{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["International Institute for Sustainable Development"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":3753,"relation":"eq"},"page":23,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=international-institute-for-sustainable-development&page=23","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=international-institute-for-sustainable-development&page=24","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-000927","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000927","title":"Challenges to Fostering Low-Carbon Agriculture Through Public Policies and Support in Brazil","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/policy-analysis/low-carbon-agriculture-brazil","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Brazil has implemented a series of public policies, most notably the ABC and ABC+ (RenovAgro) plans, to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and increase resilience. While the original ABC Plan exceeded its 2010-2020 goals, the more ambitious ABC+ Plan aims to cover 72.68 million hectares by 2030. However, a significant gap remains in financing, with only 6.2% of rural credit in 2022/23 dedicated to low-carbon investments. Recent 2023 regulations have tightened credit access by requiring stricter environmental compliance across all biomes. The authors argue that achieving climate goals requires increased rural credit and improved monitoring and verification of technology adoption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000927#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The original Low-Carbon Agriculture (ABC) Plan, launched in 2011, exceeded its targets between 2010 and 2020, covering 54 million ha of agricultural land and treating 38 million m3 of animal waste, which resulted in a reduction of 193.67 million Mg CO2eq.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000927#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ABC+ Plan (renamed RenovAgro in July 2023) sets more ambitious targets for 2030, aiming to reach 72.68 million hectares. Specific goals include recovering 30 million ha of degraded pasture, implementing 10 million ha of integrated systems, and increasing no-till planting on 12.58 million ha.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000927#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a disparity between the total rural credit available and the amount dedicated to low-carbon agriculture. In the 2022/23 crop year, only BRL 6 billion (6.2%) of the BRL 97 billion in rural credit was dedicated to low-carbon investments, with BRL 3.9 billion of that coming from ABC+/RenovAgro.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000927#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"New regulations implemented in 2023 have made accessing rural credit more difficult by tightening socio-environmental requirements. Credit is now denied if there is a cancelled or suspended Rural Environmental Registry, if environmental embargoes exist in any biome, or if the property is in non-designated Public Forest Type B without specific ownership titles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000927#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A critical weakness in Brazil's current framework is the lack of verification for the results of financed interventions, such as no-till implementation and pasture recovery, despite the role of financial institutions in monitoring and reporting.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000927#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","deforestation","biodiversity loss","climate finance","agroforestry","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Amazon rainforest"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000935","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000935","title":"Agricultural Subsidies in India","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/policy-analysis/agricultural-subsidies-india","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper examines India's agricultural subsidy regime, focusing on the Minimum Support Price (MSP) and input subsidies for fertilizer, power, and irrigation. It highlights their role in achieving self-sufficiency in rice and wheat and protecting 650 million beneficiaries through the Public Distribution System. While acknowledging criticisms regarding inequity, budget pressure, and environmental degradation, the author argues that these subsidies are critical for small farmers and rural poverty alleviation, especially given global market volatility and trade pressures from developed-country subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000935#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"India utilizes a Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 25 crops to maintain buffer stocks and support the Public Distribution System, which provides subsidized food to 50% of urban and 75% of rural dwellers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000935#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The MSP procurement policy has been most effective for paddy and wheat, with 37% and 17% of production procured at MSP in 2021/22 respectively, though it has been less successful for oilseeds and pulses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000935#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Input subsidies for fertilizer, irrigation, and electricity rose from USD 25 billion in 2011 to USD 48 billion in 2022–2023, with fertilizer and power accounting for 45.6% and 30% of these subsidies respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000935#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Critics argue that Indian agricultural subsidies lead to mono-cropping of rice and wheat, negatively impact biodiversity, and create budget pressures that divert capital from research and development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000935#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's agricultural subsidies are defended as comparable to those in developed nations; Article 6 subsidies represented 8.11% of agricultural production in 2018, compared to 9.7% in Japan, 12.85% in Switzerland, and 7.05% in the United States.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000935#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"External trade factors, including U.S. cotton subsidies and import competition from Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with Southeast Asian countries, make the withdrawal of domestic subsidies an economic and political challenge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000935#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Direct income transfers are proposed as an alternative to current subsidies, but face implementation hurdles including weak banking infrastructure, corruption, and difficulty identifying beneficiaries like women farmers and sharecroppers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000935#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agricultural subsidy","food security","biodiversity"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Japan","Switzerland","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002383","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002383","title":"Agricultural Subsidies: A case for Uganda","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/policy-analysis/agricultural-subsidies-uganda","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The authors examine Uganda's agricultural subsidy landscape, noting that while initiatives like NAADS and insurance subsidies have increased input access and risk mitigation, they are often hampered by top-down design, poor implementation, and a lack of extension services. The paper argues that current subsidies often benefit large-scale farmers over smallholders and can cause environmental harm through the promotion of monoculture and agrochemicals. It recommends a value-chain approach to subsidy design with greater stakeholder participation and improved funding and monitoring.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002383#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Uganda's public spending on agriculture remains below the 10% of public expenditure commitment established in the Malabo Declaration, despite agriculture employing approximately 66% of the population and contributing 24.5% to the GDP.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002383#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Government initiatives have increased access to inputs and insurance; for example, the NAADS program distributed 623,870 Hass avocado seedlings across 80 districts, and the number of insured farmers grew from 45,704 to 687,608 between 2017 and March 2023. However, insurance subsidies primarily benefit medium- and large-scale farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002383#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agricultural subsidies in Uganda are often ineffective due to a supply-driven approach that results in the late delivery of inputs or the provision of unsuitable materials, such as hybrid seeds that require management techniques small-scale farmers cannot implement. This is compounded by a severe lack of extension services, with a ratio of 1:2000 to 1:3000 workers per population, far below the recommended 1:500.