{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["Institute for Strategic Dialogue"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":166,"relation":"eq"},"page":7,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=institute-for-strategic-dialogue&page=7","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=institute-for-strategic-dialogue&page=8","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"isdglo-000082","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000082","title":"Transparenz, Datenzugang und „Online Harms“","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"de","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/DE-DPL-Begleitpapiere-12Apr.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that transparency is a prerequisite for public trust and democratic accountability in the digital sphere. It critiques current corporate transparency reports as insufficient, citing evidence that platforms like Facebook often underreport the scale of coordinated inauthentic activity. The report details a shift from 'notice-and-takedown' content regulation toward 'systemic' approaches, such as 'Safety by Design,' which require platforms to mitigate risks through their architecture and algorithms. It provides a detailed analysis of the EU's Digital Services Act (DSA) and the UK's Online Safety Bill (OSB), highlighting their tiered obligations based on platform size and the introduction of independent audits. Finally, it presents five theoretical models of internet governance—Corporate, Autocratic, Libertarian, Machine, and EU/Liberal-Democratic—to illustrate the geopolitical struggle over the future of digital sovereignty and human rights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000082#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Current transparency reports from technology companies are insufficient for understanding the true scale of harmful content; for example, ISD research found that Facebook's released data only represents a fraction of actual coordinated inauthentic activity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000082#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Recommendation algorithms can actively fuel polarization and extremism; an internal 2016 Facebook report indicated that 64% of users who joined extremist groups did so because the platform's algorithm recommended them.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000082#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EU Digital Services Act (DSA) introduces a tiered system of obligations, with 'Very Large Online Platforms' (VLOPs)—those with over 45 million monthly active users in the EU—subject to the strictest systemic risk management and auditing requirements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000082#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UK's proposed Online Safety Bill shifts toward a statutory 'duty of care,' requiring companies to prevent users from experiencing 'significant physical or psychological harm,' including 'legal but harmful' content for adults in certain categories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000082#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical tension between 'content-based' regulation (Notice-and-Takedown), which risks 'overblocking' of legal speech, and 'systemic' regulation, which focuses on 'Safety by Design' and the internal processes of platforms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000082#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies four primary forces shaping the future of the internet: States, Corporations, Individuals, and Machines (AI and 'trustless' technology like blockchain).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000082#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Autocratic Internet' model, exemplified by China, uses platform technology as an extension of state power for surveillance and social control, often banning end-to-end encryption and VPNs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000082#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Libertarian Internet' model, associated with some US political visions, prioritizes a market free from regulation where freedom of speech is interpreted as freedom from state interference.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000082#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Machine Internet' represents a future where code becomes law and AI-driven decision-making replaces human governance, potentially operating beyond the reach of states or corporations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000082#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EU's 'Digital Services Act' aims to set a global standard for online intermediaries by requiring transparency in advertising, algorithmic recommendation systems, and the establishment of internal complaint-handling systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000082#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","blockchain"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","France","Canada","Myanmar"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","comparative study","theoretical framework"]},{"id":"isdglo-000084","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000084","title":"Deutschland und der angebliche Klimalockdown","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"de","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Deutschland-und-der-angebliche-Klimalockdown.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details the transition from the term 'climate dictatorship' to 'climate lockdown' in German social media, identifying key political triggers and the role of platforms like Telegram in fusing climate skepticism with broader conspiracy theories such as the Great Reset.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000084#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between January 2020 and November 2021, there was a observable shift in right-wing discourse from using the term 'climate dictatorship' (Klimadiktatur) to 'climate lockdown' (Klimalockdown). The latter is considered to have higher mobilization potential because it evokes recent negative experiences from the pandemic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000084#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'climate lockdown' narrative gained significant traction following two specific events in 2021: a Federal Constitutional Court ruling in April that found the Climate Protection Act insufficient, and a subsequent statement by Saxon Minister President Michael Kretschmer in May stating that no one wanted a 'climate lockdown'. Both events were instrumentalized by AfD politicians and conspiracy theorists to claim that restrictions on fundamental rights were imminent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000084#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"On Telegram, the 'climate lockdown' narrative was frequently merged with the 'Great Reset' conspiracy theory, which posits that a global elite initiated the pandemic to reshape society. In this context, climate lockdowns were depicted as a 'filler' to maintain restrictions once COVID-19 infection rates declined.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000084#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The narrative was propagated by a variety of actors, including AfD politicians (such as Jörg Meuthen and Alexander Gauland), right-wing influencers, and state-funded media like RT Deutsch. Additionally, some commercial entities used the fear of climate lockdowns to market precious metals as a form of crisis protection.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000084#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report concludes that the use of pandemic-related vocabulary as a political weapon is part of a broader effort by right-wing and extremist actors to undermine trust in democratic institutions, driven by a fundamental distrust of government rather than specific policy details.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000084#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate policy","climate change disinformation","climate justice"],"geography_discussed":["World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","narrative analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000085","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000085","title":"Disinformation Overdose","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Disinformation-Overdose3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes over 400,000 social media posts to identify how vaccine disinformation in Germany is spread through interconnected networks of right-wing extremists, conspiracy theorists, and proponents of alternative medicine. It identifies six primary narratives used to undermine trust in vaccines and health institutions, noting a significant increase in followers on platforms like Telegram and Instagram. The study highlights the transition of online disinformation into offline violence and protests, while recommending the involvement of general practitioners as trusted messengers to counter these trends.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Vaccine disinformation channels experienced significant growth between April 2020 and April 2021, with Facebook page followers increasing by 21.2%, Facebook group members by 28.5%, and Instagram followers by 189%. Telegram audiences grew by up to 471%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies six primary narratives used to undermine vaccine trust: 'vaccine deaths' (the most frequent at nearly 16% of posts), conspiracy theories (12.16%), 'mandatory vaccination' (10.45%), discrediting of experts (9.34%), AstraZeneca-specific concerns (9.26%), and 'vaccine damage' (8.20%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a high degree of networking and 'mutual entryism' between diverse groups, including right-wing extremists, QAnon followers, esoteric thinkers, and proponents of alternative medicine, who use the pandemic to recruit followers and spread anti-democratic worldviews.