{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["Global Witness"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":240,"relation":"eq"},"page":2,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=global-witness&page=2","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=global-witness&page=3","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"glowit-000028","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000028","title":"Trump 2.0 and Climate: The Risks You May Not Have Thought About Yet","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2025","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/fossil-fuels/trump-20-and-climate-the-risks-you-may-not-have-thought-about-yet/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global Witness warns that a second Trump administration is likely to accelerate fossil fuel production, weaken protections for land and environmental defenders, and undermine global efforts to combat deforestation and climate disinformation. The organization highlights risks including the rollback of environmental regulations, the potential defunding of human rights initiatives, and a shift toward domestic mining on protected Native and Tribal lands. It also expresses concern over the 'anti-ESG' movement and the potential for social media platforms to spread disinformation under the guise of free speech.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000028#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The incoming Trump administration is described as 'brazenly pro-fossil fuels,' with expectations that it will revoke the ban on new offshore oil drilling and roll back environmental regulations. This is linked to reported campaign contributions from oil moguls and the nomination of fracking executive Chris Wright to lead the Department of Energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000028#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant risk that the US will reduce its support for land and environmental defenders by withdrawing from international collaborations and slashing foreign aid to human rights institutions, similar to actions taken during Trump's first term, such as withdrawing from the UN's Human Rights Council.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000028#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The administration is expected to prioritize domestic critical mineral mining, potentially on protected Native and Tribal lands, while weakening environmental and human rights protections to increase efficiency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000028#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document anticipates that the Trump administration will support the 'anti-ESG' movement to reverse gains made in ending deforestation and climate-risk disclosure, potentially leading financial institutions to abandon global net zero initiatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000028#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Concerns are raised regarding the spread of disinformation and the erosion of democratic discourse, as the administration may pressure social media companies to remove content limits and repeal safeguards for the development of AI.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000028#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel","Paris Agreement","energy transition","deforestation","environmental, social and corporate governance","Net-zero emissions","climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["California","European Union","Amazon rainforest"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","risk assessment"]},{"id":"glowit-000128","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000128","title":"TikTok and X recommend pro-AfD content to non-partisan users ahead of the German elections","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2024-12-17","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/digital-threats/tiktok-and-x-recommend-pro-afd-content-to-non-partisan-users-ahead-of-the-german-elections/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"Global Witness conducted a test using new social media accounts in Germany to assess algorithmic bias. The study found that TikTok and X disproportionately recommended right-leaning and pro-AfD content to users who expressed equal interest in four major parties. In contrast, Instagram primarily showed content from accounts the users had explicitly followed. The report also highlights instances where X amplified hate speech and TikTok promoted a political advertisement despite a platform-wide ban on such content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000128#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"On X and TikTok, users were shown more than twice as many right-leaning posts as left-leaning posts. On Instagram, right-leaning content was nearly 1.5 times more prevalent than left-leaning content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000128#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Recommended party political content from accounts not followed by the users was heavily biased toward the AfD on TikTok and X, with 78% of such content on TikTok and 64% on X supporting the party.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000128#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The prevalence of AfD content on TikTok and X is not solely due to posting frequency; for example, on TikTok, the CDU and Greens posted more content than the AfD in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000128#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Instagram's recommendation system differed significantly from X and TikTok, as 96% of the political content shown came from the accounts the test users had already followed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000128#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"X's algorithm amplified content that appeared to breach its own policies, including a post suggesting migrants from certain countries be treated as suspects and content featuring Holocaust denial.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000128#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"TikTok promoted a paid partnership post supporting the AfD that had over 600,000 views, despite the platform's official ban on all political and issue-based advertisements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000128#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Romania"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"glowit-000010","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000010","title":"Voces silenciadas: la violencia contra las personas defensoras de la tierra y el medioambiente","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2024-09-10","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/es/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/voces-silenciadas/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2023, Global Witness documented 196 murders of land and environmental defenders, contributing to a total of 2,106 since 2012. Latin America remains the most dangerous region, accounting for 85% of 2023 cases, with Colombia recording the highest number of killings (79). The report highlights a systemic pattern of violence including forced disappearances in Mexico and judicial harassment in Asia. Mining is identified as the primary industrial driver of these killings. The document argues that indigenous peoples, who protect 80% of the world's remaining biodiversity, are disproportionately targeted. It calls for the implementation of the Escazú Agreement and greater inclusion of indigenous knowledge in global climate negotiations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000010#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global Witness documented 196 murders of land and environmental defenders in 2023, bringing the estimated total of such killings worldwide since 2012 to 2,106.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000010#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Latin America is the most affected region, representing 85% of all documented murders in 2023, with over 70% of these concentrated in Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, and Mexico.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000010#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Colombia had the highest number of documented murders in 2023 with 79 cases, the highest annual total for any country since 2012, with 461 activists killed in total between 2012 and 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000010#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous peoples are disproportionately targeted; they represented 43% of those murdered in 2023 and 36% of all environmental defender murders between 2012 and 2023 (766 people).