{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["Institute for Strategic Dialogue"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":166,"relation":"eq"},"page":8,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=institute-for-strategic-dialogue&page=8","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=institute-for-strategic-dialogue&page=9","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"isdglo-000172","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000172","title":"Young Digital Leaders 2019: From Safety to Citizenship Online","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Young-Digital-Leaders-2019-V5.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Young Digital Leaders 2019 report evaluates a digital citizenship education (DCE) programme implemented in Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania. The initiative, supported by Google.org, aimed to empower students aged 11\u001316, upskill teachers, and equip parents to foster positive online engagement. Evaluation data shows significant gains in participants' understanding of digital concepts like echo chambers and filter bubbles, though the report notes that short-term workshops are less effective at changing long-term attitudes and behaviours than teacher-led, slower-paced delivery. The report recommends that the European Commission adopt the Council of Europe's definition of digital citizenship and that national governments embed DCE into school curricula across multiple subjects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000172#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"School workshop students showed significant increases in confidence regarding digital citizenship concepts, specifically a 79% increase in understanding echo chambers and a 78% increase in understanding filter bubbles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000172#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The programme improved students' knowledge of online safety and rights, including a 56% increase in knowledge of how to give and receive consent online and a 130% increase in those reporting they flag hate speech.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000172#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Teacher training results indicate a high demand for digital citizenship education, with 99% of participating teachers wanting more training for schools and 98% finding the YDL programme helpful.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000172#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Train-the-Trainer' (TTT) model, where teachers delivered the curriculum over several weeks, generally achieved better learning outcomes and higher knowledge-confidence gains than the short-term facilitator-led workshops.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000172#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Parents and carers reported feeling significantly better equipped to support their children, with 97% feeling more able to help with online safety challenges and 97% more likely to discuss online safety with their children.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000172#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a gap in the ability of both students and teachers to correctly identify 'fake news' through open-text testing, suggesting a need for improved teaching methods and evaluation tools for this specific topic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000172#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The programme found that while knowledge gains were high, attitudinal and behavioural changes were smaller, suggesting that DCE needs to be embedded in the school curriculum over a longer period to be effective.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000172#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","United Kingdom","Belgium"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["programme evaluation","policy recommendation"]},{"id":"isdglo-000103","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000103","title":"WOMEN, GIRLS AND ISLAMIST EXTREMISM","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ISD-Toolkit-English-Final-25-10-19.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that simplistic stereotypes, such as the 'jihadi bride' narrative, fail to capture the complex motivations of women and girls radicalised to Islamist extremism. It identifies key drivers including the appeal of 'sisterhood', a desire for purpose, perceived religious duty, and reactions to social discrimination. The toolkit recommends a gender-sensitive, multi-agency approach to intervention, emphasizing trust-building, person-centred care, and the avoidance of gender biases. It details the UK's Channel programme and the Dutch 'Safety House' model as primary frameworks for these interventions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000103#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The 'jihadi bride' label is an unhelpful and reductive framing that ignores the complexity of female motivations and reinforces the bias that women are passive followers rather than active ideological supporters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000103#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Radicalisation for women and girls is driven by a complex set of factors, including the emotional bond of 'sisterhood', a desire to find meaningful purpose, perceived religious duty (especially among converts and older women), and a rebellion against the perceived monotony of traditional life.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000103#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social abuse, prejudice, and discrimination against female Muslims in Western societies contribute to radicalisation, as some women seek to escape these experiences or reject Western ideals of female empowerment in favour of manipulated Islamist rhetoric.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000103#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"ISIS recruiters use highly personalised and tailored tactics, spending significant time assessing the individual desires and ambitions of women and girls to adapt their approach on a case-by-case basis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000103#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Female Islamist networks linked to ISIS are generally loosely structured with overlaps between online and offline groups, where hierarchy is based on commitment, theological knowledge, and the status of their contacts or husbands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000103#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The roles of women in ISIS networks have evolved to include recruitment, fundraising, and the spreading of media content, with a noted shift in the UK toward women's involvement in violent acts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000103#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective interventions require a multi-agency approach that avoids gender stereotypes, employs 'ecomaps' to understand a candidate's social network, and focuses on building trust through active listening and person-centred dialogue.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000103#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UK's Channel programme and the Dutch 'Safety House' (Veiligheidshuis) model both utilize multi-agency frameworks to assess vulnerability and provide holistic support, though they differ in their referral mechanisms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000103#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Rotterdam","Syria","Iraq","Belgium"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["guide","policy recommendations","case studies"]},{"id":"isdglo-000154","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000154","title":"‘THE GREAT REPLACEMENT’: THE VIOLENT CONSEQUENCES OF MAINSTREAMED EXTREMISM","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/The-Great-Replacement-The-Violent-Consequences-of-Mainstreamed-Extremism-by-ISD.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes how the 'Great Replacement' theory, originating in France, has been internationalized and mainstreamed through social media, alt-tech platforms, and the rhetoric of far-right politicians in Europe and North America. It details the role of the Identitarian Movement and the use of 'crisis narratives'—such as existential threat and conspiracy—to inspire actions ranging from 'remigration' (forced deportation) to terrorism. Quantitative analysis shows a steady increase in online discussions of these theories leading up to the Christchurch attack, while qualitative research highlights the use of dehumanizing memes and the co-option of official statistics to provide a veneer of legitimacy to white nativist ideologies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000154#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The 'Great Replacement' theory originated in France with philosopher Renaud Camus in his 2011 book 'Le Grand Remplacement' and is now central to the ideology of the pan-European Identitarian Movement, specifically the group Generation Identity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000154#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Quantitative analysis of Twitter data between April 2012 and April 2019 identified approximately 1.5 million posts referencing the Great Replacement theory in English, French, and German, with volumes nearly tripling between 2014 and 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000154#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The theory utilizes 'crisis narratives' to mobilize audiences, most notably 'existential threat', 'conspiracy', 'dystopia', and 'impurity', to create a sense of urgency that can justify extreme actions including genocide.