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002383#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current subsidy frameworks contribute to environmental degradation by promoting monoculture and the intensive use of agrochemicals, which increases greenhouse gas emissions and undermines traditional seed systems through the promotion of input-intensive hybrid seeds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002383#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors recommend that Uganda redesign its agricultural subsidies using a bottom-up approach involving stakeholders like civil society and academia, ensuring that support covers the entire value chain from input to market and is backed by adequate funding and monitoring.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002383#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agricultural subsidy","food security","greenhouse gas","biodiversity loss","climate change","sustainable agriculture"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000096","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000096","title":"Subvenciones a la Agricultura: El caso de Uganda","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"es","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/es/articles/policy-analysis/agricultural-subsidies-uganda","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines Uganda's agricultural subsidy landscape, highlighting a gap between the government's development priorities and its actual budget allocation, which falls below the 10% public spending target set in the Malabo Declaration. While initiatives like NAADS and Operation Wealth Creation have improved access to inputs and increased coffee exports, the authors argue that subsidies are often poorly timed, top-down, and favor large-scale farmers. Environmental concerns are raised regarding the promotion of monocultures and agrochemicals, and the authors recommend a value-chain approach to subsidy design that includes stakeholder participation and better extension services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000096#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Uganda's public spending on agriculture is insufficient, failing to meet the commitment made by African leaders in the Malabo Declaration to allocate at least 10% of public expenditure to the sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000096#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Government initiatives such as the National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) and Operation Wealth Creation have increased input accessibility; for instance, NAADS distributed 623,870 Hass avocado seedlings across 80 districts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000096#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Agricultural Insurance Subsidy program has seen a massive increase in coverage, growing from 45,704 insured farmers six years prior to 687,608 farmers by March 2023, although benefits primarily accrue to medium and large-scale farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000096#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Increased government support for the coffee sector through financial aid and the distribution of fertilizers and seedlings contributed to a significant rise in exports; in August 2024, Uganda exported 837,915 bags of 60 kg of coffee valued at USD 221.63 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000096#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agricultural subsidies in Uganda negatively impact the environment by encouraging monocultures and the intensive use of agrochemicals, which increases greenhouse gas emissions and undermines traditional seed systems through the promotion of hybrid seeds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000096#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The effectiveness of subsidies is hindered by a lack of extension services, with a worker-to-population ratio of 1:2000 to 1:3000, far exceeding the recommended 1:500 ratio.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000096#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies are often supply-driven rather than demand-driven, leading to the delivery of inputs that are either untimely or unsuitable for the specific needs and conditions of small-scale farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000096#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agricultural subsidy","food security","greenhouse gas emissions","biodiversity loss","climate resilience"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000255","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000255","title":"Les subventions agricoles : le cas de l’Ouganda","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"fr","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/fr/articles/policy-analysis/agricultural-subsidies-uganda","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper examines Uganda's agricultural subsidy landscape, highlighting a gap between government priorities and actual budget allocations. While initiatives like NAADS and insurance subsidies have increased production—notably in coffee—the authors argue that subsidies often benefit large-scale farmers over smallholders, suffer from poor implementation, and encourage environmentally harmful practices like monoculture and chemical use. They recommend a bottom-up redesign of subsidies that supports entire value chains and simplifies access for small farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000255#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Uganda's public spending on agriculture is insufficient and falls below the 10% public expenditure commitment to agriculture established by the Malabo Declaration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000255#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agricultural subsidies in Uganda are divided into two main categories: input subsidies and support for general services across the agricultural sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000255#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS), established in 2001, and the 2013 'wealth creation' operation aim to improve farmer access to inputs; for example, NAADS distributed 623,870 Hass avocado seedlings across 80 districts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000255#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government subsidizes agricultural insurance premiums by 50% for smallholders and 30% for large-scale farmers, spending approximately 1.35 million USD annually. While the number of insured farmers grew from 45,704 to 687,608 by March 2023, the benefits primarily reach medium and large-scale farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000255#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Government support for seedlings, fertilizers, and direct financing has contributed to a significant increase in coffee production; in August 2024, Uganda exported 837,915 bags of 60 kg of coffee valued at 221.63 million USD.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000255#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies are often ineffective due to a top-down design, poor timing of delivery, and a lack of extension services; the extension agent to population ratio is between 1:2,000 and 1:3,000, far below the recommended 1:500.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000255#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agricultural subsidies negatively impact the environment by promoting monoculture, the intensive use of agrochemicals, and the use of hybrid seeds, which increase greenhouse gas emissions and compromise seed sustainability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000255#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tax exemptions for agricultural processing and machinery tend to favor large investors due to high eligibility thresholds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000255#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agricultural subsidy","food security","greenhouse gas emissions","biodiversity loss","climate change"],"geography_discussed":["World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000517","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000517","title":"Les subventions agricoles en Inde un équilibre essentiel","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"fr","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/fr/articles/policy-analysis/agricultural-subsidies-india","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper analyzes India's agricultural subsidy regime, focusing on the Minimum Support Price (MSP) and input subsidies for fertilizers, electricity, and irrigation. It highlights their role in ensuring food security and supporting small farmers while acknowledging criticisms regarding inefficiency, market distortion, and environmental degradation. The author argues that while rationalization is needed, abrupt removal of these subsidies—which represent 21% of agricultural income—could exacerbate rural poverty.