{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["Global Energy Monitor"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":256,"relation":"eq"},"page":7,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=global-energy-monitor&page=7","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=global-energy-monitor&page=8","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"gem-000151","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000151","title":"MENA grows renewables by half but clings to risky hydrogen and gas","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2023-09","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/MENA-grows-renewables-by-half-GEM_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The MENA region increased its operational utility-scale solar and wind capacity by 57% since May 2022, adding 6.9 GW. While prospective capacity has grown by 400% to 361 GW, 60% of these projects are earmarked for green hydrogen production or export rather than domestic decarbonization. Oil and gas power plants still provide over 90% of the region's electricity, and replacing them would require approximately 500 GW of additional solar and wind capacity. The report highlights a disparity in progress, noting that South America operationalized at least four times more capacity in the same period. Additionally, sovereign wealth funds from the UAE and Saudi Arabia are investing more heavily in renewables abroad (46 GW) than domestically (14 GW).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000151#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Since May 2022, the MENA region added 6.9 GW of operating large utility-scale solar and wind capacity, representing a 57% increase. An additional 9 GW is under construction and expected to be completed by the end of 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000151#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Prospective utility-scale solar and wind capacity in the region grew by 292 GW (a 400% year-over-year increase) to a total of 361 GW. However, 60% of this prospective capacity is designated for green hydrogen production or direct export, which the report notes carries higher risk and does not contribute to local electricity decarbonization.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000151#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The region remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels, with oil and gas power plants providing over 90% of electricity. Replacing the generation from the existing 343 GW of oil and gas plants would require roughly 500 GW of solar and wind capacity. To fully decarbonize the electricity sector by 2050, the region would need to add 19 GW of wind and solar annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000151#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant imbalance in the deployment of renewables versus green hydrogen in countries with low electricity access. In Mauritania, 50 GW of green hydrogen projects have been announced, while only 34 MW of prospective capacity is intended for national electricity. Similarly, Djibouti has a proposed 10 GW green hydrogen facility compared to only 126 MW of electrical capacity for the country.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000151#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sovereign wealth funds from the UAE and Saudi Arabia, through Masdar and ACWA Power, are investing more in renewables internationally than domestically. They are involved in at least 46 GW of prospective projects across 21 countries in the Global South, compared to 14 GW of domestic involvement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000151#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The growth of renewables in MENA lags behind other regions; South America operationalized at least 32 GW of capacity in the same period that MENA added 6.9 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000151#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["green hydrogen","energy transition","decarbonization","climate finance","Levelized cost of energy"],"geography_discussed":["United Arab Emirates","Oman","Egypt","Jordan","South America","Brazil","Saudi Arabia","Qatar","Mauritania","Djibouti","Iraq","Kuwait","Libya","Europe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["briefing","quantitative assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000194","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000194","title":"Gas Glut","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-09","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Gas-Glut-2023-GEM_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that oil- and gas-fired power plants in development increased by 13% in the last year to 783 GW, with Asia accounting for nearly two-thirds of this capacity. If built, these projects would cost an estimated US$611 billion and generate 41,239 million tonnes of CO2e lifetime emissions. The analysis highlights that China leads global development, while the United States possesses the largest existing capacity. The report further challenges the reliability of fossil fuels during extreme weather and notes that renewables with storage are now cheaper than gas-fired power in many regions, including China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000194#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global oil- and gas-fired power plant capacity in development—including announced, pre-construction, and construction phases—rose by 13% over the past year to reach 783 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000194#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The total estimated capital expenditure for the 783 GW of plants in development is US$611 billion, with a projected lifetime emissions potential of 41,239 million tonnes CO2e, which exceeds six and a half years of total United States emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000194#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Asia is the primary driver of global expansion, hosting nearly two-thirds of the world's oil- and gas-fired capacity in development, totaling 514 GW at an estimated cost of US$385 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000194#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China leads the world in new gas capacity development, accounting for 21% of the global total (approximately 164 GW), and represents a quarter of all gas expansion currently in the construction phase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000194#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States maintains the world's largest existing oil- and gas-fired capacity, representing 26% of the global total, and ranks fifth globally in planned gas-fired expansion with 39 GW in development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000194#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that fossil fuel