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000154#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The concept of 'remigration'—defined as the forced deportation of migrant communities to create an ethnically homogenous society—has seen a surge in online discussion, with over 540,000 tweets identified between 2012 and 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000154#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Far-right politicians in Europe and North America have mainstreamed these narratives through 'dog-whistle' politics, using terms like 'invaders' or explicitly referencing the Great Replacement in speeches and social media.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000154#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Extreme-right actors employ a 'dark social ecosystem'—including ultra-libertarian platforms like Gab, hijacked platforms like Discord, and fringe imageboards like 8chan—to coordinate and radicalize users away from mainstream moderation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000154#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Propagandists use 'red-pill' memes to radicalize users, with 90% of analyzed memes containing dehumanizing racist content and 10% using cherry-picked official statistics or contested academic work to create a 'veneer of legitimacy'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000154#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Alternative far-right media outlets are primary drivers of 'remigration' discourse; 10 of the top 15 sources responsible for 50% of the term's coverage between April 2018 and April 2019 were classified as far-right alternative news.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000154#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Christchurch attacker's strategy was designed for internet subcultures, utilizing a first-person 'gaming' visual style and dumping his manifesto on 8chan to ensure it reached ardent ideologues first.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000154#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["New Zealand","United States","Germany","Austria","Italy","United Kingdom","Ireland","Denmark","Norway","Hungary","Spain","Belgium","Sweden","Bulgaria"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"isdglo-000170","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000170","title":"Curriculum 2019","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/YDL-Curriculum-ENG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Young Digital Leaders curriculum, developed by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue and supported by Google.org, is a Europe-wide programme for students aged 12-15. It consists of five sessions: Critical Consumers, Resilient Citizens, Effective Communicators, Rights Experts, and Digital Leaders. The programme teaches students to identify disinformation, challenge stereotypes, communicate respectfully online, understand digital rights and consent, and use digital tools for civic engagement and positive social change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000170#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The curriculum is structured into five thematic sessions: 'Critical Consumers', 'Resilient Citizens', 'Effective Communicators', 'Rights Experts' and 'Digital Leaders', aimed at students aged 12-15 years old.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000170#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Critical Consumers' session focuses on identifying 'fake news', 'echo chambers' and 'filter bubbles', teaching students to recognize intentional disinformation and diversify their media sources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000170#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Resilient Citizens' session examines how stereotypes and prejudiced attitudes create a divisive 'us vs them' mentality, which can be manipulated by media, political parties, and other actors to advance specific agendas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000170#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Effective Communicators' session emphasizes the difference between online and offline communication, highlighting how digital distance can lead to a lack of attention to the audience's feelings and the importance of adjusting tone and language.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000170#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Rights Experts' session teaches students about their right to privacy and online consent, as well as the distinction between free speech and hate speech.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000170#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Digital Leaders' session encourages students to use digital tools for civic activity and positive change, culminating in the planning of an online campaign addressing a social, political, or cultural issue.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000170#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document defines 'fake news' as content that appears factual but contains intentional disinformation to attract viewership, influence people, or deceive them, often driven by financial, political, or personal motives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000170#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The curriculum defines 'echo chambers' as social spaces where beliefs are reinforced by repetition in a closed group, and 'filter bubbles' as the result of personalized search and newsfeed functions that isolate users from opposing viewpoints.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000170#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The guide provides a range of strategies for responding to online hate speech, including ignoring, arguing politely, sharing with critical comments, flagging/reporting, blocking, and countering with positivity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000170#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["educational guide"]},{"id":"isdglo-000078","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000078","title":"Civic Approaches to Confronting Violent Extremism","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2016-09","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/civic_approaches_to_confronting_violent_extremism_-_digital_release.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that the traditional 'Countering Violent Extremism' (CVE) framework is flawed and 'toxic' because it relies on discredited theories of a linear path to radicalization. Instead, it advocates for a 'resilience' model led by civil society organizations (CSOs) and social services, with law enforcement acting only as a supporting partner focused on criminal behavior. Key findings emphasize that there is no causal link between religious ideology and violence, and that effective interventions require 'alternative narratives' that acknowledge the 'kernel of truth' in grievances. The document also highlights a significant 'trust gap' between governments and CSOs, suggesting that transparency and the protection of civil liberties are essential for effective collaboration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000078#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) framework is widely viewed as ineffective and harmful because it presumes a consistent, observable path to radicalization that social scientists have discredited.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000078#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is no direct causal or predictive link between religious or political ideology and the commission of violent acts; violence is instead driven by complex, non-linear psychological, social, and political forces.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000078#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To be effective, prevention and resilience efforts should be led by CSOs and social services rather than law enforcement, as the latter's involvement can compromise trust and discourage at-risk individuals from seeking help.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000078#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant 'trust gap' exists between governments and CSOs due to past surveillance and a lack of transparency in program design, which can be mitigated through public education on civil liberties and visible public dialogues.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000078#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective alternative narratives must acknowledge the 'kernel of truth'—the legitimate social or political grievances—that extremist groups exploit to recruit followers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000078#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The most successful narrative interventions occur on an interpersonal, one-on-one basis, often involving former extremists working with CSOs to build relationships with at-risk individuals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000078#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governments should shift focus from exclusively targeting Muslim communities to addressing all forms of violent extremism, including right-wing and anti-government violence, to avoid further ostracizing minority groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000078#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"CSOs lack sufficient resources for public communications and standardized monitoring and evaluation (M&E) tools, which hinders their ability to justify programs to the public and measure success.