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000010#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mining was the leading industrial motive for the killing of defenders in 2023, resulting in 25 deaths, with 23 of those occurring in Latin America.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000010#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Forced disappearances are a critical tool of repression, particularly in Mexico, where 93 land and environmental defenders disappeared between December 1, 2006, and August 1, 2023, with over 40% still missing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000010#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Asia, judicial harassment and illegal detentions are used to silence activists; in the Philippines, the government has used accusations of being 'communist rebels' to justify kidnappings and torture.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000010#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Developed nations, including the UK and US, are increasingly using 'anti-protest laws' and 'critical infrastructure' protections to criminalize peaceful climate activism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000010#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous peoples manage over one-third of protected lands and conserve nearly 80% of the world's remaining biodiversity, yet they are frequently excluded from climate decision-making.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000010#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a 'green fever' where the rush for minerals essential for the energy transition (such as nickel, tin, and bauxite) may increase pressure and violence against defenders in regions like Asia and Malaysia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000010#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["human rights","extractive industry","mining","deforestation","land grabbing","indigenous rights","energy transition","critical minerals","biodiversity conservation","climate finance","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Latin America","Colombia","Mexico","Brazil","Honduras","Philippines","India","Indonesia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","United Kingdom","United States","European Union","Nicaragua","Guatemala","Panama","South Africa","Malaysia","Chad","Michoacán"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["statistical analysis","case study","policy review"]},{"id":"glowit-000163","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000163","title":"Climate of Confusion: Bot-like accounts sharing climate disinformation and conspiracies","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-08","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/digital-threats/climate-of-confusion-bot-like-accounts-sharing-climate-disinformation-and-conspiracies/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global Witness analyzed 45 bot-like accounts on X, finding that many consistently spread climate disinformation and conspiracy theories. These accounts often frame climate action as a 'scam' or a tool for elite control, linking climate denial to other divisive political stances. The report highlights the difficulty of verifying account authenticity due to limited data transparency from social media platforms like X.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000163#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Of the 45 bot-like accounts analyzed, 22 shared content referencing either a 'climate cult' or 'climate scam'. The most frequently used hashtag among these accounts regarding climate change was #climatescam.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000163#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Bot-like accounts promoted conspiracy theories claiming that climate action is a dangerous 'sacrifice' intended to reduce quality of life, or a cover-up by elites to obtain money, power, and population control. This included support for 'blade runners' who vandalize ULEZ cameras.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000163#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate disinformation is often bundled with other political identities; accounts frequently paired opposition to climate action with opposition to LGBTQIA+ rights, vaccination, or involvement in the Ukraine conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000163#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The bot-like accounts interacted with the wider information ecosystem by linking to external sites known for false health and climate information, and were mentioned by 64 other accounts with a collective following of over 300,000.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000163#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"X rejected the report's findings, claiming the methodology was based on limited data and incorrectly classified humans as bots, yet X did not provide evidence to prove the accounts were run by real people.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000163#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","geoengineering","Net-zero emissions"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["investigation","social media analysis"]},{"id":"glowit-000189","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000189","title":"Labour must end criminalisation of climate protesters","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2024-07-18","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/labour-must-end-criminalisation-of-climate-protesters/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global Witness criticises the UK's crackdown on climate activists, citing the four-year prison sentence of Daniel Shaw and the use of the Public Order Act 2023 and the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill 2022. The organisation highlights that over 7,000 climate protesters have been arrested since 2019 and argues that the fossil fuel industry has influenced the legislation used to muzzle defenders. It calls on the new Labour government to protect the right to peaceful protest.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000189#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The UK has seen a significant increase in the arrest of climate activists, with over 7,000 people arrested since 2019. This includes nearly 900 arrests specifically for \"slow marching\" since it became an explicit offence last year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000189#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Public Order Act 2023 and the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill 2022 are identified as the primary legal mechanisms used to expand police powers and criminalise civil disobedience, including the redefinition of \"disruption\" as anything causing \"more than minor\" disturbance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000189#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The fossil fuel industry has influenced the criminalisation of climate defenders through lobbying and legal action, including a $2.1 million lawsuit by Shell against Greenpeace and the involvement of an oil-funded right-wing lobby group in drafting protest legislation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000189#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"UN Special Rapporteur Michel Forst has described the UK's crackdown on peaceful protest as the most significant since the 1930s, noting that the UK has failed to provide substantive responses to several complaints regarding the treatment of climate defenders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000189#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel industry","human rights"],"geography_discussed":["North Sea","Western Europe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","legal critique"]},{"id":"glowit-000209","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000209","title":"Ticked off","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-06","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/documents/107/Digital_Threats_Ticked_off-June_2024.