{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["International Institute for Sustainable Development"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":3753,"relation":"eq"},"page":10,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=international-institute-for-sustainable-development&page=10","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=international-institute-for-sustainable-development&page=11","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-002605","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002605","title":"Carbon Market Insights","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2026","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-03/carbon-market-insights-volume-1-issue-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the evolution of carbon pricing globally and regionally, with a deep dive into Southeast Asian markets. It analyzes the impact of the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on regional exports and the progress of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Specific country updates detail Indonesia's operational ETS, the Philippines' legislative efforts toward a cap-and-invest system, and Viet Nam's pilot phase for a national compliance market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002605#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global carbon pricing has become mainstream, with 43 carbon taxes and 38 emissions trading systems (ETSs) in operation by the end of 2025, covering over 23% of global greenhouse gas emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002605#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (EU CBAM) entered its definitive phase in January 2026. While total export exposure for Indonesia, Viet Nam, and the Philippines is low (less than 1%), sectoral exposure is significant for iron, steel, aluminum, and cement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002605#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Implementation of Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement has progressed with over 100 bilateral agreements, with Japan, Singapore, Switzerland, and South Korea acting as primary purchasing countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002605#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism (PACM) under Article 6.4 has begun transitioning Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, with 4,766 projects eligible for transition as of January 15, 2026.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002605#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia is the only Southeast Asian country with an operational ETS. Regulation 110/2025 formally enables international carbon trading under Article 6 and introduces a carbon unit registry system, though the legislated carbon tax remains postponed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002605#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Philippines is transitioning from debate to formal legislation, with several bills (such as HB 2055 and HB 3685) proposing a carbon pricing scheme combining cap-and-trade and cap-and-invest elements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002605#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Viet Nam's national compliance market is in a pilot phase (2026–2028) covering approximately 150 entities in steel, cement, and thermal power, representing about 40% of domestic GHG emissions. Trading has been postponed to the end of 2026.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002605#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Canada withdrew its consumer fuel charge in 2025 due to public opposition, leaving industrial carbon pricing via the Output-Based Pricing System (OBPS) as its sole carbon price.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002605#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon tax","Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism","carbon offset","carbon credit","measurement, reporting, and verification","emission trading","carbon emission trading"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","Canada","People's Republic of China","South Korea","Japan","United Kingdom","Australia","Singapore"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","market analysis","regulatory review"]},{"id":"iisd-002692","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002692","title":"Commodity profile – Nickel","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2026","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-02/commodity-profile-nickel.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document details the global nickel market, highlighting Indonesia's dominance in production and the shifting demand from stainless steel toward electric vehicle batteries. It outlines the technical processing pathways for Class I and Class II nickel, the geopolitical impact of export bans, and the environmental footprints associated with different mining and refining methods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002692#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia is the world's leading nickel producer, accounting for 59% of global production and 42% of global reserves in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002692#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The end-use of nickel is shifting significantly toward the energy transition; battery applications are projected to grow from 7% of primary nickel consumption in 2021 to 41% by 2040, while stainless steel's share is expected to drop from 69% to 45% in the same period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002692#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The global nickel market is influenced by significant geopolitical events and regulatory shifts, including Indonesia's nickel export ban and the introduction of the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002692#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Environmental impacts vary by processing route, with different GHG emissions intensities for Class I nickel depending on whether it is derived from sulphide ores, laterite via HPAL, or laterite via NPI matte.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002692#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Secondary supply through recycling is a component of the value chain, with 68% of end-of-life nickel being recycled into new products, while 17% is lost to landfill or dissipation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002692#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nickel","energy storage","critical minerals","greenhouse gas emissions","circular economy","recycling","mining","Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism","water scarcity"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Philippines","Russia","Canada","People's Republic of China","Australia","New Caledonia","United States","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["commodity profile","market analysis","lifecycle assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002725","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002725","title":"Country profile – Australia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-04/country-profile-australia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines Australia's position as a major global mining hub, specifically highlighting its dominance in iron ore and its growing role in critical minerals like lithium. It details the sector's significant contribution to national GDP and government revenue, while noting the industry's heavy reliance on fossil fuels for energy. The report also examines the social dimensions of the workforce, including gender disparities, and the regulatory environment, particularly in Western Australia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002725#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Australia possesses substantial mineral reserves as of 2024, most notably 58 billion metric tonnes of iron ore, 102 million metric tonnes of copper, and 7.05 million metric tonnes of lithium.