{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["International Institute for Sustainable Development"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":3753,"relation":"eq"},"page":21,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=international-institute-for-sustainable-development&page=21","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=international-institute-for-sustainable-development&page=22","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-002833","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002833","title":"Reforming Environmentally Harmful Subsidies","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-02/environmentally-harmful-subsidies-reform-appendices.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document contains technical appendices for a report on reforming environmentally harmful subsidies (EHS). It introduces a 'Fiscal Pressure' indicator to identify countries where high debt and deficits create strong incentives for subsidy reform, and provides a stakeholder analysis mapping the influence and attitudes of businesses, governments, consumers, and civil society toward EHS reform.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002833#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The 'Fiscal Pressure' indicator identifies countries with high government deficits, gross debt, and debt servicing costs over a 10-year period (2014–2023) to determine where EHS reform would have the highest positive fiscal impact. Countries with a final indicator value between 0.6 and 1 are considered to have higher levels of fiscal pressure and are most likely to benefit from reform.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002833#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Based on the fiscal pressure analysis, India has the highest indicator value (1.0), followed by Venezuela (0.9), Madagascar (0.8), and Brazil (0.7). Conversely, the Republic of Korea and Russia have the lowest values (0.0).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002833#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The political economy of EHS reform is characterized by a conflict where beneficiaries (such as oil producers and agribusinesses) receive immediate financial gains, while the environmental and health costs are diffuse and perceived only in the long term. This leads to a political calculus that favors the status quo due to loss aversion among beneficiaries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002833#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Stakeholder mapping identifies 'Businesses—EHS recipients' as highly influential (score 4) but completely opposed to reform (score -5). In contrast, 'Businesses—sustainable competitors' (such as renewable energy developers) are supportive (score 5) but have moderate influence (score 3) due to their smaller size and lack of lobbying power compared to large EHS recipients.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002833#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governments are mapped as the most influential stakeholders (score 5) but generally lean toward opposing reform (score -3) due to fears of political backlash, administrative hurdles, and lack of capacity. While environment ministries advocate for nature and climate action, they are often the weakest in terms of political influence compared to finance ministries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002833#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Household consumers are viewed as a potential source of opposition to reform, particularly poor households for whom price reductions from subsidies are significant relative to income. To make reforms feasible, the document suggests using targeted social assistance and time-limited compensation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002833#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","agricultural subsidy","climate finance","fiscal policy","just transition","renewable energy","biodiversity"],"geography_discussed":["Argentina","Armenia","Australia","Brazil","Canada","People's Republic of China","Colombia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Ecuador","European Union","India","Indonesia","Japan","Madagascar","Malaysia","Mexico","Papua New Guinea","Peru","Philippines","South Korea","Russia","Saudi Arabia","South Africa","Turkey","United Kingdom","United States","Venezuela"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodological","stakeholder analysis","fiscal assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002862","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002862","title":"Funding the Future","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-02/federal-programs-funding-natural-infrastructure.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that while Canadian federal infrastructure programs generally allow for natural infrastructure, significant design gaps—such as high funding thresholds, lack of capacity-building support, and a focus on new 'tangible capital assets' over existing ecosystem preservation—stymie widespread adoption. It evaluates programs like the ICIP, CCBF, and DMAF against 14 enabling criteria, finding that most fail to prompt or require the consideration of natural solutions. The report recommends a 'natural infrastructure-first' approach, differentiated support for rural and underserved communities, and the integration of natural infrastructure into housing and biodiversity policies to address interconnected crises.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002862#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Natural infrastructure can be significantly more cost-effective than conventional grey infrastructure, with average costs approximately 50% lower.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002862#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Local governments in Canada face a massive 'infrastructure gap' in replacing aging physical assets, estimated at hundreds of billions of dollars, which does not include the costs for new housing infrastructure or First Nations infrastructure needs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002862#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite being eligible for funding in most major federal programs, natural infrastructure receives a very small share of total allocations; less than 1% of funds from the ICIP, DMAF, and CCBF have been directed toward natural infrastructure projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002862#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"An assessment of six federal programs against 14 enabling criteria shows that most lack essential features to mainstream natural infrastructure, such as prompting applicants to consider natural solutions or providing funding for maintenance and monitoring during the critical 3-5 year establishment period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002862#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Small, rural, and remote communities face higher barriers to accessing funding due to limited internal capacity and program requirements, such as the DMAF's return-on-investment process, which may favor urban centers with higher property values.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002862#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Federal funding administered through bilateral agreements with provinces can inhibit the uptake of natural infrastructure if provinces do not incorporate all federal program aspects, as seen in Ontario's administration of the ICIP Green Infrastructure stream.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002862#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Natural infrastructure is currently almost entirely absent from federal discussions regarding the housing crisis, despite its potential to provide cost-effective and resilient services for new housing developments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002862#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","nature-based solutions","water management","biodiversity loss","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Canadian Prairies","Manitoba","Saskatchewan","Alberta","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","program evaluation","financial analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002923","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002923","title":"Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform in Aviation and Shipping","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2025-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-02/fossil-fuel-subsidy-reform-aviation-shipping.