.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001479#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document identifies six complementary pathways for greening A4T: mainstreaming environmental goals in planning, securing new and additional resources, fostering coherence with global policy agendas (like the SDGs), improving monitoring systems, integrating trade considerations into existing climate funding, and strengthening South–South cooperation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001479#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific priorities for environment-related A4T include scaling up sustainable exports, investing in climate-resilient trade infrastructure, tackling plastic pollution, and strengthening institutional linkages between trade and environment policy-making at the national level.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001479#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To achieve a just transition, the author recommends that developing countries lead the coordination of A4T through national trade and sustainable development strategies, and suggests a high-level summit on Financing a Just Transition to Sustainable Trade in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001479#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","circular economy","plastic pollution","biodiversity","Paris Agreement","South–South cooperation","trade policy"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","recommendations"]},{"id":"iisd-001428","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001428","title":"Fuel Subsidies to Marine Fisheries in India: An overview","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-07/fuel-subsidies-marine-fisheries-india.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document identifies fuel subsidies as the most significant form of government support for India's marine fisheries, accounting for an estimated 32% of total support in FY 2019. These subsidies, provided exclusively by state governments, primarily benefit larger-scale operations and risk increasing fishing efforts beyond sustainable levels. The brief highlights regional variations among focus states—Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu—and suggests that India's experience with broader fossil fuel subsidy reforms, such as phased price hikes and providing clean alternatives, can inform the transition toward more sustainable support for small-scale fishers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001428#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Fuel subsidies are the most substantial form of government support for marine fisheries in India, representing approximately 32% of total sector support in fiscal year 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001428#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fuel subsidies are provided solely by state governments through mechanisms such as sales tax exemptions, reimbursements, direct bank credits, or low-price retail outlets for diesel and kerosene.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001428#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 2016 and 2019, fuel subsidies in four focus states (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu) grew by 142%, though they decreased slightly between 2019 and 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001428#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is significant regional variation in subsidy types: Tamil Nadu has the highest diesel subsidies, while Kerala provides the largest kerosene subsidies for small-scale fishers and provides no diesel subsidies despite having many mechanized vessels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001428#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fuel subsidies often disproportionately benefit larger-scale fishing operations over low-income fishers; in Karnataka, vessels over 130 horsepower can receive up to four times more diesel support than those under 40 horsepower.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001428#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fuel subsidies risk environmental sustainability by increasing fishing efforts beyond sustainable levels, particularly in India's largely open-access marine fisheries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001428#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's broader fossil fuel reform experience suggests that phased price increases and the provision of viable alternatives—such as LPG conversion kits or electric motors being tested in Kerala—can mitigate economic shocks and political opposition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001428#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["diesel fuel"],"geography_discussed":["Andhra Pradesh","Karnataka","Kerala","Tamil Nadu"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","socio-economic assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-001429","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001429","title":"Fuel Subsidies to Marine Fisheries in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-07/fuel-subsidies-marine-fisheries-indonesia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document analyzes fuel subsidies for Indonesia's marine fisheries, noting they are the most consistent form of central government support. It highlights risks of overfishing and inefficient distribution, suggesting that lessons from broader fossil fuel subsidy reforms could improve targeting and sustainability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001429#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 2017 and 2020, central government support for marine fisheries averaged IDR 4,585 billion (USD 328 million) annually, with fuel subsidies and infrastructure spending together accounting for approximately 90% of all support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001429#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fuel subsidies are the most consistent type of support, representing roughly 35% of all central-level expenditures from 2017 to 2020, with annual payments ranging from IDR 877 billion in 2017 to IDR 2,257 billion in 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001429#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Under Presidential Decree No. 15 of 2012, subsidized diesel and kerosene are restricted to fishing vessels under 30 Gross Tonnage, with a maximum monthly quota of 25 tonnes per vessel.