power is unreliable during extreme weather, citing an Arctic blast in the U.S. where over 100 GW of coal- and gas-fired generation failed, with gas plants accounting for over 70% of unplanned outages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000194#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Economic analysis indicates that the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for wind and solar with storage is now lower than that of gas-fired power on a global average and specifically within China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000194#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["gas-fired power station","energy transition","methane emissions","stranded asset","renewable energy","battery energy storage system","Levelized cost of energy","liquefied natural gas","carbon capture and storage","hydrogen"],"geography_discussed":["Asia","People's Republic of China","United States","Brazil","Vietnam","Bangladesh","European Union","Russia","India","Japan","South Korea","Taiwan","Indonesia","Philippines","Thailand","Iran","Iraq","Saudi Arabia","United Arab Emirates","Uzbekistan","Kazakhstan","Mexico","Canada","Australia","Egypt","Nigeria","South Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative assessment","regional analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000102","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000102","title":"China’s new coal power spree continues as more provinces jump on the bandwagon","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2023-08","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/CREA_GEM_China-coal-power-briefing-2023H1_08.2023_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"China is experiencing a significant increase in coal power capacity, with 37 GW starting construction and 52 GW permitted in the first half of 2023. The report argues that most of these projects violate central government policies intended to limit coal to a supporting role for renewables, instead serving as bulk power generation. This trend, driven by energy security concerns and a desire to maximize carbon-intensive capacity before the 2030 peaking deadline, risks creating massive overcapacity and undermining China's carbon neutrality goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000102#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"China saw a rapid acceleration of coal power activity in the first half of 2023, with construction starting on 37 GW of new capacity, 52 GW permitted, 41 GW announced, and 8 GW of shelved projects revived.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000102#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The current permitting spree contradicts central government policies that mandate coal should only support grid stability and renewable energy integration; instead, most new projects are in provinces already possessing sufficient generating capacity or lacking the necessary wind and solar buildout to justify new coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000102#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's coal power pipeline is expanding rapidly, with 243 GW currently permitted or under construction, potentially rising to 392 GW if announced projects are included. This could increase coal power capacity by 23% to 33% from 2022 levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000102#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The surge in coal development is partly driven by a 'climbing to the peak' mentality, where officials and executives view the period before the 2030 CO2 peaking pledge as a window to add carbon-intensive capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000102#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a growing redundancy in the power system as western provinces (like Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi) build coal capacity for export, while eastern provinces (like Guangdong and Shandong) build their own coal plants to reduce reliance on imports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000102#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Guangdong province has specifically backpedaled on clean energy goals, reducing the planned proportion of non-fossil energy in its 2023–25 energy development plan and advising the suspension of some solar and onshore wind projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000102#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The role of project developers has shifted, with central government-controlled firms now responsible for 45% of newly permitted projects in the first half of 2023, compared to a previous reliance on provincial state-owned enterprises.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000102#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","wide area synchronous grid","carbon neutrality","Grid balancing","carbon dioxide emissions","wind power","solar energy","nuclear power","energy security","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Jiangsu","Shandong","Hebei","Inner Mongolia","Shaanxi","Gansu","Guangdong","Zhejiang","Anhui","Xinjiang","Hubei","Fujian","Guizhou","Sichuan","Yunnan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","capacity tracking","projections"]},{"id":"gem-000148","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000148","title":"Pedal to the Metal","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-07","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/GEM_SteelPlants2023_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while there is a growing shift toward electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking, the transition is too slow to meet IEA Net Zero by 2050 targets. Asia, particularly India and China, remains the hub for new coal-based blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) capacity. This continued investment in carbon-intensive technology, alongside persistent global overcapacity, creates a significant stranded asset risk estimated up to US$ 554 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000148#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The global steel industry is not progressing fast enough toward the IEA's Net Zero by 2050 scenario, which requires 53% of steelmaking capacity to use EAF technology by 2050. Current development plans would result in only 32% of total capacity using EAF by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000148#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global steelmaking overcapacity is a persistent issue, with the OECD reporting 26% global excess capacity (632 million tonnes) in 2022. Capacity utilization for the top producers fell from 75% in 2021 to 72% in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000148#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Asia is the primary center for new steelmaking capacity, accounting for 75% of capacity under development. Specifically, Asia is responsible for 99% of new BF-BOF developments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000148#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India has overtaken China as the world's largest developer of new coal-based BF-BOF capacity, holding 40% of such capacity under development, compared to China's 39%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000148#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The steel industry faces a potential stranded asset risk of up to US$ 554 billion due to the continued construction of BF-BOF capacity in countries with net-zero commitments. Between 2021 and 2022, BF-BOF assets under development in these countries grew by approximately 7% (36 mtpa).