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document analyzes how international agreements, regional legislation, and industry competition hinder the removal of fossil fuel subsidies in aviation and shipping. It argues that while fuel taxation is often restricted by bilateral agreements or regional directives like the EU's Energy Taxation Directive, emissions levies through the ICAO and IMO offer viable pathways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fund the transition to sustainable fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002923#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"International aviation fuel is rarely taxed due to the 1944 Chicago Convention and the common practice of bilateral air service agreements (ASAs) that include restrictions on taxation based on reciprocity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002923#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Domestic aviation fuel is taxed in 42 countries, but rates are typically significantly lower than those for other fuels; for example, in the US, domestic flight fuel taxes average USD 0.07 per litre compared to USD 0.15 for automotive gasoline.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002923#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) is considered ineffective for decarbonization because it is voluntary until 2027, excludes domestic aviation and non-CO2 impacts, and relies on questionable carbon credits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002923#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International bunker fuel is seldom taxed, primarily due to international competition between ports, as ships can travel long distances on one load of fuel to seek the lowest-cost suppliers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002923#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is negotiating an emissions levy that could raise EUR 100 billion per year, with proposed rates ranging from USD 18.75 to USD 150 per tonne of CO2.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002923#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union's Energy Taxation Directive (ETD) currently exempts international commercial aviation and maritime fuel from taxation, and its reform is considered essential for achieving European fuel tax reform.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002923#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To align with a 1.5°C transition, the document recommends an IMO emissions levy of more than USD 100 per tonne of CO2, with revenues split between climate finance for the Global South and shipping industry green transitions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002923#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","Sustainable Aviation Fuel","carbon price","greenhouse gas emissions","climate finance","European Union Emission Trading Scheme 1"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","United States","Canada","Norway","Netherlands","Ontario","British Columbia","Quebec","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","legal review","recommendations"]},{"id":"iisd-002984","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002984","title":"Advancing Green Public Procurement in South Africa","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-02/green-public-procurement-south-africa.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the state of green public procurement (GPP) in South Africa, noting that while the country lacks dedicated GPP legislation, the Public Procurement Act of 2024 provides a new opening for sustainable development measures. It highlights successful subnational initiatives in the Western Cape and cities like Cape Town and Tshwane, but identifies systemic barriers including a 'fear of the auditor', high perceived 'green premiums', and limited capacity among small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs). The authors recommend embedding GPP into national law, creating a centralized knowledge platform, and developing a robust monitoring and evaluation framework to track environmental outcomes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002984#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"South Africa lacks dedicated legislation for green public procurement (GPP), although the Public Procurement Act of 2024 introduces a provision allowing procuring institutions to implement \"measures to advance sustainable development in procurement.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002984#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public procurement in South Africa represents a significant economic lever, accounting for approximately 15% of the country's GDP in 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002984#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subnational governments have led GPP efforts, with the Western Cape Government and the City of Cape Town demonstrating feasibility through reduced water use, energy consumption, and waste generation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002984#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant barrier to GPP adoption is the 'fear of the auditor,' where government officials avoid innovative procurement to avoid risk in an environment of high anticorruption scrutiny.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002984#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial barriers include the 'green premium'—the perception that sustainable products have higher upfront costs—and a procurement culture that prioritizes the lowest purchase price over total life-cycle costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002984#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs), which make up approximately 83% of suppliers, often lack the formal certifications and resources required to meet stringent GPP criteria.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002984#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Africa lacks a systematic monitoring system for GPP, making it difficult to define 'green' products or track the environmental impact of spending.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002984#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Life-cycle costing (LCC) and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) have been successfully applied in specific cases, such as the City of Tshwane's street lighting project, where LED bulbs proved more cost-effective than high-pressure sodium bulbs over time.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002984#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends five priority intervention areas: strengthening legislative frameworks, enhancing stakeholder skills via a centralized knowledge platform, integrating GPP into budget planning, developing a monitoring system, and building SMME capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002984#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable procurement","total cost of ownership","greenhouse gas emissions reduction","circular economy","energy efficiency","sustainable architecture","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Western Cape","City of Cape Town","City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality","Gauteng","Limpopo","City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality","Lithuania","South Korea","Belgium"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","stakeholder analysis","case study"]},{"id":"iisd-003536","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003536","title":"The State of BCAs 2025","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-02/state-of-bcas-2025.