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000078#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["community resilience","human rights"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","Pakistan","South Africa","Northern Ireland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["best practices","policy recommendations","sector analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000101","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000101","title":"“Shooting in the right direction”: Anti-ISIS Foreign Fighters in Syria & Iraq","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2016","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/ISD-Report-Shooting-in-the-right-direction-Anti-ISIS-Fighters.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines 'anti-ISIS foreign fighters', finding they are generally older than Islamist fighters, predominantly male, and frequently U.S. military veterans. It identifies the YPG and Peshmerga as the most popular affiliations and analyzes push factors like frustration with international responses and pull factors such as the desire to protect persecuted minorities. The document also explores the complex and inconsistent legal frameworks across Western nations regarding private citizens participating in foreign conflicts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Anti-ISIS foreign fighters are generally older than those joining Islamist groups, with an average age of 32.44 years, although the largest proportion (48.4%) are in their 20s.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women represent a small minority (3%) of anti-ISIS foreign fighters compared to 14-18% of Islamist foreign fighters, but those who do join are more likely to occupy active combat roles, primarily within the YPJ.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States is the largest source of anti-ISIS foreign fighters in the dataset (38%), a trend largely attributed to the high number of U.S. military veterans, contrasting with the approximately 6% of Islamist foreign fighters from the U.S.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The most common group affiliations for anti-ISIS foreign fighters are the Syrian-Kurdish YPG (30.7%) and the Iraqi-Kurdish Peshmerga (21.7%), followed by Dwekh Nawsha (5.7%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Motivations are divided into push factors, such as frustration with the international community's response to atrocities and a personal lack of purpose, and pull factors, including the desire to defend persecuted minorities and the influence of ISIS's own brutal propaganda.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Military veterans are specifically motivated by a desire to 'finish the job' and ensure that previous sacrifices made during the 'War on Terror' were not in vain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Recruitment for anti-ISIS groups occurs via social media—primarily Facebook—but is less professionalised and less proactive than ISIS's operations, relying more on individual profiles and networking than active grooming.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Anti-ISIS fighters typically self-fund their travel and participation, often using crowdfunding platforms like GoFundMe and IndieGoGo, and generally do not receive pay from the groups they join.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The legality of fighting against ISIS varies by country; for example, the U.K. allows fighting with the YPG or Peshmerga as long as no war crimes are committed, whereas the PKK is a proscribed terrorist organisation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Some nations, such as Belgium and Australia, maintain a blanket ban on joining any foreign army regardless of the group's intentions or the fighter's motivations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Germany","France","Sweden","Canada","Turkey","Australia","Netherlands","Belgium"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["demographic analysis","motivational analysis","legal review","social media analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000110","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000110","title":"ISIS and Nusra in Turkey","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2016","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ISIS_and_Nusra_in_Turkey_Jihadist_recruit_2019-amendment.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the recruitment of Turkish citizens into ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra, identifying a total of 2,000 to 2,200 Turkish nationals who travelled to Iraq and Syria. It distinguishes between the recruitment styles of the two groups, noting that ISIS attracts more recruits through 'pop jihadist' propaganda and lower entry barriers, while Nusra relies on disciplined, historical al-Qaeda networks. Key push factors include personal alienation and socio-economic dislocation, particularly in Kurdish-majority areas and neighbourhoods affected by urban renewal. Pull factors include online Turkish-language propaganda, opposition to the Assad regime, and a specific focus on opposing the PKK. The report also details Ankara's response, including police outreach and Diyanet sermons, while noting the government's framing of the issue as a global problem driven by the Syrian regime and ineffective Western cooperation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000110#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Soufan Group estimates that between 2,000 and 2,200 Turkish nationals have travelled to join jihadist groups in Iraq and Syria, making Turkey the fourth highest contributor of foreign fighters to these conflicts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000110#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"ISIS has recruited significantly more Turkish nationals than Jabhat al-Nusra, partly due to a less rigorous selection process and the use of high-production 'pop jihadist' propaganda.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000110#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Jabhat al-Nusra recruitment is more disciplined and relies heavily on historical al-Qaeda networks from previous conflicts in Afghanistan and Bosnia, often requiring recruits to undergo a three-week ideological indoctrination course in Turkey.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000110#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Socio-economic dislocation and environmental factors, such as urban renewal in Ankara's Sincan and Hacibayram neighbourhoods or Istanbul's Bagcilar and Sultanbeyli, serve as key push factors for recruitment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000110#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a disproportionate number of ethnic Kurdish recruits, driven by low human development indicators and socio-economic dislocation in Kurdish-majority regions like Bingol and Adiyaman.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000110#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Turkish-language propaganda for both groups emphasizes opposition to the PKK, but ISIS has adopted an increasingly confrontational stance against the Turkish state, labeling the government and President Erdogan as 'tagut' (impious idolaters).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000110#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Personalized networks, including family, co-workers, and religious discussion circles (sohbet halkalari), are primary recruitment channels, with some areas like Akcakale in Sanliurfa seeing up to 70% of Nusra recruits coming from the same extended family.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000110#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ankara's counter-violent extremism (CVE) efforts include a National Police outreach program and a Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) program that delivers anti-terrorism sermons to mosques.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000110#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Turkish government frames jihadist recruitment as a global phenomenon primarily caused by the brutality of Bashar al-Assad's regime and exacerbated by ineffective Western cooperation and a failure to recognize the PKK as an equal threat to ISIS.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000110#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Iraq","Syria","Tunisia","Russia","Istanbul","Ankara","Bingöl","Adıyaman","Şanlıurfa Province"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"isdglo-000161","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000161","title":"‘Till Martyrdom Do Us Part’","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2015","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Till_Martyrdom_Do_Us_Part_Gender_and_the_ISIS_Phenomenon.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report challenges the 'jihadi bride' stereotype, arguing that Western women migrate to ISIS due to a complex mix of push factors (social isolation, perceived persecution of Muslims) and pull factors (religious duty, sisterhood, and romanticised adventure). While their primary roles are domestic, some women engage in propaganda and professional services. The document analyses de-radicalisation models in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and the UK, concluding that there is a critical shortage of female mentors and gender-nuanced counter-narratives to effectively address this threat.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000161#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Western women migrating to ISIS exhibit significant diversity in age, location, ethnicity, family relations, and religious background, making it impossible to create a single 'at risk' profile.