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000517#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"India utilizes a Minimum Support Price (MSP) system for 25 crops, including rice, wheat, and cotton, to maintain buffer stocks and support the Public Distribution System, which provides subsidized food to 75% of rural and 50% of urban residents.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000517#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The MSP policy has been most effective for rice and wheat producers, contributing to self-sufficiency in these crops, though it has failed to stimulate growth for oilseeds and pulses due to low procurement levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000517#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Input subsidies for fertilizers, irrigation, and electricity rose from 25 billion USD in 2011 to 48 billion USD in 2022-2023, with fertilizers and electricity accounting for 45.6% and 30% of these subsidies respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000517#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Critics argue that Indian agricultural subsidies lead to inefficient implementation, bias toward large farmers, and environmental issues such as the increase of rice and wheat monocultures and negative impacts on biodiversity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000517#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's agricultural subsidies under WTO Article 6 represented 8.11% of its agricultural production in 2018, a figure comparable to those of Japan (9.7%), Switzerland (12.85%), and the United States (7.05%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000517#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The removal of agricultural subsidies is deemed a significant economic and political challenge because they constitute 21% of agricultural income and are vital for small and marginal farms to avoid rural poverty.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000517#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Direct income transfers are proposed as a sustainable alternative to price supports and input subsidies, but their implementation is hindered by weak banking infrastructure, corruption, and difficulties in identifying beneficiaries like tenant farmers and women.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000517#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agricultural subsidy","food security","agricultural irrigation","biodiversity"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Japan","Switzerland","European Union","ASEAN"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000552","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000552","title":"L'optimisation des dépenses publiques consacrées à l'alimentation et à l'agriculture peut changer la donne dans les pays à revenu intermédiaire de la tranche inférieure","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"fr","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/fr/articles/policy-analysis/optimizing-public-spending-food-agriculture","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document discusses the need for lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) and low-income countries (LICs) to optimize their limited public spending on food and agriculture. It highlights that many sub-Saharan African nations fail to meet the Maputo goal of allocating 10% of national budgets to these sectors and often employ trade policies that implicitly penalize farmers to protect poor consumers. To address this, the FAO's Policy Monitoring and Analysis of Food and Agriculture (SAPAA) program uses a Pareto-optimality tool to help governments reallocate budgets across measures such as irrigation, seed subsidies, and rural electrification. A study of six sub-Saharan African countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Uganda) suggests that optimizing budgets for 2025-2030 could create nearly one million non-farm rural jobs, lift 2.8 million people out of poverty, and enable 16 million more people to afford a healthy diet by 2030 without increasing total spending.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000552#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Many low-income countries (LICs) and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, do not provide sufficient public spending for food and agriculture and often use trade and market policies that keep national prices low, which implicitly penalizes the agricultural sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000552#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Few sub-Saharan African countries have achieved the Maputo goal of allocating at least 10% of their national budget to food and agriculture.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000552#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The FAO's policy optimization tool, based on Pareto optimality, aims to balance four primary policy objectives: maximizing agri-food GDP, maximizing non-farm rural employment, minimizing rural poverty, and minimizing the cost of a healthy diet.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000552#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"An analysis of six sub-Saharan African countries—Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Uganda—indicates that budget reallocations for 2025-2030 could lead to significant gains without increasing the total budget.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000552#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"By 2030, optimized budget reallocations across the six studied countries could result in the creation of nearly one million non-farm rural jobs, 2.8 million people escaping poverty, and 16 million additional people being able to afford a healthy diet.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000552#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific budget adjustments vary by country: Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Nigeria should increase spending on mechanization, while Ethiopia and Mozambique should increase seed subsidies; conversely, Ghana, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Uganda should spend less on irrigation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000552#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The FAO is currently enhancing its policy optimization tool to incorporate objectives related to biodiversity and climate change to help governments mitigate and adapt to climate change and reverse environmental degradation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000552#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agricultural productivity","food security","climate change mitigation","climate change adaptation","biodiversity","environmental degradation","trade policy","agricultural irrigation","rural electrification"],"geography_discussed":["World","Burkina Faso","Ethiopia","Ghana","Mozambique","Nigeria","Uganda","Madagascar"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","economic modeling"]},{"id":"iisd-000796","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000796","title":"Retos para Promover la Agricultura con Bajas Emisiones de Carbono A Través de Políticas Públicas y Medidas de Ayuda en Brasil","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"es","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/es/articles/policy-analysis/low-carbon-agriculture-brazil","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Brazil has implemented a series of public credit policies, most notably the ABC Plan and its successor ABC+ (RenovAgro), to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase agricultural resilience. While the original ABC Plan (2010-2020) exceeded its targets—reducing 193.67 million Mg of CO2eq—the current ABC+ Plan sets more ambitious goals for 2030, including recovering 30 million hectares of degraded pastures. However, data from Agroicone indicates that only 6.2% of total rural credit in 2022/23 was directed toward low-carbon investments. Since 2023, access to credit has become more restrictive, requiring strict environmental compliance across entire properties, including the mandatory Rural Environmental Registry. The authors argue that Brazil must increase the volume of available rural credit and improve the monitoring of technology adoption to meet its climate goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000796#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The original ABC Plan (2011-2020) surpassed its initial targets, covering 54 million hectares of agricultural land and treating 38 million m3 of animal waste, resulting in a reduction of 193.67 million Mg of CO2eq.