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global Witness tested the ad review processes of TikTok, YouTube, and X by submitting 16 advertisements containing election disinformation targeted at Ireland. TikTok approved 100% of the disinformation ads, while YouTube approved 12.5% and X approved none. The report argues that TikTok's failure violates its own community guidelines and the EU's Digital Services Act, which requires platforms to mitigate systemic risks to elections. TikTok attributed the failure to 'human error on the part of one moderator'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000209#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"TikTok approved all 16 of the 16 test advertisements containing election disinformation, representing a 100% approval rate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000209#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"YouTube and X showed a higher capacity to detect the disinformation; YouTube approved two out of 16 ads (12.5%), and X approved zero, suspending the account for a policy violation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000209#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A separate test revealed that TikTok's review process fails even after an ad goes live; a political ad stating \"It’s an election year!\" garnered over 12,000 impressions in less than an hour despite TikTok's policy prohibiting all political ads.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000209#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The approved content violated TikTok's own community guidelines, which prohibit misinformation about civic and electoral processes that could result in voter interference or off-platform violence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000209#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The failure of TikTok to block these ads is presented as a violation of the EU's Digital Services Act, which mandates that large social media companies tackle systemic risks related to elections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000209#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"TikTok responded to the findings by stating that the ads were correctly identified as potential violations but were approved due to 'human error on the part of one moderator'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000209#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["European Union","United States","India","Brazil","South Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["investigative report","policy compliance test"]},{"id":"glowit-000226","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000226","title":"Letting hate flourish","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-02","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/documents/116/Letting_Hate_Flourish_-_February_2024.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"A joint investigation by Global Witness and the Internet Freedom Foundation found that YouTube and Koo failed to act on the majority of reported misogynistic hate speech in India and the US. YouTube removed none of the 79 reported videos, while Koo removed only six of 23 reported posts. The report argues that profit-driven business models and inadequate content moderation pose risks to women and election integrity in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000226#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"YouTube failed to remove any of the 79 videos containing misogynistic hate speech reported by the investigators in India and the US. Only one Hindi-language video had its status changed to include an age restriction, though it was unclear if this was a result of the reporting process.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000226#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Koo removed just over a quarter of the reported content, deleting six out of 23 posts that violated its policies, including attacks on female politicians. The platform was generally faster than YouTube, completing most reviews within a day.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000226#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report asserts that social media business models prioritize engagement and profit over safety, which encourages the spread of extreme content and outrage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000226#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The failure to moderate prohibited content is identified as a threat to election integrity in 2024, particularly in the US and India, where online harassment of public officials and election workers has already led to resignations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000226#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report highlights a systemic reliance on automated content moderation that is prone to errors, especially for low-resource languages, as platforms have historically prioritized English.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000226#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document notes that YouTube has been found to run advertisements on climate denial content despite having policies against such practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000226#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Italy","Myanmar"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["investigation","policy assessment"]},{"id":"glowit-000017","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000017","title":"Perverting justice: The criminalisation of land and environmental defenders in Asia","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/perverting-justice-the-criminalisation-of-land-and-environmental-defenders-in-asia/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Between 2018 and 2024, 341 land and environmental defenders were detained across 344 incidents in the Philippines, Indonesia, India, and Vietnam. The report details how legal systems are weaponised through trumped-up charges, anti-terrorism laws, and defamation statutes to protect corporate interests in agribusiness and mining. Key tactics include 'red-tagging' in the Philippines, the use of 'National Strategic Projects' in Indonesia, and the application of vague penal codes in Vietnam.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000017#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 2018 and 2024, 341 land and environmental defenders were detained or arrested across 344 separate incidents in the Philippines, Indonesia, India, and Vietnam. Of these, 73% were men and 27% were women. Indigenous Peoples and farmers each accounted for 26% of cases where defender characteristics were reported.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000017#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The majority of recorded detentions (59%) were linked to land struggles. In Indonesia, laws criminalising crop cultivation on public or plantation land are used to imprison defenders in land disputes, with potential sentences of up to four years. The 'Eco-City' project on Rempang Island, a 'National Strategic Project (NSP)', has led to the arrest of 50 defenders as of 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000017#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India is a primary site for protest-related detentions, accounting for 60 out of 67 cases where charges were linked to protests. Defenders in the Hasdeo region face harassment and criminal charges, such as fraud and rioting, for opposing coal-mining operations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000017#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governments use speech-related laws to stifle dissent. In the Philippines, 'cyber libel' is used against journalists. In Vietnam, Articles 117 and 331 of the 2015 penal code, which criminalise 'abuses' of free speech or 'distorted information', were used in nearly two-thirds of all defender arrests in that country.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000017#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Defenders are frequently branded as enemies of the state. In the Philippines, 'red-tagging' labels defenders as communists, often leading to official 'terrorist' designations under the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020. In India, the Unlawful Activities and Prevention Act (UAPA) is used to detain defenders without evidence and restrict bail.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000017#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Due process violations are widespread, with 81% of cases where detention length was known involving pre-trial detention for a week or longer. In Vietnam, the government has used tax-evasion laws as 'shams' to imprison NGO leaders, such as Nguy Thi Khanh, who was sentenced to 24 months in prison.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000017#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The military is heavily involved in criminalisation in the Philippines, where it was present at 27% of all documented arrests by Forum-Asia and involved in around two-thirds of all defender arrests in the country.