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000161#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The motivation for women to join ISIS is multi-causal, and the label 'jihadi bride' is a reductionist and incorrect description of their reasons for travel.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000161#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Primary push factors for radicalisation include social and cultural isolation in Western societies, a belief that the global Muslim community is being persecuted, and frustration over international inaction regarding this persecution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000161#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Key pull factors include the desire to fulfill a religious duty by building a utopian 'Caliphate', the search for a sense of sisterhood and belonging, and the romanticisation of the journey and marriage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000161#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While the primary role of women in ISIS territory is to be wives and mothers to the next generation of jihadists, they also perform critical roles in online recruitment and propaganda dissemination.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000161#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The actual conditions of life in ISIS territory—including failing infrastructure, lack of clean water, and domestic isolation—contradict the utopian propaganda and can serve as powerful counter-narratives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000161#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical lack of gender-specific infrastructure in de-radicalisation programmes, specifically a shortage of female mentors and a lack of understanding regarding gender dynamics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000161#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UK's Channel programme utilizes a multi-agency approach to identify and support vulnerable individuals, but it suffers from an inconsistent workload for mentors and a lack of formal psychological training.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000161#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Denmark's 'Aarhus model' focuses on social inclusion and reintegration rather than legal prosecution, which has contributed to a decrease in young men from Aarhus leaving for Syria.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000161#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Syria","Iraq","United Kingdom","Australia","Germany","Sweden","Aarhus","Raqqa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy analysis","behavioral analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000124","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000124","title":"Old Threat, New Approach: Tackling the Far Right Across Europe","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2014","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/OldThreatNewApproach_2014.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the nature of far-right extremism in Europe, categorising agents into youth gangs, terrorist cells, political/paramilitary groups, and nativist/anti-Islam movements. It identifies four primary government approach structures: general crime prevention, securitised, social-integration linked, and multi-agent/multi-level. The report highlights significant implementation challenges, including poor data collection, lack of frontline awareness, and the 'securitisation' of the issue which can alienate civil society. It concludes with ten key recommendations, emphasizing the need for comprehensive legal frameworks on hate crime, national Exit programmes for disengagement, and long-term funding for sustainable prevention.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000124#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Far-right extremism in Europe is diverse, ranging from less ideological youth street gangs to neo-Nazi terrorist cells and registered political parties, generally characterised by \"racism, xenophobia, ultra-nationalism, and authoritarianism\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000124#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governments across the 10 studied countries typically adopt one of four policy structures: a general crime prevention and social policy approach (e.g., Denmark), a securitised approach (e.g., Hungary), a social-integration linked approach (e.g., UK), or a multi-agent and multi-level approach (e.g., Germany).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000124#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A 'securitised approach', where police or intelligence agencies lead the response, often results in \"under-investment in broader preventative measures\" and can create \"mistrust and suspicion between social services, civil society and security services\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000124#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Data collection on far-right extremism is often inadequate, with significant gaps between intelligence, government, academics, and civil society, and a tendency for official data to be \"patchy and dogged by under-reporting\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000124#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a critical lack of awareness among 'first-line responders'—such as teachers, social workers, and mental health practitioners—regarding the \"signs and symptoms of extremism\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000124#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Legal frameworks are essential but often limited by 'legal fetishism', where governments rely solely on penal code adjustments rather than holistic strategies; additionally, some countries lack explicit legal protections for specific victim groups, such as transgender individuals in Denmark or LGBT communities in Poland.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000124#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Exit programmes, which facilitate the disengagement of individuals from extremist movements, are rare but effective; the report advocates for national Exit programmes that are \"independent of government\" but supported by statutory funding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000124#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Preventative measures are most effective when they offer alternative activities and a sense of purpose, such as the use of extreme sports in Norway to divert youth from neo-Nazi groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000124#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that political leadership is currently lacking and calls for politicians to be \"more courageous about making public statements denouncing far-right ideologies, intolerance and hatred\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000124#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document recommends that the EU adopt a comprehensive framework on hate crime and a directive on victims' rights to pressure lagging national governments to improve their legislation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000124#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Ukraine","Czech Republic"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"isdglo-000126","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000126","title":"On the Front Line","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2014","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/On_The_Front_Line_Far_RightHANDBOOK.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines a comprehensive framework for tackling far-right extremism through seven key action areas: diverting individuals from involvement, responding to hate speech, managing public order, ending violent behaviour, supporting victims, raising awareness, and pushing public agencies to act. It emphasizes the importance of experiential learning, non-judgemental intervention, and the use of credible messengers, such as former extremists and survivors. The guide provides specific guidance for different professional roles, including police, educators, and local authorities, while highlighting the necessity of staff well-being and the strategic use of digital platforms to counter extremist narratives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000126#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Preventative efforts to divert people from far-right involvement are most effective when they use experiential learning and address real or perceived grievances rather than relying solely on 'myth-busting' with facts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000126#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Countering hate speech and incitement requires a shift from simply removing content to deploying 'alternative narratives' that promote solidarity and 'counter-narratives' that deconstruct extremist propaganda using emotional appeals and modern technology.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000126#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Managing public order during far-right demonstrations can be improved by involving the community in policing roles, reclaiming public spaces to minimize extremist impact, and using 'smart' communications to avoid rumours.