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000796#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ABC+ Plan, launched in 2021 to align with the Paris Agreement, sets ambitious 2030 targets covering 72.68 million hectares, including the recovery of 30 million hectares of degraded pastures and the implementation of 10 million hectares of integrated systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000796#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the existence of low-carbon programs, a small fraction of total rural credit is dedicated to these investments; in the 2022/23 agricultural year, only BRL 6,000 million (6.2%) of BRL 97,000 million in rural credit was allocated to low-carbon agriculture.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000796#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Since 2023, Brazil has tightened regulations for rural credit access, making it dependent on socio-environmental compliance for the entire property rather than just the financed area, and requiring a valid Rural Environmental Registry (CAR).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000796#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A critical gap exists in the monitoring of low-carbon technology adoption, as financial institutions do not currently verify the actual results of funded interventions, such as direct sowing or pasture recovery.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000796#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Brazil's agricultural productivity grew significantly between 2000 and 2013, with livestock productivity increasing by 172%, while the land dedicated to livestock pasture decreased by 16% to approximately 161 million hectares by 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000796#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","deforestation","biodiversity loss","climate finance","agroforestry","bioenergy","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-001147","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001147","title":"Addressing Carbon Leakage","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-12/carbon-leakage-toolkit.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the phenomenon of carbon leakage, where carbon pricing in one jurisdiction leads to increased emissions in others. It evaluates several mitigation tools, including Border Carbon Adjustments (BCAs), carbon cost containment measures (such as free allocations in ETS), subsidies, and product standards, while noting the political and practical hurdles of achieving a coordinated global carbon price.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001147#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Carbon leakage is an observed reality rather than just a theoretical risk, with recent research from the IMF and OECD showing average observed leakage rates of 25% and 13% respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001147#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While a global carbon price or coordinated international framework would be the most effective solution to eliminate leakage, such agreements face significant hurdles, including conflicts with the Paris Agreement's principle of independent national ambition and the principle of \"common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001147#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Border Carbon Adjustments (BCAs) can protect against import-based leakage but may fail to protect export markets unless export rebates are provided; however, such rebates can weaken decarbonization incentives and may violate WTO laws.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001147#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"BCAs face administrative challenges regarding value chain coverage; extending coverage downstream increases complexity and cost, while the actual risk of leakage typically diminishes further down the value chain as most carbon is embodied in basic commodities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001147#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon cost-containment measures in Emissions Trading Systems (ETS), such as free allocations or performance benchmarks, protect firms from the full cost of carbon to prevent leakage, but may weaken incentives to decarbonize if firms expect low future values for carbon credits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001147#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies can reduce the cost of compliance by supporting the adoption of cleaner technologies, but they are costly, only available to governments with sufficient fiscal space, and are best used as complements rather than substitutes for other tools.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001147#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Product standards can prevent leakage via imports by banning goods that exceed specific GHG intensity levels, but they are blunt instruments that offer no incentive to improve beyond the set standard and do not protect export markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001147#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon leakage","carbon price","carbon tax","climate finance","subsidy","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","United Kingdom","Canada","United States","Australia","South Korea","People's Republic of China","Japan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy brief","toolkit"]},{"id":"iisd-001425","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001425","title":"Fossil Fuel Production, Renewable Energy, and Subsidy Reform in Nationally Determined Contributions 3.0","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-12/fossil-fuel-subsidy-reform-ndc.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The policy brief outlines three critical benchmarks for 1.5 °C-aligned NDCs: tripling renewable energy capacity and doubling energy efficiency by 2030, phasing out new fossil fuel projects with production declines of 65-95% by 2050, and eliminating fossil fuel subsidies by 2025 for G7 nations and 2030 for others. It highlights a significant 'production gap' where major producers plan to increase output despite climate imperatives. The authors recommend that new NDCs include quantitative phase-out targets, commitments to no new exploration licenses, and national roadmaps for subsidy reform that prioritize social protection and clean energy investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001425#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"To align with the 1.5 °C target, there is no room for new coal mines or oil and gas fields. Coal production must decline by 95% by 2050, while oil and gas production must decrease by at least 65% by 2050, and potentially up to 100% in some scenarios.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001425#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A 'production gap' exists because many major fossil fuel producers plan to increase production in the coming decades, and most of their current NDCs explicitly state that production will continue or increase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001425#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global renewable energy capacity must triple and energy efficiency improvements must double by 2030. Regions starting from a low base, specifically the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, will need to increase capacity at a faster rate, with the latter requiring substantial international climate finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001425#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fossil fuel subsidies reached USD 1.5 trillion in 2022. Removing these subsidies could reduce total greenhouse gas emissions by up to 10% by 2030. In 2023, G20 fossil fuel subsidies were more than three times the value of support for renewable energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001425#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current NDCs largely neglect fossil fuel subsidy reform; only 29 of 198 parties mentioned them, and only 15 made an actual commitment to reform.