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000017#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["land tenure","indigenous people","climate justice","human rights"],"geography_discussed":["Rempang Island","Hasdeo coalfield","Bengkulu","Bastar district","Odisha","Maharashtra"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["human rights analysis","legal analysis"]},{"id":"glowit-000086","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000086","title":"Climate of fear","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-12-06","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/eacop/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details a 'climate of fear' in Uganda and Tanzania, where TotalEnergies and state actors are accused of using intimidation, inadequate compensation, and criminalisation to silence opposition to the East Africa Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP). It documents the arrest of at least 47 defenders in Uganda and the forced exile of activists in Tanzania, arguing that such repression undermines the global energy transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000086#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The East Africa Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) and Tilenga oil field are estimated to emit 379 million tonnes of CO2 over a 25-year lifespan, a figure exceeding the total national emissions of the UK in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000086#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Community members in Uganda and Tanzania report being pressured into accepting inadequate land compensation through intimidation, including the presence of police, army, and private security forces during the process.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000086#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Uganda, the state has conducted a systematic campaign of criminalisation against opponents of the oil project, with at least 47 defenders detained or arrested since September 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000086#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is evidence suggesting TotalEnergies and Ugandan authorities may share information about activists, with some defenders reporting reprisals immediately after taking legal action against the company in France.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000086#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Tanzania, an effective ban on 'anti-government' activism has suppressed civil society mobilisation, leading some environmental defenders to flee the country after raising concerns about EACOP.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000086#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a 'chilling effect' where activists have toned down their advocacy, gone into hiding, or avoided mentioning fossil fuels entirely to avoid state harassment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000086#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["land tenure","human rights","climate finance","just transition","renewable energy","carbon dioxide emissions"],"geography_discussed":["France","Kenya"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["human rights impact assessment","corporate accountability investigation"]},{"id":"glowit-000234","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000234","title":"A new rush for Lithium in Africa risks fuelling corruption and failing citizens","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-11","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/documents/131/REPORT_A_new_rush_for_Lithium_in_Africa_risks_fuelling_corruption_and_failing__jcvXop4.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global Witness reports that the rush for lithium in Africa is characterized by corruption and ESG failures. In Zimbabwe, the Sandawana mine is linked to sanctioned elites and ZANU-PF allies, with reports of child labour and illegal exports. In Namibia, Xinfeng Investments is accused of bribery and using small-scale mining permits to avoid environmental assessments. In the DRC, the Manono project is stalled by ownership disputes and allegations that shell companies and politically connected individuals profited from the deposit while the state treasury received negligible funds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000234#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In Zimbabwe, the Sandawana mine has been linked to the ruling ZANU-PF party and military, including firms under US or EU sanctions. The mine's management involves the Zimbabwe Miners Federation (ZMF), led by Henrietta Rushwaya, a niece of President Emmerson Mnangagwa who has been accused of money laundering. Despite a government ban on unprocessed lithium exports, the mine has reportedly trucked thousands of tonnes of ore to South Africa and Mozambique, ultimately destined for China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000234#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Sandawana mine in Zimbabwe has been associated with severe human rights and safety issues. An estimated 5,000 artisanal miners initially flooded the site, where reports documented child labour, a lack of sanitation, and a mine collapse that killed one person and buried nine others. Furthermore, artisanal miners reported that their minerals were confiscated by Kuvimba Mining House and the prices they received for ore dropped by 75% after ZMF's involvement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000234#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","electric vehicle","human rights"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Australia","Chile","Ghana","Mali","Ethiopia","South Africa","Uis","Manono"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["investigative report","case study"]},{"id":"glowit-000210","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000210","title":"EMPTY PROMISES","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-09","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/documents/115/Empty_Promises_Cargill_Soy_Banks_September_2023.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global Witness reports that Cargill has purchased soy from farms in Bolivia where over 20,000 hectares of forest were razed since 2017. The investigation highlights a systematic failure by Cargill to collect origin data for its soy supplies, undermining its 'deforestation-free' commitments. Furthermore, a leaked company map suggests Cargill may target areas that would put over three million hectares of forest at risk. The report also identifies several global banks, including Barclays, BNP Paribas, HSBC, and Santander, as providers of billions of dollars in financing to Cargill despite their own anti-deforestation pledges.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000210#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Cargill has directly purchased soy from farms in Bolivia's Santa Cruz region where more than 20,000 hectares of forest have been cleared since 2017, specifically within Mennonite colonies such as Nuevo Mexico, Nueva Esperanza, La Honda, Hacienda Verde, and Valle Verde.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000210#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cargill is failing to record the specific origin of soy at its storage facilities, often listing only 'Santa Cruz' as the provenance, which makes it impossible to verify if the soy is deforestation-free.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000210#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of a leaked Cargill map indicates the company may be open to sourcing soy from areas that would require the clearing of more than three million hectares of standing forest.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000210#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major global financial institutions have provided billions of dollars in services to Cargill since 2021, including a US$6 billion revolving credit facility arranged by a consortium including BNY Mellon, BNP Paribas, Deutsche Bank, and HSBC, and US$2 billion in bonds underwritten by BNP Paribas, Barclays, Santander, and Bank of America.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000210#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Chiquitano Forest, described as the last great tropical dry forest in the world, is a critical ecological transition zone currently facing increasing and alarming deforestation rates driven by soy and cattle-ranching.