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Online disinformation has manifested in real-world violence and aggression, including an arson attack on the Robert Koch Institute in October 2020 and violent clashes at protests in cities such as Kassel, Stuttgart, and Dresden.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'mandatory vaccination' narrative often employs comparisons to National Socialism and the GDR regime to frame the government as a 'coronavirus dictatorship' or 'DDR 2.0'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Expert interviews suggest that general practitioners (GPs) are the most effective messengers for countering vaccine scepticism due to their established personal relationships of trust with patients, contrasting with the anonymity of large vaccination centres.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report notes a 'prevention paradox' where the success of vaccines leads to a lack of understanding of their necessity among the general population, making them more susceptible to disinformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mainstream media outlets sometimes inadvertently amplify disinformation through misleading headlines or by creating a 'false balance' that gives disproportionate space to a small minority of dissenting voices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Austria","Switzerland","Kassel","Stuttgart","Dresden","Berlin"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","ethnographic analysis","expert interviews"]},{"id":"isdglo-000090","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000090","title":"Digital Policy Lab '20 Companion Papers","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/EN-DPL-Companion_Papers-12Apr.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document provides a comprehensive analysis of the shift from content-based 'notice-and-takedown' regulation to systemic 'safety-by-design' approaches. It evaluates the EU's Digital Services Act (DSA) and the UK's Online Safety Bill, emphasizing the need for transparency, data access for researchers, and a balance between state, corporate, and individual power to protect liberal democratic values in the digital sphere.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000090#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Current transparency reports from tech companies are insufficient for a holistic understanding of online harms, as they often provide only a partial story and fail to reveal the true scale of deceptive activity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000090#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Internal evidence from platforms suggests that recommendation algorithms can actively drive users toward extremist content; for example, a 2016 internal Facebook report indicated that 64% of people who joined an extremist group did so because the algorithm recommended it.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000090#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EU's Digital Services Act (DSA) introduces a tiered system of due diligence, with the most stringent 'supervised risk management' obligations applied to Very Large Online Platforms (VLOPs), defined as those with more than 45 million average monthly active recipients in the EU.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000090#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UK's proposed Online Safety Bill centers on a statutory 'duty of care' enforced by Ofcom, requiring companies to take reasonable steps to reduce the risk of content that causes 'significant physical or psychological harm to individuals'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000090#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical tension between 'content-based' regulation, which risks 'overblocking' to avoid fines, and 'systemic' regulation, which focuses on the design of policies and processes to prevent harm proactively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000090#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document identifies five competing models for the future of the internet: the Corporate (Silicon Valley) model, the Autocratic (Beijing) model, the Libertarian model, the Machine (AI-governed) model, and the EU (Liberal Democratic) model.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000090#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Germany's Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG) requires platforms with over 2 million users to remove 'manifestly illegal' content within 24 hours or face fines up to €50 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000090#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Machine Internet' model represents a shift where AI and trustless technologies like blockchain and encryption automate decision-making, potentially operating outside of state or corporate oversight.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000090#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","blockchain"],"geography_discussed":["Germany","France","People's Republic of China","United States","Australia","Canada","Austria","Ireland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","comparative study","regulatory assessment"]},{"id":"isdglo-000091","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000091","title":"Gen-Z & The Digital Salafi Ecosystem: Executive Summary","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Executive-summary.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a rapidly growing, cross-platform Salafi ecosystem targeting Gen-Z, characterized by a shift from traditional long-form sermons to gamified and memetic content. It highlights the emergence of 'Islamogram' and the 'akh-right' subculture, which adopts alt-right aesthetics and tactics to wage a digital insurgency against liberal Muslims and democratic values. While much content remains focused on general religious guidance, the research identifies significant 'toxicity'—including sectarianism and misogyny—and notes a concerning convergence between Salafi and far-right online behaviors. The authors argue that traditional classifications of Salafism (quietist, politico, jihadist) are insufficient for this hybrid environment and recommend a move away from purely securitised responses toward a more nuanced, data-driven approach that addresses both the supply of charismatic influencers and the demand driven by legitimate socio-political grievances.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000091#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The online Salafi ecosystem is expanding rapidly across multiple platforms, with cumulative cross-platform followings reaching 117 million for Arabic accounts and 109 million for English accounts. Posting activity between October 2019 and July 2021 increased by 112% in Arabic and 110% in English communities, while German Salafi activity grew by 77%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000091#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A new 'alt-Salafi' threat called 'Islamogram' has emerged, consisting of over 160,000 members who blend Salafi ideas with alt-right memes and gaming subcultures. This 'akh-right' subculture uses a memetic toolbox—including 'shitposting' and 'brigading'—to target progressive Muslims, LGBTQ+ rights, and democracy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000091#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The nature of Salafi content varies by language and platform; while two-thirds of material is anodyne religious guidance, 'toxicity' is prevalent. English and German communities more frequently target non-Muslims (Jews and Christians), whereas Arabic-speaking communities focus on Muslim out-groups like Shia and Sufis. Telegram is identified as the platform with the highest proportion of toxic posts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000091#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gen-Z Salafi communities exhibit an ambivalent relationship with violent extremism; they generally oppose ISIS, viewing them as 'khawarij', but express support for groups like Hamas and the Syria-based Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham. Some accounts have also supported the Taliban, referring to them as the 'Chadliban'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000091#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Traditional classifications of Salafism—quietist, politico, and jihadist—are deemed insufficient for understanding the hybridised, elastic nature of the digital ecosystem. The report argues that the threat extends beyond violent extremism to include polarisation, disinformation, and weaponised hate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000091#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The appeal of digital Salafism to Gen-Z is driven by both 'supply' and 'demand' factors. Demand is fueled by legitimate grievances, such as the 'Global War on Terror' and the persecution of Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang, while supply is driven by charismatic influencers and the use of 'based' countercultural aesthetics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000091#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Europe","North America","Germany","United States","People's Republic of China","Xinjiang","Syria","Afghanistan","Saudi Arabia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"isdglo-000097","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000097","title":"Hatescape: An In-Depth Analysis of Extremism and Hate Speech on TikTok","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/HateScape_v5.