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the implementation of the EU and UK Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAMs) and the preliminary findings of Australia's Carbon Leakage Review. It highlights the shift from free allocation of emissions permits to border adjustments to prevent carbon leakage, where emissions reductions in one country are offset by increases elsewhere. The EU CBAM is set for full implementation by 2026, and the UK CBAM by 2027. Australia is considering a BCA as a 'robust underpinning' to its Safeguard Mechanism. The document also analyzes WTO discussions from 2020 to 2024, noting a transition from general concerns about protectionism and WTO compliance toward specific discussions on cooperation and interoperability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003536#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Carbon leakage occurs when climate policies in one country are offset by emissions increases in countries with less ambitious policies; one study found that 13% of emissions reductions from carbon pricing were offset this way, with cement showing a 23% leakage rate and steel 3%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003536#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EU CBAM will enter full implementation by 2026, phasing out free allocations from 2026 to 2034 to ensure full price convergence with the EU ETS by 2034. In 2022, the mechanism would have covered approximately 5% of EU imports, with iron and steel representing 55% of those goods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003536#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United Kingdom intends to implement its CBAM starting January 1, 2027, without a transition phase. Unlike the EU, the UK CBAM will systemically include scope 2 emissions across all covered sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003536#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Australia's Carbon Leakage Review suggests a BCA could be an appropriate measure to address leakage and serve as a \"robust underpinning\" to the Safeguard Mechanism. Preliminary findings suggest cement as suitable for initial coverage, with potential later inclusion of steel, glass, ammonia fertilizers, and lime.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003536#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 2020 and 2024, the WTO saw 519 official statements or proposals on BCAs. The nature of the debate evolved from general concerns about \"hidden protectionism\" and WTO compliance toward calls for cooperation and \"interoperability between TrCMs\" in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003536#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism","carbon leakage","carbon price","European Union Emission Trading Scheme 1","emission trading","Scope 2","Industrial decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","Canada","Taiwan","Montenegro","Albania","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Mozambique","Germany","Spain","Morocco","Japan","Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","trade impact analysis","multilateral review"]},{"id":"iisd-003537","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003537","title":"El Estado de los Mecanismos de Ajuste en Frontera por Carbono 2025","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2025-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-05/state-of-bcas-2025-es.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report provides a detailed analysis of the implementation of Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAMs) in the EU, UK, and Australia. It examines the transition from free allocations to border adjustments in the EU, the UK's planned 2027 launch, and Australia's ongoing carbon leakage review. Additionally, it tracks the evolution of multilateral discussions at the WTO, noting a shift from general concerns about protectionism toward specific technical cooperation and interoperability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003537#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) will be fully operational by 2026, with a gradual phase-in of costs and a corresponding phase-out of free allocations under the EU ETS until 2034.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003537#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EU CBAM primarily targets iron, steel, aluminum, and electricity; in 2022, iron and steel alone accounted for 55% of the imports covered by the mechanism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003537#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United Kingdom intends to implement its own CBAM starting January 1, 2027, without a transitional phase, and will include Scope 2 emissions for all covered sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003537#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Australia's independent Carbon Leakage Review suggests that a CBAM could serve as a 'strong backstop' to the Safeguard Mechanism, potentially starting with cement before expanding to steel, glass, and lime.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003537#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 2020 and 2024, the WTO saw 519 official communications regarding CBAMs, with a notable shift in 2024 toward increased interest in cooperation and technical interoperability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003537#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon leakage is a documented reality rather than a theoretical risk; one cited OECD study found that 13% of emission reductions from carbon pricing in one country were offset by increases elsewhere.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003537#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism","carbon leakage","carbon price","emission trading","Scope 2","Scope 3","Industrial decarbonization","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Canada","People's Republic of China","Taiwan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","trade impact analysis","multilateral diplomatic tracking"]},{"id":"iisd-003538","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003538","title":"État des lieux des Ajustements carbone aux frontières, 2025","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2025-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-05/state-of-bcas-2025-fr.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report provides a comprehensive overview of carbon border adjustment mechanisms (CBAMs) as tools to prevent carbon leakage. It details the operational timelines and design features of the EU and UK mechanisms, analyzes a proposed Australian framework, and tracks legislative efforts in the US, Canada, and Taiwan. Additionally, it examines the evolving nature of CBAM discussions at the WTO, noting a shift from general concern toward specific design cooperation and interoperability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003538#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Carbon leakage is a documented phenomenon where climate policies in one country are partially offset by increased emissions in countries with less ambitious policies; one OECD study found that, on average, 13% of emission reductions from carbon pricing were compensated by increases elsewhere.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003538#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union's CBAM is in a transitional phase until December 31, 2025, with full implementation expected by 2026. It will gradually replace free quota allocations between 2026 and 2034, with full price convergence between the CBAM and the EU ETS planned for 2034.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003538#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UK intends to implement its own CBAM starting January 1, 2027, without a transitional phase. Unlike the EU model, the UK mechanism will systematically include scope 2 emissions across all covered sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003538#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"An independent Carbon Leakage Review in Australia suggested that a CBAM could be an appropriate measure to combat leakage and support the national Safeguard Mechanism. Preliminary findings suggest a phased approach, potentially starting with cement before expanding to steel, glass, ammonia fertilizers, and lime.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003538#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the United States, four separate bills introducing carbon-related import taxes were presented before the end of the 118th Congress in 2024, including the Clean Competition Act and the Foreign Pollution Fee Act.