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000210#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Bolivian government has implemented a program of environmental deregulation, including laws that make it easier for smallholders to deforest up to 20 hectares and the reduction or abolition of fines for illegal clearing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000210#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","climate finance","land-use planning","biodiversity loss"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","United States","European Union","Brazil","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Paraguay"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["investigative report"]},{"id":"glowit-000240","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000240","title":"Financial Services and Markets Bill Report Stage, House of Lords","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2023-06","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/documents/175/Time_to_end_the_money_pipeline_driving_global_deforestation_and_deliver_a_gree_zckCMQr.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global Witness advocates for the adoption of Amendment 91 to the Financial Services and Markets Bill, which would mandate due diligence for UK financial institutions to stop the funding of illegal deforestation. The document argues that voluntary frameworks like the TNFD are insufficient and that the UK financial sector currently poses a significant risk to global forests, with an estimated $16.6 billion provided to businesses implicated in deforestation between 2015-2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000240#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The UK financial sector is a major financier of global deforestation and associated human rights abuses. Between 2015 and 2020, UK banks and asset managers provided approximately $16.6 billion to businesses linked to deforestation, generating an estimated $192 million in profit. Additionally, over £300 billion in UK pension funds are invested in companies and financial institutions with high deforestation risks, and the sector faces up to £200 billion in risk exposure specifically to Indonesian palm oil and Brazilian beef and soy supply chains.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000240#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Amendment 91 proposes specific regulatory requirements for financial institutions, including a 24-month delay before the due diligence obligation begins to allow for sector preparation. It also requires the Secretary of State to provide secondary regulations and due diligence guidance within 12 months of the Bill's passage. A key component of the clause is the requirement for institutions to verify the Free, Prior and Informed Consent of indigenous peoples, addressing the high rate of violence against land and environmental defenders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000240#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global Witness and the government's own Global Resource Initiative (GRI) Taskforce reject the government's reliance on the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosure (TNFD) as a substitute for mandatory due diligence. While the government argues that a global disclosure framework is necessary for action, the GRI Taskforce has explicitly rejected the TNFD's disclosure-based model, asserting that mandatory laws are required to stop the flow of UK finance to deforestation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000240#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposed amendment aligns the UK with international commitments, including the Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration for Forests and Land Use and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, which aims to end biodiversity loss by 2030. It mirrors existing domestic legislation in Schedule 17 of the Environment Act 2021, which mandates due diligence for large companies importing 'forest risk commodities' such as beef, soy, and palm oil.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000240#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","financial regulation","biodiversity loss","climate finance","human rights","indigenous people"],"geography_discussed":["Brazil","Indonesia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy advocacy","legislative analysis"]},{"id":"glowit-000204","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000204","title":"Hydrogen heating is the next energy crisis in the making","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2023-03","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/documents/167/Briefing_Hydrogen_heating_is_the_next_energy_crisis_in_the_making_March_2023_EN.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global Witness contends that hydrogen heating is an inefficient and dangerous alternative to heat pumps, pushed by gas companies to avoid stranded assets. The briefing criticizes the UK Energy Bill for introducing a hydrogen levy on consumers and proposing forced participation in heating trials in locations like Redcar or Whitby, Ellesmere Port.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000204#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Hydrogen heating presents severe safety and health risks, being significantly more explosive than fossil gas and producing harmful nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000204#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Hydrogen for heating is economically unviable compared to alternatives; it could increase heating bills by an average of 70% from 2025, and running a boiler on renewable hydrogen could cost two to six times more than using a heat pump.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000204#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The environmental impact of hydrogen heating is negative, as blue hydrogen's greenhouse gas footprint is over 20% higher than direct gas use, and green hydrogen requires vast amounts of renewable electricity that could be diverted from other uses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000204#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UK's energy security would be compromised by a shift to hydrogen heating, as producing blue hydrogen would require 45% more natural gas than direct heating, increasing reliance on imports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000204#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UK Energy Bill introduces a hydrogen levy on energy bills to fund developments that primarily benefit fossil fuel companies and are unlikely to benefit the consumers paying the levy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000204#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Energy Bill contains provisions that would force residents in selected trial areas—either Redcar or Whitby, Ellesmere Port—to participate in hydrogen heating trials and would extend gas companies' powers to enter homes to install equipment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000204#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The push for hydrogen heating is attributed to lobbying by the gas industry to protect infrastructure and avoid 'stranded assets', evidenced by the funding of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Hydrogen by companies like Northern Gas Networks and Cadent Gas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000204#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["hydrogen","Residential heating","heat pump","blue hydrogen","green hydrogen","carbon capture and storage","energy bill","energy security","natural gas","Net-zero emissions","energy transition","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Redcar","Whitby, Ellesmere Port"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","environmental impact assessment","economic critique"]},{"id":"glowit-000238","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000238","title":"Missed Opportunities","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2023-02","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/documents/142/Sanctions_Policy_Brief_GW_ERI_Feb_1_vF.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that sanctions by the US, EU, and UK have been 'scattershot' and lack strategic coordination, failing to target the junta's primary revenue sources and arms networks. While legal authorizations are broad, the authors find that 67% of sanctions are unilateral, and critical entities like the Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) remain largely unsanctioned by the US and UK. The brief recommends a harmonized strategy to cut off foreign currency, disrupt aviation fuel supplies, and comprehensively sanction all junta leadership members.