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002725#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The mining sector is a primary driver of the Australian economy, contributing 12% of GDP in 2024, with iron ore and coal together generating over two-thirds of the sector's revenue.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002725#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Australia's mining exports are heavily dominated by iron ore, with China serving as a primary trade partner; conversely, mining imports are described as having a 'relatively minuscule value'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002725#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Australian mining sector's energy consumption is approximately 500 PJ annually, representing 10% of the nation's total energy use, and relies predominantly on oil (36.5%), coal products (25.7%), and natural gas (25.7%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002725#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mining-related greenhouse gas emissions increased by 71% between 2000 and 2019, rising from 59 million mt CO2e to 100 million mt CO2e.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002725#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"As of February 2026, the mining workforce (excluding oil and gas) totaled 290,400 people, with women representing 20% of the employees, which is double the global average of 10%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002725#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Australian government encourages domestic processing of critical minerals through a 10% refundable tax offset for companies that refine these materials within the country, rather than implementing export taxes on raw materials.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002725#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["critical minerals","coal","greenhouse gas emissions","energy transition","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["Western Australia","Queensland","South Australia","People's Republic of China","Indonesia","Argentina","Chile","Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["country profile","economic analysis","environmental assessment","social impact analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000401","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000401","title":"A Step-by-Step Guide for Governments to Prepare Fossil Fuel Subsidy Inventories","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-17","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/guide/governments-fossil-fuel-subsidy-inventories","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines a five-step process for governments to develop fossil fuel subsidy inventories, emphasizing a whole-of-government approach and the use of international definitions. It highlights that global spending on fossil fuel subsidies exceeds USD 1 trillion annually, which strains budgets and hinders the transition to cleaner energy. The guide is specifically designed to support the 17 member countries of the Coalition on Phasing Out Fossil Fuel Incentives Including Subsidies (COFFIS) in meeting their commitment to publish subsidy inventories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000401#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global government spending on fossil fuel subsidies is at least USD 1 trillion per year, which distorts markets against cleaner energy sources and contributes to air pollution and climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000401#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The guide recommends a five-step process for compiling inventories: applying a whole-of-government approach, using a comprehensive subsidy scope and definition, choosing a measurement method, evaluating measures from socio-economic or environmental perspectives, and planning for regular transparent updates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000401#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Inventories should be led by agencies capable of initiating legislative or regulatory reform and should align with the subsidy definition found in Article 1.1 of the WTO ASCM.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000401#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To ensure progress and data quality, inventories should be updated annually and must include estimates of fiscal costs, including foregone government revenue.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000401#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Coalition on Phasing Out Fossil Fuel Incentives Including Subsidies (COFFIS), launched at COP 28 in 2023, consists of 17 countries committed to fossil fuel subsidy reform and the publication of subsidy inventories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000401#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","energy transition","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy guidance"]},{"id":"iisd-000880","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000880","title":"Indonesia’s Next Cooking Transition","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-17","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/indonesia-next-cooking-transition","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies induction stoves as the most practical alternative to LPG in Indonesia, noting that they are cheaper than unsubsidized LPG for both households and the government. It highlights that current universal LPG subsidies are the primary barrier to adoption and proposes a reform where subsidies for well-off households are replaced by induction subsidies, potentially saving the government IDR 7–12 trillion annually. Recommendations include lowering voltage upgrade costs, implementing one-off connection subsidies for stoves and cookware, and targeting LPG subsidies specifically to low-income households.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000880#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Induction stoves are identified as the most practical and viable alternative among induction, dimethyl ether (DME), and city gas to support Indonesia's transition to non-fossil fuel cooking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000880#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The current system of universal LPG subsidies is the primary obstacle to the adoption of induction stoves, as it removes the incentive for households to switch to alternatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000880#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Reforming LPG subsidies by maintaining them for low-income households while swapping them for induction subsidies for wealthier households could save the Indonesian government between IDR 7.61 trillion (USD 459 million) and IDR 11.87 trillion (USD 717 million) annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000880#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2024, Indonesia's LPG subsidy reached IDR 80.2 trillion (USD 5.14 billion), creating budget strain and energy security risks because most consumed LPG is imported.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000880#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Adopting induction cookstoves can drive public investment in electricity supply upgrades, which in turn supports other electrification goals including electric vehicles, rooftop solar, home batteries, and cooling.