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000148#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Direct CO2 emissions from the global iron and steel industry have averaged approximately 3.7 Gt per year since 2019. In 2022, China accounted for about 60% of these emissions, and India accounted for 10%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000148#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant portion of the existing coal-based blast furnace fleet will reach the end of its working life by 2030, specifically 1,090 Mt (73% of the fleet), necessitating decisions on retirement or refurbishment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000148#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Corporate commitment to net-zero is lagging; among the 20 companies with the largest shares of global steel production capacity, only 45% have concrete plans to reach net zero by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000148#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["decarbonization","Net-zero emissions","stranded asset","Green steel","methane emissions","circular economy","industrial emission"],"geography_discussed":["India","Asia","Ukraine","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["capacity assessment","trend analysis","risk assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000132","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000132","title":"竞相登顶：中国(2023)","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"zh","date_published":"2023-06","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/GEM-RTTT-China-2023-report-Chinese_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"China has established global leadership in renewable energy, with utility-scale solar capacity of 228 GW and wind capacity exceeding 310 GW as of Q1 2023. The country is pursuing an ambitious target of over 1,200 GW of combined wind and solar capacity by 2030, supported by the '14th Five-Year Plan' and the development of massive 'wind-solar bases' in desert regions. While integrating these sources through ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission and new energy storage technologies, China continues to utilize coal-fired power as a 'bottom-line' guarantee for grid stability, which may hinder the complete phase-out of fossil fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000132#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"As of the first quarter of 2023, China's utility-scale solar power operational capacity reached nearly 228 GW, accounting for 52% of the global total and 75% of Asia's capacity. The top three provinces for solar capacity are Shanxi, Xinjiang, and Hebei.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000132#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's total wind power capacity (onshore and offshore) exceeded 310 GW by Q1 2023, with Inner Mongolia, Hebei, and Xinjiang leading in onshore capacity. Offshore wind capacity reached 31.4 GW, representing approximately 10% of total wind capacity and surpassing the total offshore capacity of Europe.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000132#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The strategy for large-scale renewable energy involves creating 'wind-solar bases' in desert, Gobi, and wasteland areas. A 2022 plan aims for 455 GW of total capacity by 2030, with 200 GW to be completed by 2025. These bases often pair renewables with new coal-fired plants to ensure power stability, with some projects targeting a renewable-to-coal capacity ratio of 2:1 or 3:1.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000132#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["wind power","solar energy","offshore wind power","renewable energy","energy storage","green hydrogen","coal-fired power station","carbon neutrality","energy security"],"geography_discussed":["Shanxi","Xinjiang","Hebei","Inner Mongolia","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["capacity assessment","policy analysis","infrastructure review"]},{"id":"gem-000192","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000192","title":"Sunsetting Coal in Steel Production","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-06","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/FINAL-SteelWatch_SunsettingCoalInSteel_June2023-sunday-25th-june_1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies coal-based primary steel production as a critical driver of global greenhouse gas emissions, contributing at least 7% of annual totals. It highlights that the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route is heavily dependent on metallurgical coal, with emissions underestimated by excluding coal mine methane. The document warns that 'business as usual' trajectories would consume nearly 23% of the remaining global carbon budget for 1.5°C by 2050. It argues that efficiency gains and carbon capture (CCUS) are insufficient or unviable in the near term. Instead, it advocates for a transition to green hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI) and electric arc furnaces (EAF). The report establishes 'red lines' against relining existing blast furnaces or building new ones, particularly in OECD countries, to avoid locking in high-emission infrastructure for decades.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000192#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The steel sector is a major global climate risk, contributing at least 7% of annual greenhouse gas emissions, with direct CO2 emissions doubling since 2000.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000192#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Primary steel production via the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route is the primary driver of emissions; when coal mine methane is included, this route emits approximately 4.2 gigatons of CO2e per year, representing 90% of the industry's total emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000192#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A 'business as usual' trajectory for coal-based steel production would consume approximately 23% of the remaining global carbon budget available to limit warming to 1.5°C between 2023 and 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000192#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Technological mitigation via carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) is currently not a credible near-to-mid-term solution for blast furnaces due to low capture rates, lack of commercial scale, and the difficulty of capturing emissions from multiple points on a site.