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) analyzed 1,030 TikTok videos to assess the state of hate and extremism on the platform. The research found significant amounts of content promoting white supremacy, glorifying terrorists and fascists, and denying genocides. The report highlights a substantial 'enforcement gap,' noting that 81.5% of the sampled hateful videos remained live during the study. It further details how TikTok's creative tools—such as Duets, Stitches, and specific 'Sounds'—are repurposed to spread hate, and how users employ evasion tactics like 'respawned' accounts and alternative hashtag spellings to bypass bans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000097#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"White supremacy was the most prevalent category of hate in the sample, with 312 videos (30%) promoting ideologies such as the 'Great Replacement' and 'white genocide' conspiracy theories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000097#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant portion of the sample glorified extremist or terrorist figures; 246 videos (24%) featured the praise or promotion of individuals and groups including Adolf Hitler, ISIS, and Brenton Tarrant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000097#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Terrorist propaganda is discoverable on the platform, including 30 videos supporting Brenton Tarrant (some containing his original footage) and 8 videos originally released by ISIS, including drone footage of car bomb attacks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000097#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"TikTok's creative features are actively used to spread hate: 27% of the sample used specific Sounds and 17% utilized Duet/Stitch functions or video effects to promote extremist content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000097#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a notable enforcement gap in content moderation, as 81.5% of the sampled hateful and extremist videos remained live at the time of writing, while only 18.5% were removed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000097#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Extremist creators use their profiles to signal ideologies, with 33% of analyzed accounts featuring references to hate or extremism in usernames, images, or biographies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000097#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Users employ various evasion tactics to bypass bans, including creating 'respawned' accounts with slightly altered usernames (e.g., adding 'v' and a number), restricting comments to avoid reports, and using alternative hashtag spellings.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000097#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The research identified a trend of using 'vaporwave-inspired' retro and vintage filters to evoke nostalgia for a perceived 'purer' past with less diversity, often accompanying far-right narratives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000097#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"COVID-19 misinformation and conspiracies were used to target and threaten public health officials, including calls for the execution of Dr. Anthony Fauci and Bill Gates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000097#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United States","Hungary","New Zealand","Canada","Bosnia and Herzegovina"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["content analysis","platform analysis","moderation audit"]},{"id":"isdglo-000106","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000106","title":"Kalter Wind von Rechts: Wie rechte Parteien und Akteur:innen die Klimakrise zu ihren Gunsten missbrauchen","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"de","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/ISD_Analyse_Kalter-Wind-Klimadebatte-2021.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes how right-wing actors, particularly the AfD, instrumentalized the climate debate during the 2021 German federal election. It finds that while the AfD published the lowest percentage of climate-related content, its posts achieved significantly higher engagement than those of other parties. The study identifies a shift from outright climate denial toward a 'culture war' strategy, using disinformation narratives such as 'denial and delay' and 'absolution' to frame climate action as a threat to the German lifestyle. The analysis also highlights a stark platform divide, with Twitter predominantly hosting pro-climate messages and Facebook serving as a hub for climate-skeptical content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000106#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The AfD significantly outperformed other parties in terms of engagement for climate-related content, with its climate posts receiving 40% to 237% more shares than its average posts on other topics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000106#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Right-wing actors have shifted their strategy from denying the existence of climate change to framing climate protection as a 'culture war' and a threat to the lifestyle of voters, often labeling activists as 'climate terrorists'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000106#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Two primary disinformation narratives were identified: 'Denial and Delay', which downplays the danger of climate change, and 'Absolution', which argues that Germany should not act because other countries are more responsible for global CO2 emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000106#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a distinct divergence in the climate debate across social media platforms: Twitter is dominated by messages supporting climate protection, while Facebook is primarily used to share content that views climate measures negatively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000106#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Right-wing actors frequently instrumentalize sensationalist headlines from established media outlets to lend credibility to disinformation and misleading claims without addressing the actual facts of the articles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000106#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","climate policy","renewable energy","fossil fuel","Emissions trading"],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Poland","People's Republic of China","India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","qualitative analysis","quantitative analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000109","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000109","title":"An Online Environmental Scan of Right-wing Extremism in Canada","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ISDs-An-Online-Environmental-Scan-of-Right-wing-Extremism-in-Canada.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a resilient and multifaceted online ecosystem for Canadian right-wing extremists (RWEs), noting that while mainstream platform enforcement (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube) removes some content, new channels quickly emerge. The COVID-19 pandemic acted as a significant driver of activity, with 38.8% of coded messages relating to the pandemic, often focusing on conspiracy theories and anti-government sentiment. Canadian RWEs exhibit a strong internationalist outlook, mentioning the US more than Canada. While overt hate speech is a small proportion of total activity on mainstream sites, fringe platforms like 4chan and Telegram host more explicit racism, neo-Nazi imagery, and accelerationist content, including instructional material for violence. The report recommends government regulation of platforms, algorithmic auditing, and international coordination on RWE designations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Canadian RWE activity on social media showed growth in 2020 compared to 2019 on several platforms, with content production increasing by 66.5% on 4chan and 8.2% on Facebook.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic was the primary driver of conversation among Canadian RWEs in 2020, accounting for 38.8% of all messages that could be categorized by topic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Canadian RWEs demonstrate a strong transnational orientation, mentioning the United States nearly twice as often as they mention Canada.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mainstream platform enforcement has a limited long-term effect; while many 2019 accounts were removed, new channels emerged, leaving the total ecosystem size on Facebook and YouTube relatively consistent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fringe platforms like 4chan and Telegram host significantly more explicit and violent content than mainstream platforms, including neo-Nazi imagery and accelerationist guides on guerrilla tactics and 3D printed firearms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Canadian RWEs act as hubs for disinformation, exemplified by a 4chan-seeded campaign using a fake CBC article to claim Prime Minister Justin Trudeau promised military intervention in the US.