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000880#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","fossil fuel subsidy","electrification","rooftop photovoltaic system","electric vehicle"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative analysis","policy recommendation"]},{"id":"iisd-000080","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000080","title":"Mapping India's Energy Policy 2025","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-16","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/mapping-india-energy-policy-2025","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while India has achieved a non-fossil electricity capacity share exceeding 50% in 2025, public finances remain heavily tied to fossil fuels. In FY 2024, fossil fuel revenues contributed nearly INR 9 lakh crore (USD 108 billion) to the exchequer, and 83% of central state-owned enterprise capital expenditures were directed toward fossils. Although clean energy subsidies grew by 31% year-on-year in FY 2024 and fossil fuel subsidies declined by 12%, the latter was attributed to cyclical price movements rather than structural policy. The study recommends improving the targeting of electricity subsidies, redirecting state-owned enterprise capital toward clean-tech, and diversifying government revenue through carbon pricing and green taxes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000080#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"India's non-fossil electricity capacity share exceeded 50% in 2025, meaning the country met one of its nationally determined contributions targets five years early. This was supported by clean energy subsidies that contributed to a fivefold growth in renewable capacity since 2014.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000080#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In fiscal year 2023–2024 (FY 2024), government support for fossil fuels was five times the size of clean energy support, the lowest ratio in five years. Clean energy subsidies increased by 31% year-on-year, while fossil fuel subsidies fell by 12%, though this decrease was due to cyclical price movements rather than structural policy changes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000080#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public finances remain heavily dependent on fossil fuels, which contributed nearly INR 9 lakh crore (USD 108 billion), or 16% of all combined center and state government revenue, in FY 2024. Approximately 79% of this fossil revenue came from consumption taxes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000080#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"State-owned enterprises (SOEs) continue to prioritize fossil fuel assets; nearly 83% of capital expenditures from central SOEs were allocated to fossils in FY 2024, primarily in oil and gas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000080#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity subsidies constitute the majority (59%) of energy subsidies, which limits the fiscal capacity of state governments to expand clean energy programs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000080#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","fossil fuel subsidy","public finance","carbon price","Nationally Determined Contributions"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002380","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002380","title":"Making the Business Case for Nature-Based Infrastructure: How the City of Cape Town boosted funding for restoring its waterways","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-11","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/success-story/making-business-case-nature-based-infrastructure-nbi-cape-town","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The City of Cape Town utilized integrated cost-benefit analyses provided by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) to reverse funding cuts for its Liveable Urban Waterways (LUW) Programme. By quantifying the economic value of nature-based infrastructure (NBI) through avoided costs and co-benefits, the city demonstrated that investments in the Diep/Sand and Zeekoe catchments would generate significant net gains and save up to ZAR 55 million on dredging and canal refurbishment. Consequently, the city approved nearly ZAR 200 million for LUW projects, including wetland creation and canal naturalization, and plans to apply this economic modeling to future investments exceeding ZAR 1 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002380#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The City of Cape Town's Liveable Urban Waterways (LUW) Programme faced a significant funding crisis in early 2024, where budget constraints led to the deferral of four out of five projects to 2033, reducing the available budget from ZAR 50 million (USD 2.9 million) to ZAR 10 million (USD 600,000).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002380#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Integrated cost-benefit analyses (CBAs) using the Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) approach provided the economic evidence needed to justify NBI investments by linking ecosystem services to budget impacts, such as reduced flood damage and lower maintenance costs for canals and dredging.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002380#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Quantitative modeling for specific catchments showed high returns on investment: the Diep/Sand catchment was projected to generate net gains of up to ZAR 133 million (USD 7.6 million) by 2050, while the Zeekoe catchment showed net benefits between ZAR 68 million and ZAR 125 million (USD 3.9–7.1 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002380#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Following the economic analysis and public advocacy, the City of Cape Town approved ZAR 99 million (USD 5.6 million) for LUW projects over three years, with an additional ZAR 91 million (USD 5.1 million) earmarked, totaling nearly ZAR 200 million (USD 11.4 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002380#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The city intends to scale this CBA approach for the broader LUW Programme, which encompasses approximately 40 projects, with two catchments alone requiring more than ZAR 1 billion (USD 57 million) in capital investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002380#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Flood risk management","climate finance","ecosystem service","urban planning","biodiversity"],"geography_discussed":["Mozambique","Kenya"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","economic analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000711","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000711","title":"Toward a More Responsible Critical Minerals Supply Chain Supporting Indonesia’s Energy Transition","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-09","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/brief/critical-minerals-energy-transition-indonesia","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the rapid growth of Indonesia's nickel sector driven by global demand for clean energy technologies, noting that this expansion has caused high carbon emissions, workplace accidents, and social conflicts. It identifies gaps in Indonesia's regulatory framework regarding biodiversity, human rights, and sustainability reporting when compared to international standards. To address these, the brief recommends mandating ecosystem assessments, human rights due diligence, decarbonization plans, and improved benefit-sharing mechanisms for local communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000711#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The expansion of Indonesia's nickel mining and processing sector has resulted in significant socio-environmental issues, specifically high carbon emissions, workplace accidents, and an increase in social conflicts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000711#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's current regulatory framework for nickel mining lacks sufficient standards in biodiversity protection, human rights due diligence, community engagement, and sustainability reporting when measured against international ESG standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000711#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The brief proposes several policy improvements: mandating ecosystem assessments and biodiversity monitoring, requiring human rights due diligence and free, prior, and informed consent for Indigenous and local communities, and implementing mandatory ESG disclosures and decarbonization plans for all nickel mining companies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000711#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To ensure a sustainable transition, the document advocates for the mobilization of sustainable finance for ESG-compliant projects and the enhancement