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000192#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The industry faces an imminent risk of carbon lock-in, as 71% of global blast furnaces will require relining by 2030, and there are over 125 new projects involving coal-based blast furnaces announced or under construction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000192#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal-based steel production causes significant non-climate harms, including air and water pollution; in South Korea, emissions from three specific plants were linked to approximately 506 premature deaths in 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000192#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report proposes a transition to fossil-free steel using green hydrogen for direct reduction of iron (DRI) and renewable electricity for electric arc furnaces (EAF), citing projects like HYBRIT in Sweden and ArcelorMittal Dofasco in Canada as examples.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000192#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","green hydrogen","carbon budget","just transition","air pollution"],"geography_discussed":["India","South Korea","South Africa","United States","Canada","Sweden","Japan","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","technical assessment","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000221","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000221","title":"PDP8: Vietnam inches closer to commissioning its last new coal plant, but key coal phase out and participation questions remain","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2023-06","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/GEM-PDP8-Vietnam-June2023_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Vietnam's PDP8 aims to peak coal capacity at 30 GW by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050, but the briefing argues that all coal projects not yet in construction must be cancelled to align with the JETP agreement. While Vietnam is leading global coal project cancellations in 2023, concerns remain regarding the use of experimental fuels for plant conversion and the government's crackdown on civil society leaders essential for a just transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000221#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Vietnam's proposed coal capacity has decreased by 92% since 2015. The official Power Development Plan VIII (PDP8), approved in May 2023, projects that coal will account for 20% of domestic energy generation in 2030, down from one-third currently.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000221#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To align with the December 2022 Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) agreement, Vietnam must cancel all coal-fired power stations not yet in construction. This includes 4 GW of capacity from the An Khánh - Băc Giang, Na Dương II, Sông Hâu II, and Nam Đình I plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000221#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Vietnam's operating coal capacity was 25.9 GW as of May 2023 and is expected to peak at 30,127 MW by 2030 before declining toward zero by 2050. The briefing argues that the existing fleet should be retired by 2040 at the latest to align with the UN's \"Acceleration Agenda\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000221#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The briefing criticizes PDP8's suggestion to convert coal plants to biomass and ammonia, stating these fuels are not carbon-free and increase the risk of stranded assets and technological infeasibility.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000221#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Vietnam is currently a global leader in coal project cancellations. Between January and May 2023, Vietnam's 9.6 GW drop in proposed capacity represented nearly half of the 20 to 25 GW of cancellations seen in countries outside of China during the first quarter of 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000221#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A just transition is hindered by the Vietnamese government's crackdown on civil society. While Nguy Thi Khanh was released in May 2023, other leaders like Hoang Thi Minh Hong were arrested, and Mai Phan Loi, Dang Dinh Bach, and Bach Hung Duong remain imprisoned.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000221#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Coal phase-out","Just Energy Transition Partnership","renewable energy","biomass","Green ammonia","stranded asset","climate justice"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Japan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","technical review"]},{"id":"gem-000223","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000223","title":"A RACE TO THE TOP: CHINA 2023 GLOBAL ENERGY MONITOR REPORT","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-06","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/GEM-RTTT-China-2023-report-English-1_24.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"China has established itself as the global leader in renewable energy, with operating large utility-scale solar capacity of 228 GW and combined wind capacity exceeding 310 GW. The country is pursuing a strategy of 'mega wind and solar bases' in its northern and northwestern deserts to meet a central government target of 1,200 GW of cumulative capacity by 2030, a goal it is likely to surpass by 2025. This expansion is driven by a combination of historical feed-in tariffs, favorable financing from state-owned banks, and strict provincial targets. However, the report notes that new renewables bases are often bundled with new coal-fired power plants to manage intermittency, potentially hindering the phase-out of fossil fuels. To address volatility, China is implementing 'source-grid-load-storage' integration, expanding new energy storage, and developing green hydrogen production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000223#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"China is the global leader in utility-scale renewables, with operating large utility-scale solar capacity reaching 228 GW, which is more than the rest of the world combined. Its combined onshore and offshore wind capacity has surpassed 310 GW, roughly equaling the capacity of the next seven top countries globally combined.