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000238#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The US, EU, and UK have failed to coordinate their sanctions efforts, with a majority of actions being unilateral. Only 13% of the 165 sanctioned targets are sanctioned by all three jurisdictions, while 67% have been implemented unilaterally.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000238#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite having broad legal authorizations that allow for the targeting of almost any entity supporting the junta, the variations in implementation are attributed to differing strategic decisions, a lack of overall strategy, or poor intelligence sharing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000238#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The US and UK have missed a high-impact opportunity by refusing to sanction the Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE), which is the junta's largest source of foreign currency. Only the EU has sanctioned MOGE, an action that had a demonstrated effect by causing the Bank of China to stop processing certain payments to the entity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000238#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There are significant gaps in targeting the junta's financial infrastructure and military capabilities, specifically regarding the Myanmar Foreign Trade Bank (MFTB), the Myanmar Investment and Commercial Bank (MICB), and the aviation fuel supply chain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000238#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sanctions on the State Administration Council (SAC) lack clarity, which allows the junta to continue earning revenues from state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and maintain international relationships.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000238#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The US, EU, and UK have not systematically targeted the junta's civilian leadership or cabinet ministers. For example, 39% of the military junta's cabinet-level ministers remain unsanctioned.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000238#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a failure to use a network-based approach to target arms procurement, noting discrepancies where the UK sanctions entities that the US and EU do not, despite claims of coordination.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000238#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The effectiveness of sanctions is further undermined by the issuance of waivers for non-humanitarian reasons, such as a US waiver allowing a Japanese bank to process transactions for a sanctioned military-owned conglomerate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000238#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["natural gas"],"geography_discussed":["United States","European Union","United Kingdom","Thailand","Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","recommendations"]},{"id":"glowit-000041","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000041","title":"Standing firm","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/standing-firm/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global Witness reports that at least 177 land and environmental defenders were murdered in 2022, with Latin America accounting for 88% of these cases. The report highlights the extreme danger faced by Indigenous peoples, who represented 36% of those killed, and identifies the Amazon as a critical hotspot where 22% of global killings occurred. It specifically examines the role of illegal gold mining in Brazil, Venezuela, and Peru, and the impact of the 'green transition' mineral boom in Southeast Asia. The document argues that impunity for these crimes is systemic and calls for stronger corporate accountability, specifically through the EU's Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000041#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2022, at least 177 land and environmental defenders were murdered globally, continuing a trend where a defender was killed approximately every other day, similar to 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000041#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Latin America is the most dangerous region for defenders, accounting for 88% of the world's killings in 2022. Colombia recorded the highest number of murders globally with 60 cases, nearly double its 2021 figure of 33.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000041#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous peoples are disproportionately targeted, representing 36% of the defenders murdered in 2022, despite making up only 6% of the global population.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000041#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Amazon rainforest is a primary site of violence, hosting 22% of all global killings in 2022, with 39 defenders killed in the biome, including 11 from Indigenous communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000041#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Illegal gold mining in the Brazilian Amazon has increased by 1,271% over the last 35 years, with 95% of this activity in 2020 concentrated in the Yanomami, Munduruku, and Kayapó territories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000041#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Philippines, 11 of the 16 recorded killings in Asia in 2022 occurred, with a third of total killings since 2012 linked to opposition against mining sector operations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000041#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-lethal strategies are increasingly used to silence defenders, with criminalisation—including arrest and detention—accounting for over 34% of recorded violations in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000041#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The demand for minerals for 'green transition technologies' is driving a mining boom in Southeast Asia, which the report links to environmental abuse and human exploitation, particularly in Myanmar.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000041#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies agribusiness as the sector linked to the most killings in 2022 (10 cases), followed by mining (8 cases) and logging (4 cases).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000041#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union's proposed Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) is viewed as a potential 'gamechanger' if it mandates due diligence and allows victims to hold companies accountable in European courts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000041#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["indigenous rights","deforestation","climate finance","Loss and Damage Fund","Just Energy Transition Partnership"],"geography_discussed":["Latin America","Colombia","Brazil","Mexico","Honduras","Philippines","Amazon rainforest","Venezuela","Peru","Vietnam","Myanmar","Democratic Republic of the Congo","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["statistical analysis","case study","policy review"]},{"id":"glowit-000081","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000081","title":"Financial sector must raise its voice to save the world’s forests","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/forests/financial-sector-must-raise-its-voice-to-save-the-worlds-forests/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global Witness asserts that the financial sector is failing to meet its voluntary deforestation pledges, noting that institutions without 'zero deforestation' policies invested $3.6 trillion in forest-risk companies last year. The author calls for financial leaders to support mandatory due diligence laws in the EU, UK, and US, and for Chinese banks to prioritize deforestation risks in their ESG guidance to prevent irreversible tipping points in forests like the Amazon.