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003538#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 2020 and 2024, the WTO saw 519 official statements or proposals regarding CBAMs. The discourse has evolved from general expressions of concern and protectionism fears toward specific discussions on design, interoperability, and cooperation, particularly in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003538#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism","carbon leakage","carbon price","emission trading","Scope 2","Scope 3","Industrial decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Canada","Taiwan","People's Republic of China","Turkey","Montenegro","World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","trade impact analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000217","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000217","title":"Early-stage screening for responsible investment in agriculture and food systems","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2025-01-24","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/guide/responsible-investment-agriculture-screening","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The FAO and IISD have developed an early-stage screening tool for agribusinesses to assess the socio-economic and environmental impacts of potential investments. The tool ensures alignment with the CFS-RAI and international standards, covering areas such as land rights, food security, and environmental sustainability, while aiding compliance with EU deforestation and human rights legislation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000217#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The FAO and IISD developed a due diligence tool to help agribusinesses align investments with the Committee on World Food Security's Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems (CFS-RAI), which is intended to guide early decisions for sustainable and responsible investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000217#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The screening tool evaluates potential investments across several key dimensions, including community engagement, child labour, gender inclusion, employment, land rights, food security, and environmental sustainability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000217#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Utilizing the tool allows companies to improve their impact assessments, feasibility studies, and adherence to global regulations, specifically human rights due diligence legislation and the European Union's deforestation law.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000217#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agriculture","food system","land tenure","food security"],"geography_discussed":["European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["guidance"]},{"id":"iisd-000307","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000307","title":"International Institute for Sustainable Development Response to DESNZ Consultation on Scope 3 Emissions Guidance","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2025-01-20","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/brief/iisd-response-desnz-consultation","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The IISD response to the DESNZ consultation argues that updated EIA guidance for fossil fuel projects should require the separate reporting of Scope 3, Category 11 emissions and the use of zero-emission baselines for new projects. It further recommends that the significance of emissions be assessed against science-based 1.5°C scenarios and the specific need for the project.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000307#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The IISD recommends that the updated guidance specify that the significance of emissions be assessed based on the project's need and other existing fields, aligned with science-based 1.5°C scenarios.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000307#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IISD proposes that Scope 3, Category 11 emissions, which refer to the emissions from the ultimate consumption of oil, must be reported as a separate category.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000307#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IISD suggests that the baseline for assessing emissions should generally be zero for new projects, as no emissions exist without the project, unless the EIA concerns the adaptation of an existing extraction facility.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000307#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Scope 3","environmental impact assessment","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Surrey"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy recommendation"]},{"id":"iisd-000914","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000914","title":"Five Key Priorities to End Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Canada","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2025-01-17","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/insight/five-priorities-end-fossil-fuel-subsidies-canada","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing identifies five priority areas for Canada to eliminate fossil fuel subsidies: reforming major tax credits, addressing losses from the Trans Mountain Pipeline expansion, ending support for carbon capture and storage, stopping LNG infrastructure subsidies, and ensuring low-carbon funds do not benefit fossil fuel companies. It highlights a lack of transparency, noting Canada failed to publish a promised inventory of subsidies by December 2024. The document also details provincial-level subsidies, including fuel tax cuts and infrastructure support, and calls for a comprehensive inventory of all financial supports to the sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000914#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Canada has failed to meet its commitment to publish a comprehensive inventory of direct and indirect fossil fuel subsidies by December 2024, which hinders the ability to track the phase-out of \"inefficient\" subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000914#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant public revenue is lost through tax exemptions for the fossil fuel industry; specifically, the Canadian Exploration Expense Deductions (CEE), Canadian development expenses (CDE), Canadian oil and gas property expenses (COGPE), and Foreign Resource Expense Deductions (FRE) resulted in CAD 1.8 billion in foregone revenue in 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000914#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The federal government is operating the Trans Mountain Pipeline expansion (TMX) at a loss because oil companies pay CAD 11.37 per barrel instead of the CAD 25.53 required to recover capital costs, potentially resulting in a subsidy of up to CAD 18.8 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000914#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The federal government has committed over CAD 9 billion to carbon capture and storage (CCS) by 2030, with the CCS investment tax credit estimated to cost taxpayers CAD 491 million in the 2024–2025 fiscal year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000914#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Federal support for LNG expansion includes direct investments of CAD 275 million in 2019 for LNG Canada, an estimated CAD 1 billion in steel tariff exemptions, and public financing for the Coastal Gaslink Pipeline (CAD 100 million–200 million) and Cedar LNG (CAD 400 million–500 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000914#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Canadian provinces and territories provided an estimated CAD 4.6 billion in fossil fuel subsidies in 2023, including BC's estimated CAD 5.4 billion in tax breaks and hydro rate reductions for LNG Canada.