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000223#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China is on track to meet or exceed its 2030 target of 1,200 GW of cumulative wind and solar capacity five years early. GEM has identified 379 GW of prospective large utility-scale solar and 371 GW of prospective wind capacity, most of which are scheduled for installation by the end of 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000223#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The central government is focusing on 'mega wind and solar bases' in the arid regions of Inner Mongolia and Northwest China. A second wave of these bases, totaling 455 GW, is planned for completion by 2030, with 200 GW targeted for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000223#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's success is underpinned by dominance in the global supply chain, controlling over 80% of every stage of solar power manufacturing. In the wind sector, seven of the top ten global manufacturers are Chinese, supported by a 2005 mandate requiring wind farms to source at least 70% of equipment domestically.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000223#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To manage the intermittency of renewables, China is integrating new coal capacity into new renewables bases as 'pillars of support.' Evidence suggests that planned shipments from these bases will consist of approximately 55% renewables and 45% coal power, which may slow the phase-out of coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000223#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China is aggressively expanding energy storage and green hydrogen to stabilize the grid. The government aims for over 30 GW of new energy storage capacity by 2025. Additionally, at least 19 GW of wind and solar capacity is currently associated with downstream hydrogen use.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000223#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["solar energy","wind power","offshore wind power","energy security","carbon neutrality","energy storage","green hydrogen","coal power","supply chain","feed-in tariff"],"geography_discussed":["Inner Mongolia","Xinjiang","Hebei","Shanxi","Jiangsu","Fujian","United States","Europe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["capacity assessment","policy analysis","infrastructure review"]},{"id":"gem-000047","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000047","title":"繁荣与衰落","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"zh","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-Chinese_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while global coal power is generally declining and many existing plants have set retirement dates, China is experiencing a surge in new coal capacity. In 2022, China's new coal construction capacity grew by 38%, accounting for 68% of global construction. Despite this, the report suggests a coal-free future is possible if countries transition from broad commitments to specific plant retirement plans and close financial channels for coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000047#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A significant portion of global coal capacity is now targeted for closure, with nearly one-third of operating units (580 GW) having set retirement dates and only 5% of global capacity remaining outside national closure commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000047#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's coal power expansion accelerated sharply in 2022, with new construction capacity increasing by 38% (from 266 GW to 366 GW), representing 68% of the world's total under-construction capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000047#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2022, China approved approximately 100 GW of new coal power projects, which is more than four times the 23 GW approved in 2021, with 50 GW of projects starting construction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000047#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Outside of China, the trend is toward decline; coal capacity under preparation globally (excluding China) fell below 100 GW for the first time, reaching 96.7 GW in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000047#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States led the world in coal retirements in 2022, decommissioning 13.5 GW of capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000047#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial support for coal is shifting, with $45.2 billion committed internationally for clean energy transitions, primarily benefiting South Africa, Indonesia, and Vietnam, though 99 private financial institutions updated policies in 2022, only 12 of which were strong enough to stop financing for new mines or plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000047#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","energy transition","carbon neutrality","climate finance","greenhouse gas emissions","renewable energy","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["United States","European Union","India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","capacity tracking"]},{"id":"gem-000048","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000048","title":"L’ÉTAT DES CENTRALES À CHARBON DU MONDE","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-French_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while the 'return of coal' did not materialize globally in 2022, the pace of retirements remains insufficient to meet Paris Agreement targets. China is a major outlier, with its coal capacity in development increasing by 38% in 2022, while capacities in the rest of the world decreased by 20%. In the EU and UK, coal use saw a marginal 1% increase due to the gas crisis, but long-term trends remain downward. In Sub-Saharan Africa, coal projects persist despite funding shortages, though some successful just transition initiatives, such as the Komati plant retirement in South Africa, provide a potential model for the region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal capacity retirements are not currently aligned with Paris Agreement goals. To achieve total elimination by 2040, an average of 117 GW must be closed annually, which is 4.5 times the capacity closed in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China is significantly expanding its coal capacity while the rest of the world declines. In 2022, China's developing capacities rose by 38% (from 266 GW to 366 GW), whereas the rest of the world saw a 20% decrease (from 214 GW to 172 GW). China now accounts for 68% of global coal power capacity in development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union and United Kingdom have largely ceased developing new coal plants, with no plants in pre-construction and only one under construction. Despite a