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001425#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors recommend that G7 and other advanced economies commit to eliminating all fossil fuel subsidies by 2025, while all other countries should do so by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001425#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Nationally Determined Contributions","petroleum industry","energy efficiency","fossil fuel subsidy","climate finance","just transition","Global stocktake","Paris Agreement","coal"],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa","Middle East","G20","G7","United Arab Emirates","Brazil"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","benchmark assessment","policy recommendations"]},{"id":"iisd-001630","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001630","title":"Budgeting for Net Zero","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-01/india-budgeting-for-net-zero-technical-note.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document provides a technical framework for calculating the 'cost gap'—the marginal cost differential between clean energy technologies and their conventional benchmarks—for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), offshore wind, solar PV, electric vehicles (EVs), and green hydrogen in India. It outlines the specific input parameters, learning rates, and benchmarks used for each technology. Furthermore, it describes the application of the Green Economy Model (GEM), a system dynamics tool, to simulate how varying levels of public funding (e.g., 30% or 100% of the cost gap) influence India's GDP, employment, and emissions through feedback loops involving energy spending, air pollution, and labor productivity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001630#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"For standalone Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), the study identifies that cost parity with the benchmark electricity price (INR 7.30/kWh in 2023) is achieved in 2028 under the business-as-usual scenario, leading to a cost gap estimation period from 2023 to 2027.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001630#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Offshore wind technology in India is projected to reach cost parity with its benchmark (the average price of round-the-clock electricity traded on the Indian Energy Exchange, which was INR 5.62/kWh in 2023) in 2037, with the cost gap calculated for the period 2024 to 2037.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001630#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Solar PV is already cheaper than new coal and gas installations in India; therefore, the cost gap is calculated as the differential between domestically manufactured solar PV modules and imported modules, with parity expected around 2030 in the business-as-usual scenario.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001630#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Green hydrogen (GH2) is estimated not to reach cost parity with grey hydrogen (benchmarked at USD 2.25/kg) until 2050 in the business-as-usual scenario, necessitating a cost gap estimation timeline from 2024 to 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001630#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Green Economy Model (GEM) uses a system dynamics approach to quantify how government support for clean energy affects GDP by analyzing three primary drivers: energy spending (affecting capital productivity), air pollution (affecting labor productivity), and employment (affecting value added).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001630#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["battery energy storage system","offshore wind power","photovoltaics","electric vehicle","green hydrogen","Levelized cost of energy","total cost of ownership","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Tamil Nadu","Gujarat"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodological","macroeconomic modelling","cost-benefit analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002430","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002430","title":"Subvenciones Agrícolas en la India Un Acto de Equilibrio Crucial","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"es","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/es/articles/policy-analysis/agricultural-subsidies-india","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper examines India's agricultural subsidy regime, highlighting the role of the Minimum Support Price (MSP) and the Public Distribution System (PDS) in ensuring food security for millions. It details the growth of input subsidies for fertilizers, electricity, and irrigation, which reached USD 48 billion in 2022-2023. While acknowledging criticisms regarding market distortion, budget pressure, and environmental degradation, the author argues that these subsidies are vital for small farmers and rural stability, especially given the pressures of global trade and the limitations of current banking infrastructure for direct income transfers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002430#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Public Distribution System (PDS) are critical for food security, with the PDS covering 650 million beneficiaries across 26 states and union territories; during the COVID-19 pandemic, approximately 80% of the Indian population was eligible for subsidized food.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002430#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Price support has been most effective for rice and wheat, with 37% and 17% of production acquired at MSP in the 2021/22 marketing seasons respectively, though it has been less successful for oilseeds and pulses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002430#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Input subsidies have seen significant growth, rising from USD 25 billion in 2011 to USD 48 billion between 2022 and 2023, with fertilizers (45.6%) and electricity (30%) absorbing the largest shares.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002430#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Critics argue that Indian agricultural subsidies cause budget pressure, discourage private investment in storage and markets, and lead to environmental issues such as the increase of rice and wheat monocultures and the blocking of green technology innovations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002430#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's subsidies are defended as comparable to those in developed nations when measured as a percentage of agricultural production; in 2018, Article 6 subsidies represented 8.11% of production, similar to levels in the US (7.05%), Japan (9.7%), and Switzerland (12.85%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002430#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Direct income transfers are proposed as a more efficient alternative to price supports and input subsidies, but their implementation is hindered by weak banking infrastructure, corruption, and difficulties in identifying beneficiaries like tenant farmers and women farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002430#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International trade factors, including US cotton subsidies and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with Southeast Asian countries, create economic pressure that makes it politically difficult to remove MSP and input subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002430#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agricultural subsidy","food security","biodiversity","climate finance","trade policy"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Japan","Switzerland","European Union","Philippines","United Kingdom","Indonesia","Mali","Norway","Zambia","Ethiopia","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002518","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002518","title":"Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining of Critical Minerals","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-12/artisanal-small-scale-mining-critical-minerals.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is an underestimated but significant contributor to the global supply of critical minerals, particularly cobalt, tin, and tantalum. It highlights that while some minerals like lithium have high potential for ASM extraction in pegmatite deposits, others like graphite are less viable due to low value per unit of weight. The document emphasizes that the sector's deep informality, lack of geological data, and restrictive licensing frameworks hinder its potential. It presents case studies from the DRC, Indonesia, and Chile to demonstrate both the challenges of informality and the success of formalization models like Chile's ENAMI. The report concludes that for ASM to become a reliable supplier, governments must streamline licensing, provide geological foundations for small-scale plots, and create tailored regulatory frameworks specifically for critical minerals rather than relying on generic gold or gemstone policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002518#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"ASM already provides a substantial portion of the global supply for several critical minerals, specifically contributing approximately 8% of cobalt, 40% of tin, and 60% of tantalum production worldwide.