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000914#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Provincial governments have used fuel tax cuts to reduce costs for consumers, such as Ontario's gas and fuel tax cuts expected to cost CAD 620 million this fiscal year and Alberta's fuel tax exemptions costing an estimated CAD 295 million in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000914#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","tax credit","liquefied natural gas","energy transition","public finance","Net-zero emissions","methane leak","renewable energy","electrification","energy efficiency"],"geography_discussed":["British Columbia","Alberta","Ontario","Manitoba","Saskatchewan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","financial assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-000542","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000542","title":"Tree Planting for Climate Resilience in Freetown, Sierra Leone","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-01-09","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/tree-planting-freetown-sierra-leone","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates the \"Freetown the Treetown\" initiative, which aims to plant millions of trees to combat deforestation and climate change in Freetown. Using Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi), it analyzes two scenarios for planting trees by 2050, projecting significant net discounted benefits between USD 21.68 million and USD 26.45 million. The primary benefits include avoided infrastructure damage from natural hazards, job creation, and reduced loss of life, with a societal return of over USD 2 for every USD 1 invested.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000542#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Freetown faces severe environmental risks due to rapid urbanization and the loss of approximately 500,000 trees annually, which increases the city's vulnerability to extreme heat, coastal erosion, landslides, and floods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000542#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The \"Freetown the Treetown\" initiative's new phase focuses on restoring the Western Area Peninsula Forest, protecting water supplies, and restoring mangrove forests to mitigate natural hazards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000542#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The economic assessment compares two nature-based infrastructure (NBI) scenarios for tree planting by 2050: Scenario 1 (3.7 million trees) and Scenario 2 (5 million trees).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000542#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"By 2050, the total cumulative net discounted benefits (at a 4% discount rate) are projected at USD 21.68 million for Scenario 1 and USD 26.45 million for Scenario 2.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000542#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project offers a high societal return on investment, with discounted returns of USD 2.14 for Scenario 1 and USD 2.04 for Scenario 2 for every USD 1 invested. The most significant positive impacts are the prevention of loss of life and avoided infrastructure damage from sea level rise, coastal erosion, landslides, and floods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000542#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature restoration","climate change adaptation","deforestation","Mangrove restoration","Flood risk management","coastal erosion","extreme heat","carbon dioxide emissions","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Western Area Peninsula National Park","Bogotá River","Colombia","Geopark Teskei"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic valuation","financial analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000014","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000014","title":"Sustainable Asset Valuation of Sherwan Hill Adventure Park in Abbottabad, Pakistan","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-01-07","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/urban-green-space-pakistan","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates the revitalization of Sherwan Hill Adventure Park in Abbottabad, Pakistan, as part of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Cities Improvement Project. Using the Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) methodology, the analysis compares a nature-based infrastructure scenario—including reforestation and expanded green areas—against a business-as-usual scenario. The findings indicate that the project provides a significant return on investment, with every USD 1 spent yielding USD 2.49 in benefits over 30 years, totaling PKR 1.8 billion in avoided costs and gains across health, employment, property values, and climate resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000014#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The rehabilitation and expansion of Sherwan Hill Adventure Park is projected to return USD 2.49 in benefits for every USD 1 invested over a 30-year period, which is equivalent to PKR 1.8 billion in added social, economic, and environmental benefits and avoided costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000014#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Abbottabad is experiencing an annual expansion rate of 3.5%, which strains water, wastewater, and transport infrastructure, while climate change increases the frequency of droughts, unpredictable rainfall, and intensified monsoon rains leading to landslides and flooding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000014#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project, implemented via the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Cities Improvement Project by the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), aims to mitigate flash floods, landslides, and extreme heat while improving air quality and public health.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000014#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["urban green space","urban heat island","climate resilience","Flood mitigation","carbon capture and storage","air pollution","reforestation"],"geography_discussed":["Medellín","Colombia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["cost-benefit analysis","economic valuation"]},{"id":"iisd-002965","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002965","title":"Gender-Responsive Mining Policies","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2025-01","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-01/gender-responsive-mining-policies.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines four case studies to illustrate strategies for integrating gender perspectives into mining operations. In the DRC, Kamoa Copper SA uses a tiered educational and training pipeline to increase female employment. In South Africa, Ivanplats leverages intersectional legislative frameworks to foster partnerships between national contractors and Black women-owned businesses. In Mauritania, Kinross Gold Corporation supports a women's sewing cooperative to diversify local income. In Chile, SQM co-established the Atacameña Women’s Alliance (AMA) to provide health and financial support through a participatory governance model. The document argues that combining direct employment, inclusive procurement, and community-led benefit agreements can transform mining's social impact and enhance the economic empowerment of marginalized women.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002965#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Kamoa Copper SA in the DRC has implemented a multi-layered approach to build a local employment pipeline, resulting in over 50% of permanent positions secured through its Cadetship Program being held by women as of 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002965#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To address gender disparities in education in the DRC, Kamoa allocated 51% of its secondary school bursaries to girls in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002965#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In South Africa, Ivanplats has established 11 partnerships over 1.5 years that created 24 permanent jobs, with women holding direct shares in 18 of those businesses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002965#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ivanplats spent over USD 24.5 million on local, women-owned enterprises between January and August 2024, supporting 108 active registered suppliers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002965#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Tasiast Women’s Cooperative in Mauritania, established by Kinross Gold Corporation in 2013, has trained 40 local women in sewing and business management, allowing them to serve both the mine and external markets in Nouadhibou.