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000126#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Intervention and 'exit' programmes for extremists are most successful when they are non-judgemental, individualised, and offer a 'competitive package' of social or professional alternatives to the movement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000126#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Victims of far-right violence face unique challenges, including institutional racism and the trauma of representing a minority identity; support must include rehabilitation, empowerment, and training for the justice system to ensure sensitivity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000126#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Raising public awareness requires disrupting outdated stereotypes of extremists (e.g., the 'male skinhead') and using creative, visual data to challenge misinformation and promote diversity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000126#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Pushing public agencies to act often requires monitoring government misconduct, policy advocacy, and the strategic use of social media and video testimony to lobby for victim justice.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000126#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Front-line professionals face significant emotional strain and safety risks, necessitating the establishment of strong support networks and a prioritisation of staff well-being.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000126#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Sweden","United Kingdom","Netherlands","Norway","Finland","Denmark","Germany","Poland","Hungary","Slovakia","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"isdglo-000049","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000049","title":"Diverting People from Getting Involved","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/1-Diverting-people-from-getting-involved.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The document provides a framework for diverting individuals from far-right extremism through four primary strategies: promoting contact across community divides, providing alternative activities, implementing tailored educational programmes, and engaging in direct dialogue on difficult issues. It emphasizes that effective prevention requires non-judgemental marketing, experiential learning over simple fact-sharing, and the creation of safe environments where grievances can be heard before being challenged. The guide illustrates these methods through case studies from Hungary, Poland, Sweden, the UK, Germany, Norway, and the Netherlands, highlighting the importance of humanising anti-racism education and empowering youth to challenge their peers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000049#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The document identifies four primary approaches to prevent far-right involvement: promoting meaningful contact across community divides (e.g., through sports or mentorship), using diversionary activities to undercut recruitment, implementing tailored educational curricula (such as Holocaust education), and engaging in direct dialogue to address the grievances underlying racist attitudes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000049#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective prevention programmes must be marketed using non-judgemental and positive titles that avoid explicit references to racism or extremism to ensure they reach the intended audience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000049#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fact-based 'myth-busting' is often ineffective on its own; it must be combined with experiential learning, such as direct engagement with people from minority backgrounds, to successfully change attitudes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000049#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To avoid inadvertently pushing individuals further toward radicalisation, professionals should allow people to express their grievances and feel heard before attempting to challenge their views.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000049#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Tolerance Project' in Sweden uses a three-stage strategy—splitting activities, focusing on the future, and re-socialising activities—to disengage at-risk youth from white power subcultures, culminating in a trip to Poland to humanise Holocaust history.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000049#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Think Project' in Wales targets youth offenders and those excluded from mainstream schools to build resilience against far-right sentiment by discussing divisive terminology and using films to humanise issues surrounding asylum and immigration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000049#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Engagement with 'alternative youth culture'—such as hip hop, skateboarding, street art, and non-traditional sports like American Football or snowboarding—can be an effective hook to keep vulnerable youth involved in preventative initiatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000049#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Hungary","United Kingdom","Poland","Sweden","Germany","Norway","Netherlands","Australia","Wales","Kungälv","Oslo Municipality"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"isdglo-000051","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000051","title":"Programme Pédagogique","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"guide","language":"fr","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2020_04_06-YDL-Curriculum-Digital-FR.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 'Young Digital Leaders' program, developed by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) and supported by Google.org, is a training curriculum for students aged 12 to 15. It aims to transform young people from passive internet users into responsible 'digital leaders' through five structured sessions: Critical Consumers, Resilient Citizens, Effective Communicators, Rights Experts, and Digital Leaders. The program focuses on identifying misinformation, countering hate speech, understanding digital rights and consent, and using digital tools for positive social engagement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000051#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The program is structured into five training sessions designed to build digital citizenship: 'Consommateurs critiques' (Critical Consumers), 'Citoyens résilients' (Resilient Citizens), 'Communicants efficaces' (Effective Communicators), 'Experts des droits' (Rights Experts), and 'Leaders du numérique' (Digital Leaders).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000051#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Critical Consumers' session teaches students to identify 'infox' (fake news), echo chambers, and filter bubbles, encouraging them to diversify media sources to avoid ideological isolation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000051#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Resilient Citizens' session focuses on the mechanics of stereotypes and prejudices, explaining how a 'us versus them' mentality can be manipulated by political actors or media to create social division.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000051#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Effective Communicators' session emphasizes the importance of tone and language, noting that the distance provided by screens can lead users to ignore the feelings of others and dehumanize their interlocutors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000051#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Rights Experts' session educates students on digital privacy, the necessity of obtaining consent before sharing others' content, and the legal distinction between freedom of expression and hate speech.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000051#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Digital Leaders' session encourages students to move from theory to action by designing their own digital campaigns or contributing to existing ones to support social, political, or cultural causes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000051#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document defines 'infox' (fake news) as content intentionally written to deceive or influence readers, often motivated by financial gain, political objectives, or a desire to provoke social division.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000051#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Hate speech is defined as verbal or written attacks intended to intimidate, humiliate, or discredit individuals or groups based on identity factors such as ethnicity, religion, gender identity, or sexual orientation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000051#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["France"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["educational curriculum","pedagogical guide"]},{"id":"isdglo-000052","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000052","title":"Die Grünen als Feindbilder während der Gaspreiskrise 2022","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"de","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023-08-15-NOTORIOUS_Dokumentation2.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes how disinformation actors, including right-wing influencers and AfD politicians, targeted the Green Party during the 2022 gas crisis. Using a dataset of over 1.2 million Twitter posts, the study finds that the Greens were mentioned more than twice as often as any other party, frequently as targets of narratives that blamed them for energy shortages while ignoring Russia's role in the crisis. Key narrative clusters identified include claims that the stop of Nord Stream 2 was an ideological act, that the gas levy was a 'war declaration' against the people, and that Minister Robert Habeck was implementing a 'planned economy' to force a climate agenda.