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ethnonationalism is the most common ideological subcategory of RWE operating across the analyzed platforms, as these groups are often more effective at avoiding terms-of-service breaches through euphemistic language.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Incel communities in Canada glorify mass murderers such as Alek Minassian and Marc Lépine, viewing them as heroes or 'saints' within the movement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Geographic analysis of mentions shows that while Ontario is the most mentioned province, Alberta is a disproportionate outlier due to discussions regarding the 'Wexit' movement and Albertan independence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United States","Ontario","Alberta","Quebec","British Columbia","People's Republic of China","United Kingdom","France","Germany","Israel","Toronto","Red Deer"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["environmental scan","social media analysis","network analysis","qualitative analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000112","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000112","title":"Layers of Lies: A First Look at Irish Far-Right Activity on Telegram","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Layers-of-Lies.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines 34 Irish far-right Telegram channels, revealing a massive increase in activity between 2019 and 2020. It details how these communities use the platform's limited moderation to target minorities, LGBTQ+ individuals, and political opponents through orchestrated disinformation campaigns. Case studies show the far-right's role in inciting racial tension following the shooting of George Nkencho, spreading false claims about a house fire in Balbriggan, and launching a homophobic smear campaign against Minister Roderic O'Gorman. The analysis also highlights a significant intersection between far-right actors and COVID-19 conspiracy networks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000112#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There was a massive surge in Irish far-right activity on Telegram between 2019 and 2020, with the number of messages increasing by 7,438%. In 2019, a small number of channels posted 801 messages, whereas 34 channels posted 60,377 messages in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000112#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Far-right Telegram channels in Ireland orchestrate disinformation campaigns to incite racial and social tension. Following the shooting of George Nkencho, channels provided specific instructions to followers to 'make memes, dig up stats, turn on your VPN and get trolling' and to use racial slurs like 'joggers' to provoke Black people on other social media platforms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000112#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Irish far-right uses Telegram to launch targeted harassment and homophobic smear campaigns. A campaign against Minister Roderic O'Gorman used the platform to amplify baseless claims that he was a 'paedophile apologist', which then served as an entry point for wider attacks against the LGBTQ+ community in Ireland.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000112#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Far-right actors use Telegram to spread racist tropes and disinformation about specific locations. In Balbriggan, channels promoted the false claim that a house fire was caused by 'African drug gangs', leveraging a pre-existing narrative that synonymises Blackness with criminality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000112#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant intersection between far-right movements and COVID-19 conspiracy networks in Ireland. Analysis of nine COVID-19 conspiracy channels found that 9% of all messages originated from a far-right source, with some individual far-right activists exerting high influence across the entire network.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000112#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Hostility toward mainstream media and researchers is a core tactic of the Irish far-right. During anti-mask protests and the Nkencho incident, channels used Telegram to label news reports as 'blatant lies' and spread conspiracy theories that researchers from the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) were funded by MI5.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000112#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["Dublin","Balbriggan","Galway","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["digital analysis","case study","network analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000123","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000123","title":"Analysing New Zealand Online Extremism","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/NZ-methodology-paper.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines a two-pronged research architecture designed to analyze New Zealand-specific online extremism and international extremist activity targeting New Zealand. It defines extremism based on 'social identity' and the pursuit of in-group supremacy, focusing on far-right, far-left, and Islamist ideologies. The methodology employs a combination of qualitative ethnographic research, API-based data collection, and Natural Language Processing (NLP) for thematic classification. The authors emphasize a strict ethical framework prioritizing anonymity, the use of public data only, and the production of aggregated outputs to balance individual privacy with public safety.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000123#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The research defines extremism as the active pursuit of systemic political and societal change based on an ideology claiming the supremacy of one 'in-group' over 'out-groups' and the dehumanization of those out-groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000123#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Consultations and ethnographic research identified three primary extremist ideologies with an established presence in New Zealand: far-right, far-left, and Islamist. While misogynistic narratives were present, the researchers did not find cohesive New Zealand online communities for phenomena such as Incel movements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000123#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study utilized two distinct data pipelines: a 'New Zealand pipeline' to measure activity from domestic extremists and an 'international collection' to measure activity about New Zealand from extremists globally.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000123#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For the New Zealand pipeline, the researchers developed an automated thematic classification system using NLP to categorize content into six themes: the economy, the environment, health, politics, race, and religion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000123#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The performance of the NLP classifiers varied by theme, with 'Religion' achieving the highest F-score (81.6%) and 'Race' the lowest (65.6%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000123#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The international pipeline processed over 26 million records, including 16 million from 4Chan's /pol/ board, using a geo-parsing architecture (incorporating the CLIFF tool and GeoNames database) to identify mentions of New Zealand locations with 96% precision.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000123#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The research adhered to a strict ethical framework that prohibited the study of non-public spaces, such as password-protected areas or private Facebook groups, and ensured all outputs were aggregated and anonymous.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000123#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project was explicitly designed as a research effort to identify broad trends rather than a law enforcement investigation, though a referral process was established for credible, immediate threats to life or safety.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000123#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodological","ethical"]},{"id":"isdglo-000158","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000158","title":"The networks and narratives of anti-refugee disinformation in Europe","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/The-networks-and-narratives-of-anti-migrant-discourse-in-Europe.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a network of nearly 5,000 social media accounts producing over 280,000 messages in 2020 to spread anti-refugee disinformation. It highlights how key events, such as the Evros border crisis and the Moria camp fires, served as flashpoints for transnational mobilisation. The research demonstrates a significant overlap between mainstream political parties—such as the AfD in Germany and New Democracy in Greece—and far-right extremist ecosystems. Common narratives include the 'Great Replacement' conspiracy, the depiction of refugees as 'invaders' or 'soldiers', and the targeting of NGOs with claims of criminal complicity in human smuggling. The report concludes that anti-migrant discourse is increasingly transnational and integrated into broader geopolitical tensions, such as Greek-Turkish relations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000158#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The study identified a network of 4,937 social media channels across Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, and Instagram that produced 280,627 posts in 2020. This included 1,117 Greek channels (99,013 messages), 950 German channels (54,342 messages), and 2,870 English channels (127,284 messages).