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002965#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Atacameña Women’s Alliance (AMA) in Chile uses a participatory governance model where Lickanantay women co-lead the program and supervise the allocation of a budget that totaled USD 3,240,000 in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002965#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The AMA program in Chile provided medical campaigns benefiting 3,160 women and direct financial support to 1,748 women in 2023, with an average fund amount of USD 1,485.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002965#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report highlights that women in rural mining communities often face disproportionate burdens, such as the loss of land-based livelihoods, and may not benefit from compensation due to a lack of land tenure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002965#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["gender equality","indigenous rights"],"geography_discussed":["Lualaba Province","Kolwezi","Limpopo","Nouakchott","Nouadhibou","Atacameña region"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]},{"id":"iisd-003065","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003065","title":"Response to DESNZ Consultation on Scope 3 Emissions Guidance","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-01","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-01/iisd-response-desnz-consultation.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The IISD response to the DESNZ consultation argues for more rigorous standards in assessing Scope 3 emissions for offshore oil projects, specifically calling for the separate reporting of Category 11 emissions, the use of zero-emission baselines, and the assessment of significance based on 1.5°C science-based scenarios rather than as a proportion of global emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003065#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The draft guidance fails to define 'significance', which IISD argues weakens consistent decision-making. IISD recommends that significance be assessed based on whether a project is consistent with science-based 1.5°C scenarios or carbon budgets, accounting for the demand in the global oil market and the emissions of existing projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003065#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"IISD recommends that Scope 3, Category 11 emissions—those resulting from the ultimate consumption of the oil—must be reported separately to prevent them from being subsumed under broader headings and to ensure compliance with the Finch ruling.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003065#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The guidance should specify that emission baselines should generally be zero, as there are typically no emissions in the absence of a project. This prevents developers from claiming a project is 'cleaner' than a hypothetical alternative it might displace, a claim IISD notes has been rejected by courts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003065#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"IISD argues that cumulative effects must be assessed at a global level because carbon dioxide emissions have a global cumulative effect, whereas the draft guidance focuses primarily on local cumulative effects such as other projects in the same area.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003065#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document advises against assessing significance by calculating project emissions as a proportion of British, sectoral, or global emissions, as such figures are often misleadingly small and ignore the cumulative effect of multiple oilfields.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003065#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regarding mitigation, IISD recommends that emissions and carbon dioxide removals be accounted for separately rather than as a single net figure, and specifically advises ruling out the use of voluntary carbon market offsets due to a lack of integrity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003065#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The consultation is a response to the British Supreme Court's ruling in Finch v Surrey County Council, which established that planning authorities must assess downstream greenhouse gas emissions as part of the EIA process for fossil fuel projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003065#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Scope 3","environmental impact assessment","carbon accounting","carbon budget","carbon dioxide removal","carbon offset"],"geography_discussed":["World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy response","regulatory critique"]},{"id":"iisd-000697","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000697","title":"Cómo Está Respondiendo África a las Políticas Arancelarias de EE.UU.","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"es","date_published":"2025","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/es/articles/policy-analysis/africa-response-us-tariff-policies","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document assesses the effects of US Executive Order 14257, which introduced a 10% universal tariff and higher country-specific tariffs (11% to 50%) on imports from 190 countries. While mineral-exporting nations like Angola and South Africa may find relief through exemptions for oil and critical minerals, countries like Lesotho and Madagascar face severe economic risks, particularly in the textile sector. The analysis highlights a strategic divide: some nations seek bilateral deals, others aim for self-sufficiency, and a group of African WTO members are coordinating through the 'Friends of the System'. The authors argue that African nations should negotiate collectively under the African Union to protect regional integration and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) as the AGOA program faces expiration on September 30, 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000697#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Executive Order 14257, issued on April 2, 2025, established a two-stage tariff system: a 10% universal ad valorem tariff for 190 countries starting April 5, 2025, followed by higher country-specific tariffs ranging from 11% to 50% for 57 countries starting April 9, 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000697#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Among the 57 countries facing higher tariffs, 20 are African. Lesotho faces the highest increase at 50%, followed by Madagascar (47%), Mauritius (40%), Botswana (37%), Angola (32%), Libya (31%), and Algeria and South Africa (both 30%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000697#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mineral-exporting countries such as Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, South Africa, and Zambia may receive significant relief because the order exempts over 1,000 products, including oil, gold, platinum, and copper.