of benefit-sharing mechanisms to provide local communities with tangible, long-term benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000711#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["critical minerals","energy transition","biodiversity protection","sustainable finance"],"geography_discussed":["Canada","Australia","Chile","Philippines"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","gap analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000253","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000253","title":"Agriculture and the Green Transition","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/policy-analysis/agriculture-green-transition","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper explores the bidirectional relationship between agriculture and industrial policy. It highlights how agriculture's long experience with subsidies and market distortions can inform current green industrial strategies, while detailing how the transition to a bioeconomy and green energy affects agricultural inputs and land use. The author emphasizes the need for 'sustainable productivity' metrics and warns of fiscal asymmetries between high-income and low-income countries during this transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000253#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Agriculture is characterized by high levels of government intervention, with support levels for certain commodities often reaching 25%–30% of production value, significantly exceeding typical manufacturing subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000253#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The global agrifood system generates substantial hidden costs, estimated at 10% of global GDP, resulting from soil loss, degraded ecosystems, and health issues such as obesity and undernutrition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000253#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Repurposing agricultural subsidies is complicated by the fact that land prices capitalize these subsidies; removing them could lead to the bankruptcy of farmers who took loans based on those inflated land values.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000253#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Green industrial policies create upstream and downstream pressures on agriculture: upstream, competition for green ammonia for maritime fuels may crowd out farmers; downstream, the demand for biomass for biofuels and bioplastics may trigger 'food vs. fuel' conflicts and land competition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000253#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant fiscal asymmetry in agricultural support, with half of all transfers occurring in high-income countries and half in middle-income countries, leaving low-income countries with almost no support due to a lack of fiscal space.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000253#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["green industrial policy","agricultural subsidy","biobased economy","biofuel","food security","Green ammonia","carbon footprint","biomass"],"geography_discussed":["European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000266","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000266","title":"Why Industrial Policy-making Is the Key to Unlocking Gains From Industrial Policy","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/policy-analysis/industrial-policy-making-unlocking-gains","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The authors contend that for Africa to overcome extreme poverty, it must pursue sustainable industrialization through a modernized approach to policy-making. Rather than seeking a 'golden policy template,' the document proposes a framework based on five tenets: adaptive, consultative, partner-based, transboundary, and capacitated policy-making. This approach is designed to address 'the big five' contemporary challenges: policy consensus, green industrialization, supply chain security, shifting industrial paradigms (such as digitalization), and the expansion of policy space. The authors emphasize that building institutional capacity and utilizing 'policy-testing' zones like Special Economic Zones are essential for navigating the complexities of the current global geoeconomic and climate landscape.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000266#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Sustainable industrialization is identified as the primary route for Africa to escape poverty, as the continent currently accounts for two thirds of the world's extreme poor despite having only 16% of the global population.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000266#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective industrial policy in Africa must address five critical contemporary issues: achieving policy consensus and buy-in, pursuing green industrialization to balance prosperity with decarbonization, ensuring supply chain security against geoeconomic fragmentation, adapting to shifting paradigms like digitalization and platform production, and utilizing widened policy space.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000266#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors propose a five-tenet framework for upgrading industrial policy-making: adaptive (prioritizing experimentation and learning via 'sandboxes' like Special Economic Zones), consultative (leveraging stakeholder synergies), partner-based (realigning investment toward sustainable agendas), transboundary (pooling resources and using the African Continental Free Trade Area to act collectively), and capacitated (building well-resourced public institutions).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000266#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Green industrialization for Africa involves leapfrogging into cleaner technologies, developing 'green mineral' value chains, and utilizing underused renewable energy and green hydrogen, while ensuring these goals do not compromise just development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000266#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Digitalization is altering the industrial paradigm by increasing the technology and skills intensity of manufacturing, which may reduce its traditional capacity to absorb rural workers, though it offers new opportunities for outsourced digital services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000266#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["green industrial policy","renewable energy","green hydrogen","decarbonization","climate emergency declaration","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","framework development"]},{"id":"iisd-000836","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000836","title":"Budgeting for Net Zero: Powering India's reliable clean energy future","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/india-budgeting-for-net-zero-fdre","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates the viability of firm and dispatchable renewable energy (FDRE) in India, finding that its competitiveness against coal depends on the ability to sell surplus power and the inclusion of external costs like pollution. It highlights that FDRE can be deployed significantly faster than coal plants and provides net economic gains, including GDP growth and job creation, while reducing emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000836#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The cost competitiveness of FDRE relative to new coal by 2050 depends on the percentage of surplus power sold: selling 100% makes it currently cheaper, selling 50% achieves parity by 2030, and selling 30% delays parity until 2048.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000836#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"When accounting for carbon costs, morbidity, and mortality, the price of coal increases from INR 4.65/kWh to INR 13.19/kWh, which renders FDRE competitive across all analyzed scenarios.