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001429#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fuel subsidies may incentivize excessive fishing pressure and threaten marine resource sustainability because they are provided regardless of the target species and are implemented in a regime that does not strictly limit fishing levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001429#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The distribution of fuel subsidies is inefficient, as the volume of fuel allocated is consistently higher than what is purchased, potentially excluding remote small-scale fishers and disproportionately benefiting larger commercial operations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001429#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is little evidence that fuel subsidies improve the livelihoods of vessel crews; a study found that crew income remained below regency minimum wages in 9 out of 10 provinces despite the subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001429#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's 2014 fossil fuel subsidy reforms resulted in fiscal savings of IDR 211 trillion (USD 15.6 billion), which were reallocated toward ministry budgets, state-owned enterprise capital injections, and regional transfer funds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001429#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","energy subsidy"],"geography_discussed":["Aceh","Maluku","North Sulawesi","Java","Bali Island","Madura Island"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","socio-economic assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-001652","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001652","title":"Identifying Inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Canada","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-07/inefficient-fossil-fuel-subsidies-canada-en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The policy brief argues that Canada lacks a shared definition of 'inefficient fossil fuel subsidies,' which hinders its commitment to phase them out. It proposes a four-part assessment framework—alignment with climate commitments, support for a low-carbon economy, just transition consistency, and overall policy effectiveness—to ensure transparency and accountability in eliminating these subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001652#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Canada faces a significant gap in defining 'inefficient fossil fuel subsidies,' with no universally endorsed definitions for what constitutes a subsidy, what makes it inefficient, or what constitutes wasteful consumption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001652#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Substantial fossil fuel subsidies persist in Canada; federal subsidies totaled at least CAD 1.91 billion in 2020, while the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Newfoundland and Labrador provided at least CAD 2.5 billion in the 2020/2021 fiscal year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001652#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors propose four criteria to determine if a subsidy is efficient: alignment with climate commitments, support for a low-carbon economy, consistency with just transition principles, and whether it is the best way to achieve the overall policy goal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001652#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies that support new or updated fossil fuel infrastructure or facilitate exports are likely incompatible with net-zero goals, as they enable continued extraction and contribute to scope 3 emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001652#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fossil fuel subsidies create market distortions that oppose carbon pricing and increase the risk of stranded assets, with Canada's potential losses from stranded fossil fuel assets estimated at approximately USD 100 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001652#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies that draw workers into sectors destined to shrink by 2050 violate just transition principles by failing to anticipate employment impacts or provide sustainable social protection and skills development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001652#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While some subsidies for remote and northern communities reliant on diesel provided energy access (totaling CAD 2.37 million in 2020), they can still act as barriers to sustainable alternatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001652#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","Net-zero emissions","carbon price","just transition","stranded asset","Scope 3","energy transition","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Alberta","British Columbia","Saskatchewan","Newfoundland and Labrador","Quebec","Argentina"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","framework proposal"]},{"id":"iisd-001653","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001653","title":"Comment identifier les subventions inefficaces dédiées aux combustibles fossiles au Canada","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"fr","date_published":"2022-07","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-07/inefficient-fossil-fuel-subsidies-canada-fr.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing argues that Canada lacks a clear definition of 'inefficient' fossil fuel subsidies, which hinders its commitment to phase them out. It proposes four criteria for evaluation: compliance with climate commitments, support for a low-emission economy, consistency with a just transition, and optimal policy achievement. The authors recommend adopting the WTO definition of subsidies and applying these criteria to both federal and provincial funding to ensure transparency and accountability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001653#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Canada has committed to phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, moving its deadline forward to 2023 from 2025, and aims to eliminate public financing for the international fossil fuel sector in 2022 and coal power by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001653#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Substantial financial support for fossil fuels continues in Canada; federal subsidies totaled at least 1.91 billion CAD in 2020, while the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Newfoundland and Labrador provided at least 2.5 billion CAD in 2020-2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001653#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The lack of a standardized international or national definition of 'inefficient' subsidies obstructs progress. The authors recommend Canada adopt the World Trade Organization (WTO) definition, which covers direct transfers, revenue losses, risk transfers, and the provision of goods and services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001653#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposed first criterion for efficiency is compliance with climate commitments. Subsidies are deemed inefficient if they support fossil fuel infrastructure that locks in emissions for decades or facilitates exports (Scope 3 emissions), contradicting the need to reduce oil and gas production by 74% by 2030 to meet fair-share climate responsibilities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001653#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The second criterion focuses on supporting a low-emission economy. Fossil fuel subsidies are viewed as market distortions that interfere with carbon pricing and increase the risk of stranded assets, which are estimated at approximately 100 billion USD in Canada.