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000697#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The tariffs pose a critical threat to Lesotho's textile and garment industry, which employs approximately 40,000 local workers, mostly women, and was built on AGOA preferences. South African motor vehicle exports are also vulnerable due to a specific 25% tariff on passenger vehicles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000697#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Countries like Egypt and Kenya may gain a competitive advantage in the US textile market because they are only subject to the 10% universal tariff, whereas competitors in Asia—such as Bangladesh, India, and Vietnam—face higher tariffs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000697#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"African government responses vary: Zimbabwe offered to unilaterally remove tariffs on US imports, Uganda is focusing on national resilience, and Lesotho, Madagascar, and South Africa are pursuing bilateral agreements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000697#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is set to expire on September 30, 2025. Its potential dissolution could severely limit US market access for textile exporters like Lesotho and Madagascar, as AGOA beneficiaries are not exempt from the new US tariffs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000697#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors recommend that African nations negotiate as a region under the African Union to avoid undermining the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and to leverage regional value chains.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000697#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["critical minerals","energy security"],"geography_discussed":["Lesotho","Madagascar","Egypt","Kenya","South Africa","Mauritius","Botswana","Angola","Libya","Algeria","Cameroon","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Burkina Faso","Seychelles","Somalia","Nigeria","Zambia","Zimbabwe","Uganda","Cape Verde","The Gambia","Liberia","Sierra Leone","People's Republic of China","Bangladesh","India","Vietnam","Mexico","Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","economic impact assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-001234","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001234","title":"Conflict-Sensitive Nature-based Solutions: Promoting resilience, nature, and peace","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2025","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-10/conflict-sensitive-nature-based-solutions.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The guide defines conflict-sensitive Nature-based Solutions (NbS) as adaptation activities designed to increase the resilience of ecosystems and communities while accounting for the causes, actors, and dynamics of conflict. It warns that NbS can inadvertently exacerbate tensions by introducing economic burdens, restricting livelihood access, or creating perceived inequalities in benefit distribution. To mitigate these risks, the document advocates for a participatory process involving women and underrepresented groups to ensure co-design and ownership. The proposed framework for conflict-sensitive NbS follows a cycle of assessment, design, implementation, and monitoring, requiring a conflict analysis alongside traditional climate vulnerability and risk assessments to identify potential triggers and peacebuilding opportunities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001234#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for adaptation can inadvertently create or worsen conflicts if the broader context is ignored, specifically through the introduction of new economic risks, the restriction of access to livelihoods, or perceived inequalities in how adaptation benefits are distributed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001234#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Conflict-sensitive NbS for adaptation are defined as activities that consider the causes, actors, dynamics, and impacts of conflict to increase climate resilience, aiming at minimum to avoid contributing to tensions and ideally to promote trust-building and peace.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001234#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective integration of conflict sensitivity requires a participatory design process that includes women and underrepresented groups to account for differing levels of power and agency among local actors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001234#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The operational framework for conflict-sensitive NbS requires a dual assessment approach, combining standard climate vulnerability and risk assessments with a specific conflict analysis to identify threats and peacebuilding entry points.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001234#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","climate change adaptation","biodiversity loss","climate resilience"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["guide"]},{"id":"iisd-001491","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001491","title":"Peace and Climate Adaptation Policy coherence for adaptation and resilience","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2025","source_url":"https://napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/hd-bf-napgn-adaptation-peace-policy-factsheet.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The EU Action on Policy Coherence for Adaptation and Resilience is a consortium-led initiative (HD, BF, and IISD) funded by the Service for Foreign Policy Instruments. Running from October 2025 to September 2028, the project aims to improve the alignment of regional and national policies on peace and climate adaptation in fragile contexts through methodology development, country-level implementation, a technical Help Desk, and the dissemination of lessons learned.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001491#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The EU Action on Policy Coherence for Adaptation and Resilience is a EUR 2 million initiative running from October 2025 to September 2028, funded by the Service for Foreign Policy Instruments to support the EU Action Document on Climate Change and Security.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001491#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","national adaptation plan"],"geography_discussed":["European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"iisd-001494","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001494","title":"The History of the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF)","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-07/history-of-igf-en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF) was established in February 2005 as a UN Type II partnership following the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. It serves as a member-led platform for over 80 countries to advance sustainable development through the mining sector. The forum's central tool is the Mining Policy Framework (MPF), ratified in 2010 and updated in 2023, which provides a compendium of best practices across six pillars: laws, policies, and institutions; financial benefits; socio-economic benefits; post-mining transition; environmental management; and artisanal and small-scale mining. The IGF Secretariat has been hosted by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) since October 2015, with core funding provided by Canada and the Netherlands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001494#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The IGF was created to address the lack of a global forum for resource-rich countries to implement priorities from paragraph 46 of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, which focused on the \"environmental, economic, health, and social impacts and benefits of mining, minerals, and metals\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001494#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Mining Policy Framework (MPF), ratified in 2010, serves as the IGF's cornerstone and a \"compendium of best practices that support good governance in mining\". It covers the entire mining life cycle from exploration to post-mining transition and includes all project scales from artisanal to large-scale operations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001494#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IGF Secretariat has conducted MPF assessments for 18 member governments, involving in-country visits and stakeholder outreach to identify \"strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in existing mining laws, policies, and