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000158#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Far-right extremism is highly transnational, with 60% of the analysed sub-groups containing far-right elements. The refugee crisis activated networks not only in Europe but also in Canada, Australia, and the United States.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000158#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a documented overlap between mainstream political actors and far-right extremists. In Germany, 41% of the German language network showed interconnection between channels associated with the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) and far-right extremist channels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000158#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Elected officials have amplified anti-refugee disinformation. In Greece, comments by New Democracy government spokesperson Stelios Petsas regarding refugee deaths at the border were widely shared. In Germany, AfD Bundestag member Johannes Huber described refugees as 'oriental invaders'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000158#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific events acted as catalysts for spikes in activity: the Evros border incident in March 2020 and the Moria refugee camp fires in September 2020. German language activity surged by 115% during the Evros crisis, while Greek language activity surged by 75% around the Moria fires.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000158#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NGOs are frequent targets of disinformation, often accused of being part of conspiracies to 'Islamise' Europe or replace native populations. Specific claims in Greece and Germany suggested NGOs were involved in smuggling drugs and people.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000158#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Anti-refugee narratives are often merged with broader geopolitical tensions. In Greece, refugees are depicted as a 'weapon' of the Turkish state, with claims that Turkey inserts 'saboteurs and jihadists' into refugee flows to destabilise the country.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000158#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transnational mobilisation is evidenced by activists travelling across borders to produce content. German activist Rebecca Sommer travelled to Lesvos to document the Moria fires, producing content that stoked anti-NGO sentiment in both Germany and Greece.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000158#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","climate change disinformation","human rights","climate migration"],"geography_discussed":["Evros Prefecture","Lesbos","Turkey","United Kingdom","Canada","Australia","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["network analysis","qualitative content analysis","case study"]},{"id":"isdglo-000162","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000162","title":"Together for Safety","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Together_for_Safety.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The report 'Together for Safety 21 Ways Forward' outlines strategies for urban leaders to combat extremism and polarisation, exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic. It identifies trends such as the 'gamification of extremism' and the use of conspiracy theories by right-wing and jihadist groups to target minorities and youth. The document provides 21 guiding principles across four themes: preventing extremism post-pandemic, countering online hate, securing public spaces, and empowering youth. Key recommendations include adopting evidence-based 'hot spot mapping', investing in youth-led organisations, and strengthening mental health initiatives to build community resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000162#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Covid-19 pandemic altered the landscape of violent extremism, with jihadist groups using narratives to frame the virus as \"a punishment for infidels\" and calling for attacks on critical infrastructure like hospitals. Simultaneously, right-wing extremists have used conspiracy theories to blame Jewish and Muslim communities for the virus and promote the idea of a \"White Genocide\" or \"The Great Replacement.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000162#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Extremist groups are increasingly using 'gamification' to recruit youth by infiltrating gaming platforms such as Discord and social media. In the US, some groups have framed real-world attacks as a way for players to earn 'points'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000162#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Extremist movements, including both jihadist and right-wing groups, attempt to 'fill the void' of state services by acting as community organisers and service providers to gain support in unstable areas or among those suffering economically from the pandemic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000162#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To counter online harms, the report recommends that cities develop technological capabilities to monitor the local online landscape and establish broad coalitions between private companies, governments, and educators to identify threats.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000162#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Urban safety requires integrated, evidence-based policies rather than purely securitised approaches. This includes using 'hot spot mapping', social media analytics, and vulnerability assessments to manage protests and protect public spaces from terror attacks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000162#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Youth should be treated as partners and leaders rather than just targets of prevention. The report highlights the effectiveness of using sports (e.g., football in Denmark and Kenya) and drama/storytelling (e.g., street theatre in Kenya and tours in Pakistan) to build resilience and challenge prejudice.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000162#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Stockholm","Sweden","Zamboanga","Philippines","London","United Kingdom","Mombasa","Kenya","Louisville","United States","Malmö","Helsinki","Finland","Berlin","Germany","Dhaka","Bangladesh","Kristiansand","Norway","Oslo","Sarpsborg","Somalia","Cair","North Macedonia","Denmark","Kwale","Islamabad","Pakistan","Gostivar"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"isdglo-000156","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000156","title":"THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN AUSTRALIA’S POLITICAL FRINGES ON THE RIGHT AND LEFT","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2020-11","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-Interplay-Between-Australia_final-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyses the Facebook activity of 43 far-right and 31 far-left pages, and 9 public groups in Australia during the first seven months of 2020. It finds that while both sides use 'us versus them' narratives, opposition to the far-right is more central to far-left identity than vice versa. The COVID-19 pandemic and the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement served as primary catalysts for activity, with the far-right weaponising the pandemic to promote anti-China and xenophobic narratives, while the far-left focused on labour rights and police violence. The study notes that far-right groups were more likely to promote violence against the left than the far-left was against the right.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Opposition to the far-right is more central to the identity and online activity of the far-left than opposition to the far-left is to the far-right. Discussion about the far-right accounted for 17% of far-left page output, whereas discussion about the far-left made up only 7% of far-right output.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic was a primary driver of activity for both groups, but with opposing ideological focuses: the far-right used the virus to promote hostility toward China and support border closures, while the far-left focused on the pandemic's impact on the economy and workers' rights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement triggered a sharp increase in antagonistic online mobilisation in June 2020. Far-right groups attempted to discredit the movement as violent, while far-left groups used it to highlight police brutality against minorities in Australia and internationally.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Far-right narratives regarding the far-left often employ interchangeable labels such as 'communist', 'socialist', 'Marxist', or 'Antifa' as generic descriptors for any political opponent. These groups also portray mainstream media and institutions like universities as complicit in 'Marxist indoctrination'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Far-right groups demonstrated a higher propensity to promote violence against their political opponents compared to far-left groups. Analysis identified numerous calls for violence in far-right comment sections, including threats to 'shoot first' or 'burn' individuals, while calls for violence from the far-left were described as 'very rare'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A small number of highly active pages and groups drive the majority of the reciprocal antagonistic content. For example, one single group was responsible for 67% of all far-right group posts concerning the far-left.