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000052#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Quantitative analysis of Twitter data from February 24 to October 15, 2022, shows that the Green Party was mentioned significantly more than other political parties, with 81,799 posts, more than double the mentions of the SPD (30,410), FDP (28,242), and CDU (25,086).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000052#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Minister Robert Habeck was the most mentioned individual politician in the dataset with 74,229 posts, far exceeding mentions of Chancellor Olaf Scholz (26,298) and other cabinet members.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000052#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A prominent narrative cluster claims the cessation of Nord Stream 2 was an ideological decision by the Green Party intended to risk an energy emergency, while ignoring that the pipeline was never certified by the Federal Network Agency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000052#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Disinformation actors used the gas levy (Gasumlage) to frame the Green Party as hostile to the German population, describing the levy as a \"war tax\" and using a 2018 quote from Robert Habeck taken out of context to suggest he does not care about the people.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000052#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Another narrative cluster alleges that Minister Habeck used the Ukraine war as a pretext to implement a \"planned economy\" and a \"climate agenda,\" with some posts comparing Green politics to the regime of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000052#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study identifies a network of alternative media and influencers driving these narratives, with high volumes of links to sites such as 'Freie Welt', 'Recentr', and 'Newsposter.net', as well as the Russian state broadcaster RT.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000052#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","natural gas","climate policy","climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["Russia","Ukraine","Cambodia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","qualitative analysis","network analysis","content analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000063","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000063","title":"AMPLIFYING ANTISEMITISM: How Recommender Algorithms serve harmful content to children","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Amplifying-Antisemitism_How-Recommender-Algorithms-Serve-Harmful-Content-to-Children.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The research demonstrates that TikTok's algorithms can nudge users from benign lifestyle content toward antisemitic conspiracy theories and far-right tropes within hours. On Rumble, the 'Editor's Picks' section provides more direct exposure to overt antisemitism, including slurs and calls to violence, exacerbated by a lack of age-verification requirements. The report highlights the role of interactive features like stickers and sounds in amplifying hate and calls for systemic regulatory interventions by Ofcom to address passive exposure pathways.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000063#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"TikTok's recommender systems can rapidly lead minors to antisemitic content even without active searching; for example, a 15-year-old interested in male lifestyle influencers was served antisemitic conspiracy theories after only one hour on the platform.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000063#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"TikTok's algorithm creates pathways that escalate content from benign to harmful, where 'Culture & Lifestyle' content serves as a central entry point leading toward highly politicised and conspiratorial clusters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000063#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Interactive features on TikTok, specifically stickers, sounds, and comment sections, act as bridges that connect potentially benign videos to overt antisemitic content, including neo-Nazi imagery and Holocaust memes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000063#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant overlap between the 'manosphere' and antisemitism, where accounts prompted toward male lifestyle influencers were served misogynistic and antisemitic conspiracies, including the glorification of terrorist Elliot Rodger.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000063#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Rumble's 'Editor's Picks' section exposes users to direct antisemitic slurs, conspiracy myths, and calls to violence immediately, unlike the gradual escalation seen on TikTok.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000063#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Both TikTok and Rumble amplify persistent conspiracy narratives, such as those involving the Rothschilds, Jewish control of governments, and false claims that Jewish people were responsible for the 9/11 and October 7 attacks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000063#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Holocaust distortion and denial content, such as videos using coded phrases like '6 gorillion' or '271k' to contest the six million death toll, shows high levels of engagement with tens of thousands of likes and shares.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000063#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Platform moderation is described as patchy and reactive; while some videos are removed, harmful stickers and coded sounds often remain, and Rumble's livestream features allow paid antisemitic GIFs to appear prominently.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000063#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Rumble's non-account model represents a significant safeguarding gap because it allows minors to be recommended the same content as adults without requiring registration or age control.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000063#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Canada","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["algorithmic audit","thematic analysis","policy analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000080","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000080","title":"CONSPIRACY THEORIES: A GUIDE FOR MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT AND CANDIDATES","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Conspiracy-Theories-Guide.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document provides a comprehensive overview of conspiracy theories, defining them as explanations citing a secret group of powerful persons acting against the common good. It highlights the systemic link between many modern conspiracies and historical antisemitism, using case studies such as the 'Great Reset', 'QAnon', and 'The Great Replacement' to illustrate how these narratives erode trust in democratic institutions. The guide specifically addresses the risks posed by the spread of misinformation regarding Covid-19, 5G, and climate-related urban planning (15-minute cities), and offers practical recommendations for public officials to verify information and recognize conspiratorial structures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000080#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Conspiracy theories are defined as explanations of events that identify a \"group of powerful persons, the conspirators, acting in secret for their own benefit against the common good,\" often utilizing proxies such as the media, politicians, or government agencies to execute malicious plans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000080#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Many prominent conspiracy theories are rooted in or overlap with antisemitism, often using codewords like \"Global Elite,\" \"cabal,\" or \"dark forces\" to refer to a perceived Jewish conspiracy for world domination.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000080#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Conspiracy theories pose a significant threat to liberal democracies by eroding public confidence in essential institutions, including the justice system, healthcare providers, and regulated media, which can lead to reduced political participation and increased violence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000080#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Great Reset' conspiracy theory has hijacked a World Economic Forum (WEF) initiative for sustainable post-pandemic recovery, falsely claiming the WEF intends to abolish private property (\"You’ll own nothing and be happy\") and implement social credit systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000080#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Great Replacement' theory claims a deliberate plan exists to replace white European populations with ethnic minority groups through immigration, a narrative that has motivated white supremacist terrorists in Christchurch, New Zealand, and Norway.