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000836#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Compared to a baseline scenario without FDRE, the deployment of FDRE is projected to increase annual GDP by 0.5% in 2032, 1% by 2038, and 1.8% by 2050, while creating 64,000 net jobs by 2050 after accounting for losses in the coal sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000836#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FDRE projects have significantly shorter commissioning times (2–2.5 years) compared to coal-based power plants (5–7 years), reducing cost uncertainty and the risk of stranded assets for distribution companies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000836#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["solar energy","wind power","energy storage","coal power","air pollution","power purchase agreement","stranded asset","Net-zero emissions"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["cost competitiveness analysis","scenario modelling","economic impact assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-000928","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000928","title":"Nepal’s Textiles and Clothing Exports","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/policy-analysis/nepal-textiles-clothing-exports","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Nepal's textiles and clothing sector, particularly readymade garments and hand-knotted woollen carpets, remains a key export earner despite structural constraints and a decline in manufacturing's share of GDP. While the sector leverages unique craftsmanship and LDC-based preferential market access, it faces high logistics costs, skilled labour shortages, and a 25% higher unit cost compared to competitors like Bangladesh and India. LDC graduation threatens this competitiveness through potential tariff increases and stricter rules of origin. The authors argue that the government should move away from ineffective ad-valorem subsidies and poorly located special economic zones, instead focusing on market intelligence, inter-agency coordination, and productivity improvements to adapt to a changing global trade landscape.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000928#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Textiles and clothing are a major component of Nepal's merchandise exports, accounting for 31.5% in 2022, with readymade garments and hand-knotted woollen carpets as the primary subsectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000928#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nepal's garment and carpet exports face significant cost disadvantages, with unit costs estimated to be at least 25% higher than those of competitors in Bangladesh and India.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000928#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Competitiveness is hindered by high logistics costs due to Nepal's landlocked status and reliance on air freight, as well as a shortage of skilled labour driven by high turnover and migration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000928#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The sector survives by focusing on niche branding, high-quality craftsmanship, and preferential market access granted by Nepal's LDC status, particularly in the European market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000928#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"LDC graduation is expected to negatively impact the clothing sector through increased tariffs and more stringent rules of origin, such as requiring double transformation (yarn to fabric to clothing) instead of single transformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000928#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current government interventions, such as special economic zones (SEZs) and ad-valorem export subsidies, are deemed ineffective due to poor infrastructure, administrative hurdles, and a lack of alignment with industry needs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000928#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors recommend replacing direct subsidies with support for market intelligence, business development services, and improved inter-agency coordination, citing Ethiopia's national export coordination council as a successful model.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000928#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["industrial policy","trade policy","Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism"],"geography_discussed":["Bangladesh","India","Ethiopia","European Union","United States","Kathmandu"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","economic assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002455","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002455","title":"Rethinking Industrial Policy for the Services Economy","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/policy-analysis/rethinking-industrial-policy-services-economy","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper contends that traditional industrial policy is overly focused on manufacturing and must be expanded to include services, which now account for roughly two-thirds of global GDP. It identifies five pillars for a services-led industrial policy: infrastructure, investment/FDI, skills and human capital, regulatory quality, and connectivity. The author highlights that services offer developing economies advantages in terms of lower capital intensity, smaller minimum scale, and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the document notes that the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) provides governments with more policy space for experimentation than the rules governing manufacturing trade.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002455#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Traditional industrial policy frameworks are outdated because they remain rooted in a manufacturing paradigm, despite services now accounting for approximately two-thirds of global GDP and the majority of employment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002455#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Services act as essential inputs that drive productivity across all sectors, including agriculture and manufacturing; intermediate services are estimated to be worth roughly 2.5 times the value of trade in final services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002455#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A successful industrial policy for services requires focusing on five enabling pillars: infrastructure (energy, broadband, transport, payments), investment and FDI, skills and human capital, regulatory quality, and physical and digital connectivity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002455#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For developing nations, a services-led strategy is often more feasible than manufacturing-led models due to lower capital intensity, smaller minimum scale for competitiveness, higher employment potential, and a smaller carbon footprint.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002455#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governments have significantly more policy flexibility to implement industrial strategies in services than in manufacturing because the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is less restrictive than the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002455#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["industrial policy","green growth","carbon footprint","trade policy"],"geography_discussed":["Costa Rica","Philippines","India","Mauritius","Rwanda","Chile","Egypt","Uruguay","United Arab Emirates","Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000611","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000611","title":"Digital Dividends or Dependency? Industrial policy in the age of digital economies","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/policy-analysis/digital-dividends-or-dependency","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Using Kenya as a primary case study, the authors examine how the shift from traditional manufacturing-based industrial policy to a platform-based digital economy risks creating a new form of 'informational dependency'. While Kenya has successfully integrated into global digital services, the authors find that value capture remains limited because data and algorithmic control reside with foreign platforms. The paper advocates for a holistic industrial policy that integrates data governance, decent work standards, and regional cooperation to ensure digital transformation leads to inclusive development rather than extractive accumulation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000611#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Industrial policy has evolved from focusing on physical factories and tariffs to the governance of digital infrastructure, where competitiveness is now driven by the ability to coordinate through platforms and turn data into domestic innovation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000611#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Kenya's digital economy exhibits 'industrial thinness,' where the country is a major exporter of digital labour—with approximately 1.9 million Kenyans in digital work by 2025—yet lacks control over the foreign-owned platforms and data infrastructures that organize this work.