regulations\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001494#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IGF's membership has grown from 25 founding members in 2005 to more than 80 nations by 2025. This expansion has led to a broadening of work to include \"gender equality, sustainable economic growth, climate action, and critical minerals for the energy transition\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001494#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2022, the IGF initiated a process to update the MPF to address the \"increasing demand for critical minerals for the energy transition\" and the need for more equitable practices, with the updated version ratified in November 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001494#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable development","critical minerals","energy transition","climate change mitigation"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Switzerland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["institutional history","policy framework analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-001495","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001495","title":"Historia del Foro Intergubernamental sobre Minería, Minerales, Metales y Desarrollo Sostenible (IGF)","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2025","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-08/history-of-igf-es.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals for Sustainable Development (IGF) was established in 2005 as a UN Type II partnership following the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. It serves as a member-led platform for over 80 countries to promote good mining governance. The IGF's central tool is the Mining Policy Framework (MPM), which provides best practices across six pillars: laws, policies and institutions; financial benefits; socio-economic benefits; transition to post-mining; environmental management; and artisanal and small-scale mining. Since 2015, the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) has managed the IGF Secretariat, with core funding from Canada and the Netherlands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001495#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The IGF originated from the 2002 UN World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, specifically addressing priorities in paragraph 46 of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation regarding the impacts and benefits of mining on the environment, economy, society, and health.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001495#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Mining Policy Framework (MPM), ratified in 2010, serves as the IGF's reference document for good mining governance. It covers the entire mining lifecycle from exploration to post-mining transition and applies to all project sizes, from artisanal to large-scale operations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001495#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IGF provides a two-phase support mechanism for member governments: first, an assessment of national frameworks against the MPM to identify gaps and strengths, followed by technical assistance and capacity building.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001495#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IGF Secretariat's administration transitioned from the Government of Canada's foreign and natural resources departments to the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) in October 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001495#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IGF has expanded to over 80 member countries. In 2021, the Government of the Netherlands joined Canada as a primary funder, enabling the forum to address new priorities including gender equality, climate action, and critical minerals for the energy transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001495#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The MPM was updated in 2022 and ratified in November 2023 to address the increasing demand for critical minerals necessary for the energy transition and the need for more inclusive and equitable practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001495#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable development","critical minerals","energy transition","climate change mitigation"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Canada","Netherlands"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["institutional history","policy framework analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-001496","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001496","title":"L'historique du Forum intergouvernemental sur l'exploitation minière, les minéraux, les métaux et le développement durable (IGF)","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"fr","date_published":"2025","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-08/history-of-igf-fr.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The IGF was established in 2005 as a UN Type II partnership to help resource-rich countries improve mining governance for sustainable development. It is guided by the Mining Policy Framework (MPF), which covers six pillars including environmental management and post-mining transition. Now comprising over 80 member nations, the IGF provides technical assistance and national assessments to align mining laws with sustainable development goals, with its secretariat hosted by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and funded primarily by Canada and the Netherlands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001496#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The IGF originated from the 2002 UN World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, specifically addressing priorities in paragraph 46 of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation to manage the environmental, economic, health, and social impacts of mining.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001496#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Launched in February 2005 with 25 founding members, the IGF was established as a UN Type II partnership, which allows for flexible, voluntary collaborations between governments and other actors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001496#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IGF's primary tool for governance is the Mining Policy Framework (MPF), ratified in 2010 and updated in 2023. The MPF is organized around six pillars: laws, policies and institutions; financial benefits; socio-economic benefits; post-mining transition; environmental management; and artisanal and small-scale mining.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001496#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IGF provides a two-phase support process for member governments: first, a national assessment to identify gaps in mining laws and regulations relative to the MPF, followed by capacity building and technical assistance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001496#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The forum has grown from 25 founding members to over 80 nations, including most of the world's major mining jurisdictions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001496#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IGF Secretariat was managed by the Canadian government for ten years before being transferred to the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) in October 2015. It is currently funded primarily by Canada and the Netherlands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001496#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IGF maintains a strategic partnership with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), which hosts the forum's annual General Assembly at the Palais des Nations in Geneva.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001496#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable development","energy transition","critical minerals","climate change mitigation","gender equality"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Canada","Netherlands","Switzerland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["institutional history","policy framework analysis"]}]}