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United States","People's Republic of China","London","Melbourne","Footscray"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","topic modelling","qualitative content analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000134","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000134","title":"Political Monopoly","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2020-07-31","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Political-Monopoly-briefing-20200731.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing argues that contemporary national populists in Europe employ a systematic strategy to capture the state by eroding liberal norms, dominating the information space, and subordinating the judiciary and civil service. By treating the government as a 'contractor' for a national majority, these movements justify the removal of institutional restraints to concentrate power in the executive. The author details a multi-stage assault involving 'trolling', 'building' parallel infrastructures, and 'automating' disinformation to create a facade of democracy while maintaining an effective monopoly on power.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000134#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"National populists employ a 'national majoritarian' ideology that views the government as a supplier hired by the national majority, which justifies the removal of institutional checks to ensure the majority's will is implemented without restraint.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000134#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The assault on liberal democracy occurs in three broad phases: first gaining power over information, then over institutions, and finally over the means of coercion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000134#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'information war' consists of three stages: 'troll' (expanding the bounds of acceptable debate with extreme positions), 'build' (creating parallel media and think tanks), and 'automate' (using social media to spread fake content and exaggerate support).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000134#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"National populists 'capture' media by converting public service broadcasting into government propaganda and using sympathetic businesspeople to buy private outlets, thereby tilting the market against independent news.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000134#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Hungary, the government has systematically restructured the state, including amending the constitution to lower the retirement age of judges and creating the 'Central European [MEDIA] Foundation' (KESMA) to consolidate media ownership.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000134#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Poland's Law and Justice government has attacked judicial independence by purging the judiciary and refusing to publish Constitutional Tribunal rulings that declared government measures unconstitutional.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000134#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Italian government under the Lega/5-Star coalition targeted independent media and public broadcasting, including the shutdown of Radio Radicale and the cancellation of the TV programme 'Che tempo che fa'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000134#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"National populists politicise the administrative state by reducing civil service independence, such as through the taxation of severance pay in Hungary or attempts to remove employment protections in the US.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000134#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electoral processes are manipulated to ensure the survival of the political monopoly, with Hungary showing advanced levels of fraud, including the use of 'phantom voters' and the registration of fake parties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000134#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The author proposes a 'political antitrust' research framework to measure the concentration of power and identify how dominant parties abuse their position to stifle political competition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000134#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Hungary","Poland","Italy","Spain","United States","Turkey","Germany","Austria","Brazil","Switzerland","France"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["political analysis","institutional analysis","media analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000159","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000159","title":"The Propaganda Pipeline: The ISIS Fuouaris Upload Network on Facebook","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-07-13","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/The-Propaganda-Pipeline-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report provides a case study of the Fuouaris Upload network, a pro-ISIS ecosystem on Facebook that used account hijacking, content masking, and coordinated 'raids' to spread propaganda. Between April 7 and July 3, 2020, researchers tracked 288 accounts, finding that a core group of 90 was controlled by a single user, Luqmen Ben Tachafin. The network expanded to SoundCloud and utilized multilingual communities (including Indonesian, Somali, and Albanian) to bypass moderation. The report highlights the use of COVID-19 narratives to celebrate death tolls and the exploitation of virtual phone number apps to hijack accounts, arguing that Facebook's reliance on AI and hashing is insufficient without 'street level' understanding of extremist tactics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000159#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between April 7 and July 3, 2020, ISD tracked 288 pro-ISIS accounts, with a core of 90 accounts controlled by one individual named Luqmen Ben Tachafin. By May 21, this network had shared 50 videos that garnered over 34,000 views.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000159#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The network employed 'content masking' to bypass Facebook's automated hashing technology, such as adding non-extremist introductions (e.g., Quranic recitals or mainstream documentary clips) and overlaying symbols to hide official ISIS logos.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000159#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"ISIS supporters used virtual phone number applications from the US and Canada to hijack existing Facebook accounts by intercepting password reset text messages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000159#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The network coordinated 'raids' on high-profile Facebook pages, including the US Department of Defence, the US Army, and the US Air Force Academy, flooding comment sections with terrorist imagery and threats.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000159#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The network exploited the COVID-19 pandemic by creating pages that celebrated the virus as a 'soldier of God' and highlighted death tolls in countries part of the Global Coalition against Daesh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000159#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Multilingual communities in Indonesian, Somali, Ethiopian, and Albanian languages were found to be less heavily moderated than Arabic accounts, with some sharing explicit bomb-making tutorials.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000159#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The network operated across multiple platforms, using Facebook to signpost users to ISIS content on SoundCloud, Telegram, WhatsApp, and standalone websites like 'The Punishment'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000159#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the removal of 70 percent of the Fuouaris Upload accounts during the monitoring period, the network showed resilience through the use of 'placeholder' and 'war spoils' (hijacked) accounts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000159#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United States","Lebanon","Egypt","Syria","Yemen","Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","digital analysis","ethnographic monitoring"]},{"id":"isdglo-000054","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000054","title":"A Safe Space to Hate","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2020-06-26","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/A-Safe-Space-to-Hate.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyses a network of 208 Telegram channels, finding that the platform's limited content moderation makes it a 'safe space' for white supremacists to share pro-terrorist content, tactical guides for violence, and anti-minority hate speech. It highlights a shift toward a 'post-organisational' model of extremism where online networks replace formal group affiliations. The analysis reveals high interconnectivity between channels, the use of 'boogaloo' civil war narratives, and the glorification of lone-actor terrorists.