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000611#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Low- and middle-income countries often face a 'global data divide' and an informational dependency similar to the 'resource trap,' providing raw data and labour while the intellectual property and analytics gains accrue to foreign entities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000611#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The commodification of data and labour are linked, with algorithmic management in the gig economy and content moderation sectors—such as at Sama's Nairobi facility—leading to psychological trauma, unstable earnings, and power asymmetries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000611#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"National reforms are insufficient to address global digital asymmetries; therefore, regional frameworks like the African Continental Free Trade Area Digital Protocol and the East African Community (EAC) Digital Trade Protocol are essential to prevent a regulatory 'race to the bottom'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000611#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["industrial policy","digital divide","just transition","technology transfer"],"geography_discussed":["Africa","Nairobi"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study"]},{"id":"iisd-000035","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000035","title":"System Instructions for Document Classification and Metadata Extraction","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-04","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/deep-dive/how-canadian-lng-impacts-climate-carbon-emissions-fuel-switching-and-cleaner","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This research paper by Steven Haig of the International Institute for Sustainable Development argues that expanding liquefied natural gas (LNG) production in Canada will increase domestic and global emissions, hinder the transition to renewable energy, and divert public funds from climate solutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000035#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Producing LNG in Canada is expected to increase domestic emissions. The LNG Canada Phase 1 terminal, which uses natural gas turbines for cooling, is projected to emit 2.1 megatonnes of CO2e annually, a figure that could double if Phase 2 proceeds with only partial electrification.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000035#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The goal of achieving net-zero operational emissions for proposed LNG projects like Woodfibre LNG, Cedar LNG, and Ksi Lisims would require a massive increase in electricity. Electrifying the B.C. oil and gas industry by 2030 would need over 40,000 GWh per year, equivalent to eight Site C hydroelectric dams.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000035#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Net-zero LNG facilities do not produce net-zero LNG because liquefaction accounts for less than 10% of life-cycle emissions. The majority of emissions come from upstream extraction, transportation, and shipping; if all proposed B.C. projects proceed, upstream emissions could increase by 10 Mt per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000035#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is little evidence that Canadian LNG will significantly displace coal use abroad. In markets like China and India, renewable energy and falling costs for solar photovoltaic power and storage are the primary drivers reducing coal's market share, while LNG is often twice as expensive to produce as needed to compete.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000035#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The claim that LNG Canada is 60% cleaner than the global average is based on liquefaction emissions intensity (0.15 t CO2e/t LNG vs 0.35 t CO2e/t LNG) rather than total life-cycle emissions. Because liquefaction is a small part of the total footprint, a 60% cleaner process would only make the LNG 5% cleaner overall.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000035#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Expanding LNG production may increase global emissions by adding to total fossil fuel consumption rather than substituting existing supplies. Increased supply could deflate gas prices and disincentivize renewable energy investments, a trend mirrored in a 2024 U.S. Department of Energy study finding that U.S. LNG exports displace more renewables than coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000035#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"New LNG projects are incompatible with the 1.5°C global temperature limit, which requires no new long-lead time upstream oil and gas projects. This includes facilities enabling extraction in the Montney Basin.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000035#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Canadian and B.C. governments have allocated at least CAD 3.93 billion in financial support for new LNG projects by 2030, creating an opportunity cost. This funding diverts resources from clean energy retrofits, a net-zero electricity grid, and clean transportation systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000035#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["lng","methane emissions","fuel switching","energy transition","life-cycle emissions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","Europe","United States","Alberta"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy analysis","Emissions assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-000508","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000508","title":"Unexpected Consequences of Investment Treaties in Times of War","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-03","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/deep-dive/investment-treaties-times-of-war-russia-ukraine","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The research paper examines how the 1989 Belgium-Luxembourg (BLEU)–USSR bilateral investment treaty (BIT) is being used as a legal threat to prevent Belgium from supporting an EU plan to back a EUR 140 billion Ukraine loan with immobilized Russian Central Bank assets. It highlights a broader trend of 'regulatory chill' where Russian entities use investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) claims to challenge sanctions. The author argues for the modernization of investment treaties and the implementation of domestic legal blocks to prevent the enforcement of arbitration awards that contradict international sanctions regimes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000508#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Belgium is currently withholding support for an EU proposal to use immobilized Russian Central Bank assets as collateral for a EUR 140 billion loan to Ukraine due to the risk of arbitration claims under the 1989 Belgium-Luxembourg (BLEU)–USSR bilateral investment treaty (BIT).