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000081#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Financial institutions lacking 'zero deforestation' policies invested $3.6 trillion in companies posing a risk to forests in the previous year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000081#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Members of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ), including Deutsche Bank, State Street, Vanguard, and BlackRock, increased their investments in businesses linked to deforestation between COP26 and COP27, despite pledges to reach net zero by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000081#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Finance Sector Deforestation Action Initiative (FSDA), comprising over 30 financial institutions managing more than $8.9 trillion, committed at COP26 to use \"best efforts\" to remove agriculture-driven deforestation from portfolios by 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000081#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global agribusinesses are projected to lose an average of 7% in value by 2030 because of unpriced nature and climate risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000081#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document identifies specific regulatory opportunities in 2023: the European Commission's impact assessment on extending due diligence to financial institutions, the UK's Financial Services and Markets Bill, the US FOREST Act, and the application of ESG guidelines by Chinese banking regulators.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000081#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","climate finance","Net-zero emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Papua New Guinea","Congo Basin","Brazil","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","People's Republic of China","Bolivia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy advocacy"]},{"id":"glowit-000158","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000158","title":"Siempre en pie","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/es/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/standing-firm-es/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2022, Global Witness documented at least 177 killings of land and environmental defenders, with 88% occurring in Latin America. Colombia, Brazil, and Mexico accounted for over 70% of these deaths. The report highlights a critical situation in the Amazon, where 22% of global killings occurred, often linked to illegal mining and agroindustry. It also details the 'criminalization' of activists as a non-lethal strategy to silence dissent. The document advocates for the EU's proposed Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive to hold companies accountable for human rights and environmental abuses in their global supply chains.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000158#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"At least 177 land and environmental defenders were killed in 2022, contributing to a total of 1,910 homicides documented since 2012. Of these, 1,390 occurred after the adoption of the Paris Agreement on December 12, 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000158#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Latin America is the most dangerous region for defenders, accounting for 88% of the 2022 killings. Colombia recorded the highest number of deaths with 60, nearly double its 2021 figure of 33. Brazil had 34 deaths, and Mexico had 31.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000158#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Amazon biome is a critical hotspot for violence, accounting for 22% (39 out of 177) of the world's documented killings in 2022, including 11 indigenous people.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000158#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous peoples are disproportionately targeted; they represented 36% of the 2022 killings despite making up only 6% of the global population.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000158#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agroindustry was the sector most linked to killings in 2022, connected to 10 cases (half in Mexico), followed by mining (8 cases) and logging (4 cases).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000158#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Criminalization—including detention and prosecution—is a primary non-lethal strategy to silence defenders, representing 34% of recorded violations in 2022 according to Front Line Defenders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000158#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Philippines, 11 of the 16 documented killings in Asia occurred, with a third of all deaths since 2012 linked to mining operations. The government uses 'red-tagging' to accuse activists of communist insurgency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000158#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Illegal gold mining in the Kayapó territories of Brazil has increased by 1,271% over the last 35 years, with the extracted gold entering the supply chains of international companies including Apple, Google, Microsoft, and Amazon via refineries like Chimet.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000158#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Vietnam, climate activists have been detained on tax evasion charges, including Hoang Thi Minh Hong and Dang Dinh Bach, while the government signs a $15.5 billion Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) with the G7.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000158#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that the EU's proposed Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive could be a turning point by requiring large companies to prevent human rights and environmental risks and allowing victims to seek justice in European courts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000158#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["human rights","deforestation","indigenous rights","climate finance","Just Energy Transition Partnership","biodiversity loss"],"geography_discussed":["Colombia","Brazil","Mexico","Honduras","Asia","Philippines","Indonesia","India","Vietnam","Africa","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Malawi","South Africa","Venezuela","Peru","European Union","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["statistical analysis","case study","policy review"]},{"id":"glowit-000242","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000242","title":"How Europe’s meat industry drives human rights abuses in Paraguay","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-12-01","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/documents/106/Toxic_takeaways_EN_-_December_2022.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report documents systemic human rights violations in Paraguay's soy-growing regions, linking these abuses to major US commodity traders (ADM, Cargill, and Bunge) and European meat processors (2 Sisters and Danish Crown). It argues that voluntary sustainability certifications, specifically 'mass balance' schemes, act as accounting tricks that allow tainted soy to enter European supply chains. The document calls for mandatory due diligence legislation in the EU and UK to replace ineffective voluntary initiatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Soy production in eastern Paraguay is linked to severe human rights abuses, including forced evictions, armed attacks, chemical poisoning, and the criminalisation of land defenders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The global soy trade in Paraguay is dominated by US firms, with ADM and Cargill handling approximately 40% of the country's soy exports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global Witness traced supply chains connecting human rights violations in Paraguay to 2 Sisters, the UK's largest chicken company, and Danish Crown, Europe's largest meat processing company.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'mass balance' certification system allows soy from non-certified or abusive farms to be mixed with certified soy, effectively laundering tainted products into the European market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Illegal agrochemical fumigations in regions like Canindeyú have caused deaths and severe health issues, with the UN finding that the Paraguayan government failed to investigate these violations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Paraguay exhibits extreme land inequality, where 12,000 people own 90% of the land, contributing to a Gini coefficient of 0.93.