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000054#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"ISD identified 208 Telegram channels used by white supremacists, with membership ranging from 67 to 11,578 and an average of 1,773 members. These channels range from non-violent racist discussions to the glorification of terrorism and direct calls for violent attacks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000054#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The white supremacist ecosystem on Telegram is densely interconnected; 205 of the 208 identified channels link to one another, and 21.2% of content is forwarded from other groups. Non-violent racist channels often serve as gateways to more extreme communities that explicitly promote violence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000054#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant portion of the monitored network explicitly supports terrorism; 125 channels (60.1%) contained support for terrorists or terrorist organisations, including the glorification of attacks and calls for violence against minorities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000054#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a 'post-organisational paradigm' of extreme right-wing terrorism, where individuals commit attacks based on connections to loose online networks and extremist culture rather than formal affiliation with proscribed terrorist groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000054#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Telegram is used to distribute tactical material for violent mobilisation, including bomb-making instructions, combat tips, and advice on maintaining firearms. ISD identified 7 specific tactical groups serving as hubs for this material.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000054#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Hate speech is pervasive, with 183 channels (87.9%) containing explicit anti-minority slurs or hostile framing of minority communities, particularly targeting Black people, Muslims, and LGBTQ+ individuals. Some channels specifically advocate for gendered violence, including the use of rape as a strategic tool of psychological warfare.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000054#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a notable crossover between white supremacist networks and 'boogaloo' communities (those advocating for a second US civil war). 117 channels (56.3%) referenced 'boogaloo', suggesting a bridge between armed anti-government militias and white supremacist accelerationists.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000054#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Visual content plays a critical role in mobilisation; 20.7% of posts contained no text, and on average 40% of posts were images or videos, which often include memes inciting violence that bypass keyword-based text analysis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000054#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","Canada","Germany","Norway","New Zealand","Guyana"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"isdglo-000050","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000050","title":"The Boom Before the Ban: QAnon and Facebook","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/20201218-ISDG-NewsGuard-QAnon-and-Facebook.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that QAnon activity on Facebook grew month-on-month from April to September 2020, with engagement nearly doubling between April and August. This growth was driven by 'superspreaders'—personal profiles that mass-proliferate disinformation—and the co-opting of mainstream movements like 'Save the Children' and COVID-19 concerns. The analysis reveals a heavy reliance on 'Red-rated' unreliable news sites, though mainstream sources are often distorted to fit the narrative. Despite Facebook's October 2020 ban on QAnon pages and groups, the report argues the action came too late and was insufficient because personal profiles continued to promote the conspiracy. The research also documents the internationalization of QAnon, with significant activity in Germany, France, Italy, and Brazil, often localized to target regional elites.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000050#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"QAnon activity on Facebook experienced a significant surge in 2020, with the average number of daily related posts increasing every month from April to September. The volume rose from 992 posts per day in April to 1,772 in August, a 178% increase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000050#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Personal Facebook profiles, termed 'superspreaders', played a critical role in the conspiracy's expansion by sharing introductory 'redpilling' materials and videos. Some individual videos posted by these profiles received over one million views.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000050#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"QAnon communities strategically co-opted the 'Save the Children' movement and other anti-human trafficking campaigns to legitimize their narratives and attract new followers who may not be familiar with the conspiracy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000050#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The conspiracy merged with COVID-19 misinformation, promoting claims that the pandemic was a planned event for population control or a plot to remove Donald Trump from office.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000050#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"QAnon followers heavily relied on unreliable news sources. Of the news sites appearing in 10 or more posts, those rated 'Red' (unreliable) by NewsGuard were linked in 6,669 posts with 185,784 shares, compared to 3,553 posts and 56,203 shares for 'Green-rated' (reliable) sites.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000050#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The conspiracy has expanded internationally, with news websites in at least 15 different languages appearing in the data. Significant activity was noted in German-language Facebook groups, and the movement has reached countries including France, Italy, Brazil, and Japan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000050#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Facebook's October 6, 2020, ban on QAnon content was deemed too late and incomplete, as it primarily targeted pages and groups while leaving many influential personal profiles active.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000050#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies several core narratives used to indoctrinate followers, including 'Pizzagate', 'Obamagate' (or 'Spygate'), and the false claim that elites harvest a chemical compound called 'adrenochrome' from children.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000050#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Germany","France","Italy","Brazil","Australia","Japan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"isdglo-000064","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000064","title":"An Online Environmental Scan of Right-wing Extremism in Canada","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/An-Online-Environmental-Scan-of-Right-wing-Extremism-in-Canada-ISD.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a significant online presence of right-wing extremism in Canada, involving 6,660 accounts and channels across seven platforms with a collective reach of over 11 million users. While ethnonationalists are the most prevalent group on mainstream platforms like Facebook and Twitter, explicit white supremacist activity is concentrated on fringe sites such as Iron March and Fascist Forge. The study finds that RWE activity spikes around key events, specifically the Christchurch attack and the 2019 Canadian federal election, with anti-Muslim and anti-Trudeau rhetoric serving as primary drivers of conversation. Offline findings indicate a growth in RWE activity in the Maritime provinces and an increasing fascination with paramilitary training and weaponry among groups like the Three Percenters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000064#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Researchers identified 6,660 right-wing extremist entities across seven platforms, including 6,352 Twitter accounts, 130 Facebook pages and groups, 32 YouTube channels, 42 Gab accounts, 88 Iron March accounts, and 31 Fascist Forge accounts, collectively reaching over 11 million users.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000064#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ethnonationalists constitute the largest RWE community on mainstream platforms, representing 60% of communities on Twitter, 53% on Facebook, and 46% on YouTube. In contrast, white supremacists dominate fringe platforms, accounting for 100% of identified Canadian users on Fascist Forge and 72% on Iron March.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000064#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"RWE online activity experienced significant spikes in March 2019, linked to the Christchurch attack, and in October 2019, linked to the Canadian federal election.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000064#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mainstream platform users rarely use explicit extremist language; only 1% of identified Canadian RWE Twitter users were 'prolific' (12+ extremist tweets in 2019), and only 0.7% of posts by RWE-associated Facebook pages and groups contained anti-minority slurs or extremist slang.