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000508#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Approximately EUR 185 billion in Russian Central Bank holdings, including EUR 176 billion in cash, are immobilized at Euroclear in Brussels, making Belgium the primary target for BIT arbitration claims as the host of the institution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000508#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The BLEU–Russia BIT lacks an explicit security exception that would allow parties to justify measures taken in response to armed conflict or threats to international peace and security.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000508#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a growing trend of 'regulatory chill' where Russian and Belarusian entities use ISDS claims in BITs and the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) to challenge sanctions; over two dozen such cases or threats exist, with claimed amounts reaching billions of USD.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000508#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sanctions-related ISDS claims generally fall into two categories: those challenging the freezing of private financial assets (including listing on sanctions lists) and those targeting broader economic measures like windfall taxes on energy producers or export restrictions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000508#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant legal ambiguity exists regarding whether state entities, such as the Russian Central Bank, can qualify as 'investors' under BITs to launch ISDS claims, as ICSID rules typically exclude state entities but other arbitration rules are less clear.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000508#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To counter the misuse of investment treaties, the EU's 18th Russia sanctions package (July 2024) and new Swiss legislation aim to block the recognition and enforcement of awards from Russia-related disputes that undermine sanctions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000508#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Russia","Ukraine","United States","United Kingdom","Luxembourg","Lithuania","Denmark","Germany","Switzerland","Brussels"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["legal analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-000383","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000383","title":"Coal Transition Impacts and the Approach to Inclusive Just Transition Policies in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-01","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/just-transition-coal-indonesia","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the impacts of coal phase-outs in East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, South Sumatra, Central Kalimantan, and Jambi, emphasizing the need for proactive investment in high-multiplier industries and green sectors to prevent economic shocks. It advocates for a combination of quantitative modelling and qualitative community research to design social protections and reskilling programs that specifically include women, youth, and informal workers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000383#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Provinces with high exposure to coal decline, specifically East Kalimantan and South Sumatra, can achieve economic renewal and job creation through targeted investments in green industries and food and beverage manufacturing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000383#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Jambi is characterized as a more diversified region that is already well-positioned to benefit from the transition opportunities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000383#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Evidence from East Kutai indicates that local communities are open to alternatives, provided there is inclusive planning, workforce reskilling, and strengthened social protection.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000383#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To ensure a just transition, the report recommends combining quantitative economic models with qualitative, community-based methods such as focus groups, participatory mapping, and ethnography.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000383#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report proposes specific governance measures to embed inclusion, including the mandate of inter-ministerial coordination and the assignment of focal points for social inclusion and gender equality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000383#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Coal phase-out","just transition","economic diversity","green economy","social protection","gender equality","social inclusion","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["East Kalimantan","South Kalimantan","East Kutai"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic modelling","qualitative field research","policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-001264","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001264","title":"Toward a More Responsible Critical Minerals Supply Chain Supporting Indonesia’s Energy Transition","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-12/critical-minerals-energy-transition-indonesia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document assesses the ESG landscape of Indonesia's nickel industry, which is critical to the global energy transition. While Indonesia has seen massive economic growth from nickel downstreaming, it faces significant challenges including high carbon intensity, workplace fatalities, and rising agrarian disputes. The brief maps Indonesian regulations against international standards (such as IRMA and ICMM), identifying gaps in human rights due diligence, anti-corruption mandates, and sustainability reporting. It recommends strengthening biodiversity monitoring, mandating free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC), and establishing climate governance systems to align with global best practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001264#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia is a global leader in nickel production, accounting for 54% of nickel pig iron (NPI) production and hosting 74% of the world's NPI smelters. The export value of nickel downstream products grew from USD 596 million in 2016 to USD 6.82 billion in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001264#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The rapid expansion of the nickel sector has led to severe ESG failures, including high carbon emissions, significant loss of life in the workplace, and a surge in land-related conflicts. Between 2019 and 2025, 107 deaths occurred across 104 workplace accidents at nickel smelters, and agrarian disputes tied to nickel mining doubled on average since 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001264#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There are significant gaps between Indonesian regulations and international ESG standards. Specifically, Indonesia lacks mandatory human rights due diligence, lacks mandatory anti-corruption policies and whistleblower systems, and has limited sustainability reporting compared to standards like IRMA and CMSI.