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Paraguayan state is accused of complicity through budget cuts to the Indigenous Institute (INDI) and the Land Institute (INDERT), and by failing to tax soy exports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Proposed EU legislation, including the Deforestation Regulation and the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), contains loopholes that may allow companies to avoid due diligence on small-scale farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Industry trade bodies such as Fediol, Coceral, and FEFAC have lobbied the European Commission to remove requirements for geolocated traceability and segregation of soy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["land grabbing","indigenous rights","deforestation"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","United Kingdom","Denmark","Argentina","Alto Paraná Department","Canindeyú Department","San Pedro Department","Caaguazú Department"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping","human rights impact assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"glowit-000035","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000035","title":"Comidas contaminadas","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"es","date_published":"2022-12","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/es/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/comidas-contaminadas/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Global Witness reports that the expansion of soy monocultures in Paraguay is driving illegal land grabs, forced evictions of indigenous and peasant communities, and toxic pesticide poisoning. The report traces these products through global traders like ADM, Cargill, and Bunge to major European meat producers 2 Sisters and Danish Crown, and numerous high-street retailers. It argues that voluntary sustainability certifications, such as 'mass balance', act as 'accounting tricks' that mask the origin of 'tainted' soy, and calls for mandatory human rights due diligence legislation in the EU and UK.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000035#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Industrial soy production in Paraguay is linked to widespread human rights abuses, including forced evictions, armed attacks, and chemical poisoning of rural, indigenous, and peasant communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000035#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The soy trade in Paraguay is dominated by US multinationals, with Cargill and ADM alone managing nearly 40% of the country's soy exports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000035#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global Witness traced soy from producers involved in human rights violations to major European meat companies, specifically 2 Sisters in the UK and Danish Crown in Denmark.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000035#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'mass balance' certification system is described as an 'accounting trick' that allows companies to mix certified and non-certified soy, effectively masking the origin of soy produced on farms that violate human rights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000035#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Paraguay has seen a massive increase in pesticide imports, with imports of glyphosate, 2,4D, and Paraquat increasing nearly six-fold between 2009 and 2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000035#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Land distribution in Paraguay is extremely unequal, with 12,000 people owning 90% of the land, resulting in a Gini coefficient of 0.93.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000035#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Paraguayan state is accused of complicity through the criminalization of land defenders and the reduction of budgets for agencies like INDERT and INDI.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000035#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Industry lobby groups, including FEDIOL, COCERAL, and FEFAC, have pressured the European Commission to weaken deforestation regulations by opposing requirements for geolocation and segregation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000035#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","land grabbing","pesticide","human rights","Global supply chain governance","indigenous rights"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","United Kingdom","Denmark","Alto Paraná Department","Canindeyú Department","San Pedro Department","Caaguazú Department","Argentina","Brazil"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain analysis","human rights impact assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"glowit-000006","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000006","title":"Collective power: The struggle for protection for land and environmental defenders","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-09-29","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/collective-power/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, Global Witness verified the killings of 124 land and environmental defenders, continuing a trend of lethal violence primarily concentrated in Latin America. The report identifies land disputes and extractive projects as primary drivers, with a significant increase in the role of organized crime and hitmen. It highlights the vulnerability of Indigenous peoples and small-scale farmers, who comprise 75% of the victims. The document argues against individual-focused security models, instead promoting 'collective protection'—community-led systems like Indigenous Guards—and calls for the ratification of the Escazú Agreement and the repeal of laws used to criminalize activism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000006#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global Witness verified 124 killings of land and environmental defenders in 2025, bringing the total number of documented killings and disappearances since 2012 to 2,375.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000006#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Latin America remains the most dangerous region for defenders, accounting for 85% of the global total of documented cases in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000006#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous peoples and small-scale farmers are the primary targets of lethal violence, representing 75% of the killings verified in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000006#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Land disputes were the leading cause of violence, triggering more than half of the documented killings in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000006#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Organized crime and hitmen are the most frequent perpetrators, linked to more than one-third of the 2025 killings.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000006#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mining is the deadliest industrial sector for defenders, linked to 11 cases in 2025 across the Philippines, Peru, India, and the DRC.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000006#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Colombia continues to be one of the deadliest countries, with 39 verified killings in 2025, many concentrated in the Cauca department due to the cocaine trade and illegal mining.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000006#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Philippines, state actors are central to the violence, with five killings in 2025 linked to the military amid expanded counter-insurgency campaigns.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000006#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Defenders face a 'hidden iceberg' of non-lethal reprisals, including criminalization, smear campaigns, and the weaponization of social media to isolate them from communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000006#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report advocates for 'collective protection'—shifting from individual security to community-led systems like Indigenous Guards—to reduce structural conditions that enable violence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000006#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["indigenous people","land tenure","extractive industry","mining","Free, Prior and Informed Consent","climate finance","biodiversity conservation"],"geography_discussed":["Latin America","Colombia","Brazil","Philippines","Mexico","Honduras","Peru","Indonesia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Cauca Department","Ucayali Department"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["human rights monitoring","trend analysis","case study"]}]}