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000064#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Anti-Muslim and anti-government rhetoric targeting Justin Trudeau are the most prominent themes. Muslims were the most discussed minority on Facebook and the primary target of hate speech (23%), while Justin Trudeau was mentioned in 11.4% of RWE Facebook posts and 28% of analyzed YouTube content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000064#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Offline analysis indicates that RWE activity has grown in the Maritime provinces and that there is an increasing focus on paramilitary training and weaponry, exemplified by the Three Percenters in Alberta and Quebec.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000064#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Canadian users are highly active on extreme fringe boards; they represent the third largest nationality using 4chan's /pol/ board after the US and UK, and were the third largest community on Iron March during its activity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000064#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fascist Forge targets a young, male demographic, with some prospective users claiming to be as young as 15, suggesting that recruitment efforts targeting Generation Z may be effective.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000064#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Australia","Ontario","Quebec","British Columbia","Toronto","Montreal","Vancouver"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["environmental scan","network analysis","qualitative analysis","natural language processing"]},{"id":"isdglo-000102","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000102","title":"The Online Ecosystem of the German Far-Right","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/ISD-The-Online-Ecosystem-of-the-German-Far-Right-English-Draft-11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report maps the 'online ecosystem' of the German far-right, identifying 379 channels across ten alternative platforms. It finds that while these platforms provide safe havens for extremist discourse, they generally have a much smaller reach than mainstream platforms. The study suggests that banning extremists from mainstream sites reduces their overall reach and does not lead to a direct mass migration to alternative platforms. It also highlights the role of 'alt-media' in amplifying far-right narratives, such as the 'great replacement' myth, which are rarely prominent in mainstream media.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000102#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The research identified 379 far-right and right-wing populist channels across ten alternative platforms. The platforms with the highest presence were Telegram (129 channels), VK (115 groups), and BitChute (79). The total number of German-speaking individuals with far-right beliefs using these platforms is estimated to be between 15,000 and 50,000.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000102#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Different far-right ideologies vary in their reach; while anti-Muslim and neo-Nazi channels are more numerous, 'Identitarian' groups have the largest reach, with the largest Identitarian channel exceeding 35,000 followers, compared to 18,000 for the largest anti-Muslim channel and approximately 10,000 for the largest neo-Nazi channel.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000102#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"User motivations for joining alternative platforms differ by site: Gab users are primarily driven by freedom of speech grievances and anti-left resentment (54%), 4chan /pol/ users are motivated by anti-minority hatred (46%) and entertainment (22%), and members of the Discord group Reconquista Germanica seek political change (39%) and community belonging (41%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000102#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Immigration is the most discussed topic across the sampled platforms, with 60% of immigration-related posts focusing on the illegal behaviour of refugees or migrants and 12% referencing conspiracy theories regarding the demographic replacement of 'native Europeans'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000102#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"An algorithmic analysis of 4chan's Kraut/pol/ threads revealed that 56.9% of mentions of Jewish people contained clearly antisemitic narratives, moving beyond simple slurs to include allegations of Jewish control over tech firms, media, and democratic institutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000102#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Banning far-right groups from mainstream platforms reduces their overall reach and does not appear to cause a direct displacement of users to alternative platforms. A sample of 25 groups showed that those with a presence on mainstream platforms actually had higher follower numbers on alternative platforms than those who had been banned.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000102#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Far-right themes are disproportionately overrepresented in alternative media compared to mainstream media. Concepts like 'great replacement' and 'Islamisation' appear in 0.5-6.0% of stories in alt-media, whereas mainstream media coverage of these themes is primarily event-driven, such as in response to the Christchurch attack.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000102#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The right-wing populist party Alternative for Deutschland (AfD) has a minimal and largely inactive presence on alternative platforms; only 31 communities were identified, 29 of which are on VK, with the largest recently active group having only 414 followers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000102#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United States","Russia","United Kingdom","France","New Zealand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["digital ethnography","content analysis","machine learning","natural language processing","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000136","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000136","title":"Public Figures, Public Rage","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Public-Figures-Public-Rage-4.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that women and candidates from ethnic minority backgrounds are disproportionately targeted by systemic online abuse on social media. On Twitter, abusive messages accounted for 15-39% of content directed at female candidates, compared to 5-10% for men. On Facebook, female Democrats received ten times more abusive comments than their male counterparts. The abuse directed at women is frequently gendered, attacking physical appearance and competence, while abuse toward men is generally focused on political stances. The authors argue that self-regulation by tech companies is insufficient and recommend that democratic governments implement mandatory transparency and accountability for algorithmic systems and content moderation processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000136#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Women are significantly more likely than men to experience online abuse on Twitter, with abusive messages comprising 15-39% of content directed at every female candidate analysed, while male candidates typically received 5-10%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000136#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Candidates with intersectional identities, particularly women from ethnic minority backgrounds, face the highest levels of abuse. On Twitter, Democratic Congresswoman Ilhan Omar received the highest proportion of abusive messages at 39%, while Democratic Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez received the highest proportion of abusive comments on Facebook.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000136#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The nature of online abuse differs by gender: attacks on women are often personal, targeting their physical appearance, intelligence, and professional competence, whereas attacks on men are more generalised and focused on political positions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000136#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"On Facebook, gender and party affiliation intersect to influence the volume of abuse; female Democrats received ten times more abusive comments than male Democrats, and Republican women received twice as many as Republican men.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000136#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Male politicians from ethnic minority backgrounds did not show higher vulnerability to abuse than white men, although the content of the abuse was more likely to be racialised, such as the use of racist slurs and tropes against Senator Tim Scott.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000136#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Republican Senator Mitch McConnell was a notable exception to gender trends, receiving the highest proportion of abuse among all male candidates on both Twitter (27.8%) and Facebook.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000136#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a failure in platform self-regulation, noting that some content violating policy guidelines remained live on platforms due to an increasing reliance on automated systems and reactive user flagging over manual review.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000136#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]}]}