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001264#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indonesian government has utilized aggressive downstreaming strategies, including raw ore export bans in 2014 and 2020, and provided extensive fiscal incentives such as tax holidays and allowances for companies in special economic zones to attract investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001264#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To improve the sustainability of its mining sector, Indonesia is encouraged to adopt specific safeguards: mandatory ecosystem service assessments, the promotion of free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) for Indigenous communities, and the requirement for decarbonization plans for high-emission entities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001264#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["critical minerals","nickel mining","energy transition","environmental, social and corporate governance","decarbonization","biodiversity","human rights","circular economy","climate governance"],"geography_discussed":["Canada","Australia","Chile","Philippines","People's Republic of China","Morowali","Central Sulawesi","North Maluku"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","gap analysis","comparative study"]},{"id":"iisd-001649","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001649","title":"Indonesia’s Next Cooking Transition","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-12/indonesia-next-cooking-transition-summary.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that induction stoves are the most viable clean cooking solution for on-grid Indonesian households, offering cost savings and alignment with decarbonization goals compared to dimethyl ether (DME) or piped natural gas. It highlights that current universal LPG subsidies discourage adoption and recommends a targeted subsidy reform where savings from well-off households are reallocated to fund induction infrastructure. The document also emphasizes the need for electricity tariff reform and the integration of gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) to support women, who are the primary cooks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001649#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Induction cooking is identified as the most viable solution for on-grid households because it is more cost-effective than unsubsidized LPG and supports broader electrification and decarbonization goals. In contrast, dimethyl ether (DME) and city gas are deemed less viable as they would maintain fossil fuel reliance and risk stranded assets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001649#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current LPG subsidies are regressive and create a financial burden on the government, with an import bill of IDR 74 trillion (USD 4.8 billion) in 2023 and a subsidy cost of IDR 80.2 trillion (USD 5.14 billion) in 2024. The 3-kg LPG subsidy is used across all income deciles rather than just low-income households.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001649#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Reforming LPG subsidies by phasing them out for higher-income households could generate significant annual savings to fund the transition to induction. Phasing out subsidies for the top 40% of households would save approximately IDR 7.61 trillion (USD 459 million) per year, while phasing them out for the top 60% would save IDR 11.87 trillion (USD 717 million) per year. Fiscal breakeven for the required capital investment is estimated within 3 to 5 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001649#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"User experience data from 100 households in a government pilot show that while over 66% find induction stoves simpler to use and over 50% find them safer, significant barriers remain. These include the need for ferromagnetic cookware (cited by over 66%), higher upfront costs, and a perception by around 40% of users that induction is slower than LPG.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001649#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's current capacity-based electricity tariff structure discourages the switch to induction because upgrading connection capacity (VA) can more than triple electricity bills even without increased consumption. The report recommends a block tariff system based on consumption tiers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001649#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["clean cooking","energy subsidy","electrification","decarbonization","energy security"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","economic modeling","user experience survey"]},{"id":"iisd-002782","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002782","title":"Electronic Commerce and the World Trade Organization","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-12/e-commerce-wto-state-of-play.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the state of play for e-commerce at the WTO, focusing on the multilateral Work Programme on Electronic Commerce (WPEC) and the plurilateral Joint Statement Initiative (JSI). It details the ongoing conflict over the moratorium on customs duties for electronic transmissions, the substance of the proposed Agreement on Electronic Commerce (ECA), and the challenges regarding its legal incorporation into the WTO framework, particularly concerning the needs of developing countries and LDCs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002782#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The WTO moratorium on customs duties for electronic transmissions was extended at MC13 until March 31, 2026, or the next Ministerial Conference. For the first time, the decision stated that both the moratorium and the Work Programme will expire on that date.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002782#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a sharp divide over the moratorium: supporters argue it prevents costs for consumers and MSMEs, while opponents, including India, South Africa, and Bangladesh, argue it erodes fiscal sovereignty and limits the ability of developing countries to invest in infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002782#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A February 2025 request to legally incorporate the ECA into the WTO treaty framework was blocked by seven members: Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa, Pakistan, and Türkiye.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002782#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ECA establishes a permanent plurilateral moratorium on customs duties for electronic transmissions, which differs from the temporary multilateral moratorium. It defines 'electronic transmission' to include both the carrier medium and the content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002782#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ECA includes specific provisions for developing countries and LDCs in Article 20, allowing for self-designated implementation periods of up to 5 years, with a possible 2-year extension.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002782#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"LDC Parties are granted a stronger protection from dispute settlement under the ECA, receiving a total shield from any dispute settlement case for 7 years after the agreement enters into force for them.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002782#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Developing countries have expressed concerns that the ECA's development provisions are insufficient, particularly regarding the voluntary nature of technical assistance and capacity building (TA/CB) and the complexity of required regulatory frameworks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002782#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ECA covers a wide range of digital trade rules, including electronic signatures, electronic contracts, online consumer protection, cybersecurity, and a specific exception for Indigenous Peoples.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002782#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States has shown a trend of disengagement from the JSI, including not endorsing the stabilized text and withdrawing proposals on data governance in October 2023, which led to the removal of data-related provisions from the negotiations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002782#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["e-commerce","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":["United Arab Emirates","Cameroon","Argentina","India","South Africa","Bangladesh","United States","Brazil","Indonesia","Turkey","Pakistan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","state of play report"]}]}