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000080#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Misinformation during the Covid-19 pandemic created an information vacuum that led to harmful outcomes, including vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women and thousands of hospital admissions globally due to false online information.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000080#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The '15-minute city' urban planning concept has been warped into a conspiracy theory claiming that such designs are a means of 'climate tyranny' to restrict freedom of movement and increase surveillance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000080#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Russia-Ukraine war has been used to deploy conspiratorial narratives, including pro-Russia claims that Vladimir Putin is a 'truthseeker' and antisemitic claims that Ukraine is a 'puppet' state controlled by 'Zionists'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000080#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Conspiracy theories often follow a predictable structure: they divide the world into 'good versus evil', claim that 'nothing is accidental', and mix partial facts with unfounded speculations to appear believable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000080#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","climate change disinformation","public health"],"geography_discussed":["United States","New Zealand","Norway","Ukraine","Russia","Canada","France","Australia","Oxford"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["guide","case study","policy recommendation"]},{"id":"isdglo-000083","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000083","title":"DENY, DECEIVE, DELAY","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Deny-Deceive-Delay-Vol.-2.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a resurgence of outright climate denial and the rise of 'culture war' narratives used to delay climate action. It highlights systemic greenwashing by fossil fuel entities on Meta and the algorithmic amplification of the #ClimateScam hashtag on Twitter. The analysis reveals that climate misinformation is increasingly integrated into broader 'anti-woke' and conspiratorial communities, with a small number of high-influence actors driving a significant portion of the engagement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 1 September and 23 November 2022, fossil fuel-linked entities ran 3,781 active ads on Facebook and Instagram, spending approximately USD $3-4 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy Citizens, a PR and lobby group for the American Petroleum Institute, was the most prolific advertiser by volume, while America’s Plastic Makers spent roughly USD $1.1 million on climate-related campaigns.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"State-owned oil companies from Saudi Arabia, China, and Brazil used 'nature-rinsing' tactics on Meta to promote green credentials despite their governments' efforts to weaken fossil fuel phase-out ambitions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The hashtag #ClimateScam saw a sudden spike on Twitter in July 2022, accruing over 362,000 mentions from 91,000 unique users by December 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Twitter's recommendation algorithm actively suggested #ClimateScam as a top result for organic searches of 'climate' during COP27, despite the hashtag having lower volume and engagement than #ClimateCrisis or #ClimateEmergency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of high-engagement content shows that claims portraying climate actors as 'alarmist' received more likes than any other sub-claim, while claims that climate change is a 'hoax' or 'conspiracy' were more frequently shared.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Right-wing contrarians framed the COP27 'loss and damage' negotiations as unfair 'climate reparations' from the Global North to the developing world, often linking this to the UK cost of living crisis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate misinformation is increasingly shared by 'anti-woke' and COVID-sceptic communities; 22.27% of the COP27 misinformation network comprised COVID-sceptic figures, up from 12.35% in 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A small group of 12 key actors were identified as the most prolific amplifiers of the five monitored narratives, generating 343,862 shares in the four weeks surrounding COP27.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","greenwashing","Net-zero emissions","loss and damage","carbon capture and storage","electric vehicle","renewable energy","climate policy"],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Saudi Arabia","People's Republic of China","Brazil","Australia","Canada","United Arab Emirates"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","network mapping","narrative analysis","advertising audit"]},{"id":"isdglo-000095","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000095","title":"Czechia: Country Election Risk Assessment","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FRT-24_Czechia-Country-Election-Risk-Assessment-CERA_FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a complex threat landscape for the 2025 Czech elections, where foreign actors—primarily Russia and China—exploit domestic polarization and economic grievances. Key risks include the use of AI-generated deepfakes, the proliferation of pro-Kremlin Telegram networks, and narratives targeting the legitimacy of the new postal voting system. While Czechia's decentralized electoral infrastructure is considered resilient, the report highlights critical gaps in regulatory strength, specifically the delayed implementation of the EU Digital Services Act (DSA) and inadequate oversight of third-party campaign financing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000095#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The introduction of postal voting for citizens abroad in 2025 has become a primary target for FIMI, with 60% of surveyed respondents fearing it will lead to electoral fraud.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000095#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia remains the most active foreign actor, utilizing a network of Telegram channels (such as neČT24, Maršál Malinovskij, and Selský rozum) and the automated Pravda Network to disseminate pro-Kremlin propaganda.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000095#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Chinese influence operations are characterized as more discreet than Russia's, focusing on cultural diplomacy, economic leverage, and the use of CGTN Radio to manage narratives around human rights and the war in Ukraine.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000095#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Malign actors have deployed synthetic media to target high-level officials, including the use of deepfake audio and manipulated videos of President Petr Pavel to portray him as advocating war against Russia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000095#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Voice of Europe' platform, based in Prague, was exposed as a Russian-sponsored hub that bribed European politicians to amplify Kremlin talking points ahead of the 2024 EU Parliament elections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000095#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Czechia faces a significant regulatory gap due to the failure to transpose the EU Digital Services Act (DSA) into national law by the 2024 deadline, which limits the Czech Telecommunication Office's ability to address systemic risks on social media.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000095#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Campaign financing oversight is insufficient, with the Office for Economic Supervision of Political Parties lacking resources and issuing low fines, while third-party spending remains inadequately regulated.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000095#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Anti-Ukraine narratives are prevalent, often framing Ukrainian refugees as an economic and security burden; 60% of Czechs feel the country has accepted more refugees than it can manage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000095#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Czech electoral system's physical infrastructure is considered robust due to its decentralized nature, the use of paper ballots, and manual counting by citizen commissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000095#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","European Union Emission Trading Scheme 1"],"geography_discussed":["Russia","People's Republic of China","Ukraine","European Union","Slovakia","Romania","Poland","Germany","Prague"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["risk assessment","threat landscape analysis","behavioral analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000098","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000098","title":"Identifying Sock-Puppets on Wikipedia","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Identifying-Sock-Puppets-on-Wikipedia_A-Semantic-Clustering-Approach.