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002518#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The potential for ASM to extract critical minerals is determined by the mineral's volume, yield, and price per unit of weight; high-potential minerals have low volume/high yield and high value per unit of weight.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002518#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Lithium extraction via ASM is most feasible in pegmatite deposits, which follow traditional mining processes, whereas salar deposits require infrastructure and investment beyond the capacity of ASM operators.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002518#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, ASM is a major source of cobalt, with 20% to 25% of the country's cobalt sourced from these operations, though most remain informal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002518#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Chile's Empresa Nacional de Minería (ENAMI) serves as a successful model for ASM formalization, providing technical assistance, finance, and market access to 1,360 registered small-scale mining businesses, 95% of which extract copper.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002518#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China maintains a dominant position in the midstream and downstream critical minerals sectors, refining 59% of the world's lithium and 73% of its cobalt, and controlling 78% of the global cell manufacturing capacity for EV batteries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002518#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Large-scale mining projects face significant delays, taking an average of 15.7 years from discovery to production, which underscores the potential for a formalized ASM sector to provide a quicker source of supply.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002518#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Informality in the ASM sector is driven by inappropriate legal frameworks, such as high permitting fees and bureaucratic procedures, as well as a lack of geological data and capital.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002518#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current ASM categorization in policies often oversimplifies the sector by focusing only on mechanization, which can stifle production by prohibiting the use of heavy machinery for the lowest categories of miners.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002518#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["critical minerals","energy transition","sustainable energy","electric vehicle","nickel"],"geography_discussed":["Democratic Republic of the Congo","Indonesia","Chile","Zimbabwe","Brazil","People's Republic of China","European Union","United States","Rwanda","Burundi","Myanmar","Cameroon","Nigeria","Ghana","Sri Lanka"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study","supply chain assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-003085","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003085","title":"Budgeting for Net Zero","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-12/india-budgeting-for-net-zero.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes the cost gaps for battery energy storage systems (BESSs), offshore wind, solar PV, electric vehicles (EVs), and green hydrogen (GH2) in India. It finds that while current subsidies are sufficient for solar PV and BESSs, significant additional support is needed for offshore wind, EVs, and GH2. Macroeconomic modeling suggests that bridging these gaps generally boosts GDP and employment, except for GH2, which remains cost-uncompetitive until after 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003085#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Existing Central Government subsidies are sufficient to cover the cost gap for solar PV and battery energy storage systems (BESSs), but only cover 1%–59% of the gap for offshore wind, green hydrogen (GH2), and electric vehicles (EVs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003085#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The cost gap for BESSs is estimated at INR 2,637 crore (USD 321 million), and the technology is projected to reach cost parity with the benchmark evening electricity tariff by 2028.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003085#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Offshore wind has a substantial cost gap of INR 5.1 lakh crore (USD 61 billion) to reach the 37 GW goal by 2030, with a projected grid parity timeline of at least 12 more years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003085#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Domestic manufacturing policies for solar PV, including a 40% customs duty, have increased project costs, potentially leading to a shortfall of approximately 20 GW against the 2030 capacity goal of 293 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003085#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To achieve the 30% EV sales target by 2030, demand-side incentives are required for all segments except electric three-wheelers (e3Ws), which have already achieved cost parity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003085#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Green hydrogen (GH2) is projected to remain uncompetitive against 'grey' hydrogen until after 2050, with current subsidies covering only about 5% of the cost gap.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003085#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Macroeconomic modeling indicates that government support to bridge cost gaps for BESSs, solar PV, offshore wind, and EVs increases GDP, employment, and net revenue by 2050, while GH2 shows a negative benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) of -0.24.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003085#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["battery energy storage system","offshore wind power","photovoltaics","electric vehicle","green hydrogen","carbon tax","climate finance","carbon neutrality","decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","European Union","United Kingdom","Tamil Nadu","Gujarat"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["cost-benefit analysis","macroeconomic modeling","policy assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-003096","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003096","title":"Green Public Procurement in India","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-12/india-green-public-procurement.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"India leverages public spending—nearly 30% of its GDP—to drive environmental sustainability through green public procurement (GPP). While the country lacks a comprehensive national GPP policy, it utilizes administrative guidelines, the Government e-Marketplace (GeM), and sector-specific initiatives like the BEE star rating program. However, adoption is hindered by limited regulatory frameworks, a lack of stakeholder skills, perceived higher costs of green products, and incomplete monitoring systems. The report recommends strengthening legal frameworks, establishing a National SPP Competence Centre, scaling up third-party verified tools, and creating a robust monitoring and evaluation system.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003096#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"India lacks a comprehensive national law or legislation specifically governing sustainable public procurement (SPP) or GPP, relying instead on a fragmented framework of administrative guidelines and ministerial orders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003096#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Government e-Marketplace (GeM), launched in 2017, is a central digital portal that promotes GPP by prioritizing eco-friendly products and services, with procurement volume exceeding INR 3 trillion in FY 2023–2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003096#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) star rating program is one of India's most successful eco-labelling initiatives; since 2013, the Ministry of Finance has mandated that government departments purchase appliances meeting minimum BEE star ratings.