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001653#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The third criterion requires consistency with a 'just transition.' Subsidies that attract workers into a declining sector without providing social protection or skill development violate International Labour Organization (ILO) guidelines and Canada's international obligations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001653#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The fourth criterion assesses whether a measure is the optimal way to achieve a policy goal. While some subsidies for remote and Northern communities depending on diesel (totaling 2.37 million CAD in 2020) may be necessary short-term, they should have a set phase-out date to avoid blocking sustainable alternatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001653#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","climate finance","carbon price","just transition","stranded asset","carbon neutrality","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Alberta","British Columbia","Saskatchewan","Newfoundland and Labrador","Quebec","Argentina"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy framework","recommendation"]},{"id":"iisd-002193","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002193","title":"Switching Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Indonesia to Support a Green Recovery","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-07/switching-fossil-fuel-subsidies-indonesia-green-recovery.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that Indonesia can accelerate its energy transition by redirecting fossil fuel subsidies and taxes—potentially raising up to IDR 166 trillion annually—into renewable energy, grid modernization, energy efficiency, and remote energy access.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002193#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia could raise up to IDR 166 trillion (USD 11.5 billion) annually by reforming subsidies for coal and transport fuels and implementing a modest tax on them. When combined with existing taxes on these fuels, the total potential revenue reaches IDR 261 trillion (USD 18.1 billion), which is more than half of the estimated investment needed to reach the 23% renewable energy target by 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002193#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The current feed-in tariff (FiT) regime is a major barrier to renewable energy deployment because price caps for wind and geothermal projects are often significantly lower than the actual cost of construction for developers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002193#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Land acquisition and infrastructure costs are significant risks for developers. The brief suggests Indonesia could adapt a 'Solar Park Scheme' similar to India's, where regional governments provide land and statutory clearances, and utilize the existing Land Funding Scheme (LMAN) to support clean energy projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002193#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"PT PLN requires substantial investment for its 2060 climate neutrality goal, including approximately IDR 400 trillion (USD 27.8 billion) by 2024 for smart grid implementation and USD 3 billion between 2021 and 2024 for distribution upgrades.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002193#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite a 99.40% electrification rate in 2021, energy access remains unreliable in remote areas, with some regions only having electricity for 6 hours. The brief recommends using reallocated funds to support off-grid renewable solutions and the '1,000 Islands Programme'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002193#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy efficiency is hindered by a lack of bankable projects and high perceived risks by financial institutions. The government could use reallocated funds to provide guarantees for larger projects or expand LED-based street lighting, which has already saved up to 50% in costs in Batang and Semarang.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002193#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy","energy transition","climate finance","feed-in tariff","smart grid","energy efficiency","energy access","carbon neutrality"],"geography_discussed":["India","Batang","Semarang"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy evaluation","fiscal analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002473","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002473","title":"Achieving a Just Energy Transition in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-07/achieving-just-transition-indonesia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that Indonesia's heavy reliance on coal and oil and gas creates significant social and economic risks that necessitate a 'just transition' framework. It highlights a lack of institutionalized social dialogue and the continued use of fossil fuel subsidies and recovery funding for the fossil fuel sector. The author recommends institutionalizing tripartite social dialogue, diversifying the economy in fossil-fuel-dependent regions, and utilizing state-owned enterprises to drive a green recovery through conditionalities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002473#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia's economy is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, with coal-fired power plants providing over 60% of total electricity consumption and the coal sector employing at least 100,000 workers as of 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002473#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite international commitments, Indonesia continues to expand coal capacity, including a 35-gigawatt (GW) program and a Fast Track Programme adding 7 GW, while planning new plants to provide 13.8 GW by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002473#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The concept of a just transition is not yet institutionalized in Indonesia; the 2019 Low Carbon Development plan contains only one reference to it, and tripartite social dialogue between government, workers, and employers has not been formalized.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002473#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's COVID-19 recovery spending largely favored fossil fuels over green diversification, with the fossil fuel industry receiving IDR 108.5 trillion (USD 7.5 billion) in 2020, and state-owned enterprises PT Pertamina and PT PLN receiving IDR 37.8 trillion and IDR 45.5 trillion respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002473#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fossil fuel subsidies in Indonesia are regressive and primarily benefit the wealthy, with an estimated annual cost of IDR 97.4 trillion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002473#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"BAPPENAS estimates that pursuing a net-zero by 2050 plan could create 1.8–2.2 million green jobs in the energy, EVs, land restoration, and waste sectors by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002473#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["just transition","Coal phase-out","fossil fuel subsidy","green job","economic diversity","carbon tax","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["Borneo","Sumatra","East Kalimantan","North Kalimantan","South Africa","Canada","Denmark","Poland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","recommendations"]}]}