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The research tested a semantic clustering technique to identify coordinated manipulation on Wikipedia, focusing on the Russo-Ukrainian war and 48 related pages. While the method did not consistently distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate editors globally, it successfully identified several dense clusters of sock-puppet accounts and coordinated IP-based editing. The study concludes that semantic clustering is a useful tool for grouping accounts with highly similar editing patterns, which can then be targeted for human-led investigation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000098#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The semantic clustering method identified 176 clusters of editors, but it did not consistently separate legitimate editors from those engaging in illegitimate activity, as clusters often reflected shared themes and topics rather than policy violations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000098#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The analysis identified six specific clusters of high interest containing dense groups of sock-puppet accounts or coordinated IP-range activity, where multiple accounts were linked to a single user.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000098#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cluster 1 contained ten editors, including five sock-puppets (three linked to one user), who focused on changing the description of Ukraine's location from Eastern to Central Europe in the 'Ukraine' article.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000098#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cluster 12 consisted of eight editors, including four sock-puppets linked to a single user, who engaged in an edit war over casualty details and personal information in the 'Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War' article.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000098#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cluster 78 included ten editors, eight of whom were blocked for reasons including vandalism and sock-puppetry, primarily fighting an edit war over whether to name the country 'Ukraine' or 'The Ukraine'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000098#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cluster 100 comprised nine editors, including four sock-puppets (two linked to one user), who focused on updating country statistics and military data in the 'Russia–Ukraine relations' and 'Armed Forces of Ukraine' articles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000098#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cluster 0 consisted of seven IP accounts from the same range, all blocked, which were used to repeatedly remove links to the 'Malaysia Airlines Flight 17' article from the 'Russia–Ukraine relations' page.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000098#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cluster 25 contained five editors, four of whom were IP accounts from a range blocked for disruptive editing and adding links to antisemitic and conspiracist content, focusing on Switzerland and Swiss banking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000098#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study highlights that automated analysis of Wikipedia is hindered by the unstructured nature of 'diffs' and the need for manual navigation of user pages and investigation archives to link sock-puppets to principal accounts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000098#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Russia","Switzerland","Croatia","Pakistan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["research paper"]},{"id":"isdglo-000099","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000099","title":"Information Warfare and Wikipedia","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Information-Warfare-and-Wikipedia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes how Wikipedia is targeted by information warfare, including undisclosed paid editing, state-sponsored infiltration, and the use of biased sources. Through a case study of the English-language page on the Russo-Ukrainian war, researchers identified patterns where blocked editors used state-affiliated domains and split their edit histories across multiple accounts to evade detection. The document also highlights the risk of 'community capture' in non-English Wikipedias and the psychological toll on volunteer editors fighting these campaigns.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000099#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Wikipedia faces several specific threats from coordinated actors, including undisclosed paid editing for 'reputation management', the use of 'sock-puppets' (multiple deceptive identities), and 'entryism', where states attempt to infiltrate the community of administrators to change policies from within.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000099#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-English Wikipedias are susceptible to 'community capture', where a lack of editor diversity allows a specific ethno-linguistic or national group to distort content. An example is the Croatian-language Wikipedia, where editors promoted a 'fascist worldview' and whitewashed crimes of the Nazi-allied Ustashe regime.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000099#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In a case study of the English-language Russo-Ukrainian war page, researchers found that bad actors may use a strategy of dividing edits on similar pages across different accounts to avoid scrutiny.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000099#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of 86 blocked editors on the Russo-Ukrainian war page revealed that 16 of 22 edits containing state-sponsored domains exhibited narratives consistent with Kremlin-sponsored information warfare, focusing on casting doubt on objectivity, altering historical narratives, and adding Kremlin press releases.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000099#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Wikimedia Foundation took significant action in September 2021 by banning seven editors and removing administrator powers from 12 others linked to a mainland China group attempting to promote 'the aims of China'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000099#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Volunteer editors who defend key pages from systematic manipulation face burnout and targeted harassment, including aggressive messages on talk pages, reputation tarnishing, and the leaking of personal information.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000099#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["Ukraine","People's Republic of China","Croatia","Russia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","literature review","expert interviews","network mapping"]},{"id":"isdglo-000104","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000104","title":"Disinformation Starter Kit","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/isd_101.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 'Disinformation Starter Kit' by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) is a practical toolkit designed for civil society groups to track online disinformation. It outlines a four-stage process: preparation (defining strategy), data collection (using keywords and actor lists), spotting false information (refining recall and precision), and spotting false behaviour (identifying platform manipulation). The guide emphasizes that while automated tools can assist, analysts should rely on impressionistic appraisal of profiles, posts, and points of view to identify 'inorganic' behaviour. It also provides a directory of open-source tools for investigating domain ownership and website content, while cautioning against the undue amplification of disinformation during reporting.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000104#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Effective disinformation tracking begins with a strategy document that defines the issue area, vulnerable narratives, forms of disinformation, and likely origins and targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000104#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Data collection can be achieved through various means, ranging from high-barrier platform APIs and academic partnerships to low-barrier subscription tools, free analytics tools, and on-platform search functions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000104#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysts must balance 'recall' (how much existing disinformation is collected) and 'precision' (how much of the collected data is actually disinformation), using iterative probability sampling and keyword refinement to improve both.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000104#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"When reporting on disinformation, researchers should avoid 'undue amplification' to prevent inadvertently helping disinformation agents achieve their goal of gaining coverage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000104#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Platform manipulation, or 'false behaviour', is difficult to prove definitively; analysts should look for a combination of indicators across an account's profile, posting patterns, and point of view to suggest 'inorganic' activity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000104#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document distinguishes between disinformation (deliberately false information created to harm), misinformation (false information spread unintentionally), and malinformation (factual information released to discredit or harm).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000104#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["France"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodological guide","toolkit"]}]}