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003096#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indian EcoMark scheme, launched in 1991 to promote environmentally friendly products, has seen limited adoption due to low consumer awareness, the availability of cheaper non-eco-friendly alternatives, and dual requirements for both environmental and quality standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003096#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Implementation of GPP is obstructed by a perception that sustainable products carry a 'green premium' and a tendency among procurers to prioritize short-term costs over long-term societal and operational benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003096#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India suffers from a significant gap in monitoring and evaluation, with GPP practices often underreported and a lack of disaggregated data, particularly for state-owned enterprises.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003096#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends the creation of a National SPP Competence Centre to provide training and resources for procurement officers, policy-makers, and contractors to bridge the current skills gap.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003096#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indian Railways is highlighted as a leader in GPP, utilizing life-cycle costing (LCC) and BEE ratings to reduce carbon emissions and energy consumption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003096#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable procurement","climate change mitigation","Net-zero emissions","energy efficiency","carbon dioxide emissions","circular economy","power purchase agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Punjab","Rajasthan","Maharashtra","Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","gap analysis","case study"]},{"id":"iisd-003279","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003279","title":"The Role of Multilateral Development Banks for Low-Carbon Procurement in the Infrastructure Sector","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-12/multilateral-development-banks-low-carbon-procurement.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes how MDBs can leverage their financial influence to drive low-carbon procurement in infrastructure. While MDBs are increasingly integrating sustainability into policies, they face hurdles such as misalignment with borrowers' socio-economic priorities, limited technical capacity in developing nations, and a lack of market readiness for low-carbon technologies. The authors recommend harmonizing procurement standards across banks, expanding capacity-building for borrowers, and developing systematic monitoring frameworks to track greenhouse gas reductions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003279#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"MDBs possess significant financial leverage in infrastructure, participating in approximately 14% of total infrastructure transactions in low-income developing and emerging economies, with an average contribution of USD 119 million per project.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003279#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"MDBs utilize various procurement specifications: conformance-based specifications require adherence to detailed technical requirements like eco-labels, while performance-based specifications focus on outcomes such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003279#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The CO2 Performance Ladder, developed in the Netherlands and used across Europe, serves as both a carbon management system and a green public procurement instrument, rewarding certified suppliers with advantages in public tenders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003279#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A primary challenge is the misalignment between MDBs' global climate goals and the immediate socio-economic priorities of borrowing countries, such as poverty alleviation, education, and job creation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003279#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Borrowers in developing countries often lack the institutional and technical capacity to implement low-carbon procurement, specifically regarding life-cycle assessments and the use of eco-labels to evaluate bids.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003279#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Procedural complexity is exacerbated by varying safeguarding rules and procurement standards across different MDBs, which creates administrative burdens for borrowers, especially in co-financed projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003279#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Market readiness is a bottleneck, as developing regions often lack the necessary supply chains and affordable access to decarbonization technologies, such as those used in the aluminum sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003279#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a systemic lack of monitoring and reporting on the actual environmental impacts of MDB-financed procurement; the World Bank is currently the only institution tracking and disclosing progress on sustainable procurement objectives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003279#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["power purchase agreement","sustainable procurement","climate finance","multilateral development bank","greenhouse gas emissions","life cycle assessment","technology transfer","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["India","People's Republic of China","Indonesia","Madagascar","Netherlands","Ukraine","Europe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","literature review","case study"]},{"id":"iisd-003363","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003363","title":"Net-zero electricity in Canada","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-11/powering-clean-energy-transition-canada.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Canada has reduced power sector greenhouse gas emissions by 60% since 2005, primarily through phasing out coal. To reach net-zero, the country must mitigate another 47 Mt of CO2e while potentially doubling or tripling electricity generation by 2050. The transition relies on scaling wind, solar, and hydroelectric power, which are now often cheaper than fossil fuel alternatives. A net-zero grid is projected to reduce average household energy spending by 12% by 2050 and save households CAD 15 billion annually. Beyond economics, the shift reduces local pollutants like sulphur dioxide and mercury, which are linked to premature deaths and cognitive impairment. Key recommendations include implementing federal clean electricity regulations, facilitating interprovincial grid connections (interties), and streamlining provincial permitting processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003363#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Canada's power sector has seen a 60% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions since 2005, largely due to the near-complete phase-out of coal-fired power generation, leaving 47 Mt of CO2e to be mitigated for net-zero.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003363#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To support net-zero goals in other sectors, Canada may need to double or triple its electricity generation by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003363#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Renewable energy capacity grew significantly between 2007 and 2022, with wind increasing by over 12,000 MW and solar photovoltaic by over 6,000 MW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003363#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A transition to a net-zero electricity grid is expected to lower energy costs, with average household spending decreasing by 12% by 2050 and annual savings of CAD 15 billion for Canadian households.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003363#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Clean power improves public health by eliminating pollutants from coal and gas plants; for example, 14 coal plants were estimated to cause 160 premature deaths and 140 hospital admissions in 2014, costing the economy CAD 800 million annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003363#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The federal government is encouraged to implement clean electricity regulations to ensure net-zero power by 2035 and to coordinate interprovincial grid connections (interties).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003363#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","wind power","photovoltaics","hydroelectricity","offshore wind power","greenhouse gas emissions","energy efficiency","demand-side management","energy security","battery energy storage system","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Alberta","Quebec","Nova Scotia","New Brunswick","Ontario"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","economic assessment","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-003559","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003559","title":"Toward a Coherent, Transformative Approach to Financing Sustainable Development, Climate, and Nature","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-12/submission-fourth-financing-development-conference.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that current financing frameworks for sustainable development, climate, and nature are fragmented and insufficient. It proposes that FfD4 conduct a cross-disciplinary review of these frameworks, implement a 'grander bargain' on sovereign debt relief, provide practical guidance on domestic resource mobilization (DRM), and foster multi-stakeholder coordination to align private finance with public goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003559#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Developing countries face immense financing gaps, with an estimated additional USD 3.9 to 4.3 trillion per year needed for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), USD 1 trillion in external finance by 2030 for climate change, and USD 700 billion annually until 2030 for global biodiversity preservation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003559#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends that FfD4 perform a cross-disciplinary review of existing financing frameworks—including the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, UNDP Integrated National Financing Frameworks, the COP28 Climate Finance Framework (CFF), and the Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)—to identify and resolve overlaps, gaps, and inconsistencies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003559#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sovereign debt relief is presented as a critical pre-condition for effective development finance. The report notes that the proportion of poor countries in debt distress or at high risk of distress has risen from 22% a decade ago to nearly 60% today, with governments spending 10% of public revenues on debt servicing in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003559#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document advocates for a 'grander bargain' on debt involving three technical pillars: relief from official and private creditors, credit enhancement from multilaterals, and a commitment from debtor countries to use the resulting fiscal space for green growth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003559#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Domestic resource mobilization (DRM) requires practical guidance on sequencing and trade-offs. For instance, the report argues that introducing carbon taxes may have limited value if fossil fuel subsidies—which cost over USD 7 trillion globally per year—remain in place, as they may cancel each other out.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003559#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While de-risking strategies (such as guarantees) can attract private capital, they create contingent liabilities that may increase public debt levels and strain fiscal resources, particularly for countries already burdened by high debt.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003559#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","carbon tax","fossil fuel subsidy","private investment","tax incentive"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy recommendation"]},{"id":"iisd-000855","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000855","title":"COP 29 Outcome Moves Needle on Finance","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2024-11-23","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/statement/cop-29-moves-needle-on-finance","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"COP 29 concluded with a new climate finance goal of at least USD 300 billion per year by 2035 for developing countries, though this remains below their identified needs. The conference saw a lack of progress on the COP 28 energy package, including the rejection of proposals for annual progress reports on transitioning away from fossil fuels and a failure to reiterate calls to phase out fossil fuel subsidies. While the national adaptation plan (NAP) assessment was delayed to 2025, agreements were reached on indicators for the UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience and the establishment of the Baku Adaptation Road Map. Additionally, the Lima work programme on gender was extended by 10 years, but the document notes a failure to explicitly address human rights and gender-responsive finance in the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) decision.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000855#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"COP 29 established a new climate finance target of at least USD 300 billion annually by 2035 for developing countries, although this amount is still considered insufficient to meet actual mitigation and adaptation needs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000855#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Progress on the COP 28 'UAE consensus' energy package stalled, with parties failing to agree on how to move forward. Specifically, proposals for annual progress reports on the transition away from fossil fuels, new goals for grids and storage, and a dedicated annual energy transition space were rejected.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000855#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The outcome of COP 29 did not explicitly call for the phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies, and draft text regarding the reduction of fossil fuel infrastructure investments and 'polluter pays' instruments was rejected.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000855#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The assessment of national adaptation plans (NAP) was delayed until 2025, missing a 2021 deadline. However, progress was made on the global goal on adaptation, including the creation of the Baku Adaptation Road Map and the Baku high-level dialogue on adaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000855#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While the Lima work programme on gender was extended for 10 years, the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) decision failed to explicitly address human rights or the necessity of gender-responsive climate finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000855#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy","energy efficiency","energy transition","national adaptation plan","climate change adaptation","human rights","Nationally Determined Contributions"],"geography_discussed":["Dubai","United Arab Emirates"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","outcome analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000568","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000568","title":"Green Public Procurement in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-11-20","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/green-public-procurement-indonesia","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines Indonesia's green public procurement (GPP) landscape, noting that while a strong policy framework exists, widespread adoption is hindered by limited official understanding, product availability, and cost concerns. It recommends improving tools, capacity building, incentives, and monitoring to leverage the fact that procurement accounts for over 45% of government spending to drive sustainability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000568#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Government procurement in Indonesia represents a significant portion of public expenditure, exceeding 45% of government spending, which presents both an environmental impact and an opportunity to transform markets via GPP.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000568#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia has developed a robust policy framework for GPP, integrating it into procurement regulations and national development plans, and has deployed support tools such as sustainability standards, eco-labels, and specialized platforms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000568#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The effectiveness and adoption of GPP in Indonesia are limited by several factors: a lack of understanding among procurement officials, insufficient availability of green products, concerns regarding costs, and a lack of adequate monitoring mechanisms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000568#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable procurement","green economy"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study"]}]}