temporary 1% increase in EU coal generation in 2022 due to the gas crisis and the invasion of Ukraine, the long-term trend remains a decline, with approximately 60 GW projected for retirement by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In North Africa and the Middle East, coal capacity is declining; no new proposals were made in 2022. Over half of the region's 8.6 GW of coal capacity is scheduled for retirement or replacement by 2026, although some plants in Morocco and Israel have seen extensions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a crossroads with nearly 50 GW of operational capacity and 10 GW in development. While some projects were cancelled in Kenya and Tanzania, others persist, such as the 2.8 GW Sengwa plant in Zimbabwe. South Africa's energy crisis and load shedding have led the government to consider accelerated approval processes for new installations, which may favor coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private financial support for coal is largely insufficient. While 99 financial institutions updated their coal policies in 2022, only 12 of these commitments are restrictive enough to effectively stop the funding of new mines and power plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000048#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","climate finance","renewable energy","decarbonization","just transition","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","sub-Saharan Africa","South Africa","Zimbabwe","Morocco","Israel","Kenya","Tanzania","Botswana","Germany","France"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","capacity tracking"]},{"id":"gem-000050","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000050","title":"活況と不況－石炭 世界の石炭火力発電所の計画追跡","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ja","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-Japanese_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report indicates that while global coal power is trending toward an end, the pace of phase-out is insufficient to meet Paris Agreement targets. China is a major outlier, with a surge in new plant approvals and construction that contrasts with a general decline in new projects outside its borders. In Japan, while new project scales are shrinking, operational capacity increased in 2022, and very few plants have confirmed closure dates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000050#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal power capacity is increasingly subject to climate targets, with one-third of operational capacity (580 GW) having set closure dates and another 1,400 GW covered by carbon neutral goals, leaving only 5% of global plants outside national commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000050#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's coal expansion is diverging from global trends; in 2022, China's capacity under development increased by 38% (from 266 GW to 366 GW), while capacity in the rest of the world decreased by 20% (from 214 GW to 172 GW). China now accounts for 68% of the world's total coal capacity under development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000050#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The G7 holds 15% (323 GW) of global operational coal capacity and committed in 2022 to phase out unabated coal power by 2035, though the report notes that achieving this requires action by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000050#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","carbon neutrality","decarbonization","climate finance","Cofiring","carbon capture and storage"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Japan","United States","European Union","India","United Kingdom"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["tracking","assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000051","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000051","title":"석탄의 경제 대전환","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ko","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-Korean_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while global coal phase-out remains possible, the current pace of closures is insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals. China is a major outlier, accounting for 68% of proposed global coal capacity in 2022, while other regions show a decline in new projects. In South Korea, the report argues that current plans are inconsistent with national climate goals and that the financial risks of coal dependence are evident in the deficits of the Korea Electric Power Corporation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000051#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal phase-out is progressing but remains insufficient to meet Paris Agreement targets. Approximately one-third of operating capacity (580 GW) has assigned closure dates, and most of the remaining 1,400 GW falls within carbon neutrality goals, meaning only 5% of global capacity is outside national commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000051#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's coal expansion is diverging sharply from the rest of the world. In 2022, China's proposed coal capacity increased by 38% (from 266 GW to 366 GW), while capacity in the rest of the world decreased by 20% (from 214 GW to 172 GW). China now represents 68% of all proposed global coal capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000051#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The pace of coal plant closures must accelerate significantly to meet 2040 targets, requiring an average annual closure of 117 GW, which is 4.5 times the amount closed in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000051#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Korea's coal phase-out plan is deemed insufficient to meet its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 2018. The government plans to operate 41 coal plants (31.7 GW) in 2030, representing only a 19% decrease from the current 39.1 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000051#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial risks associated with coal dependence are manifesting in South Korea, with the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) recording a deficit of over 32.6 trillion KRW (25 billion USD) in 2022, of which approximately 30% is attributed to coal power.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000051#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","energy transition","Paris Agreement","carbon neutrality","greenhouse gas emissions","climate finance","just transition","Nationally Determined Contributions","decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","European Union","United States","India","South Korea","South Chungcheong"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","financial risk analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000052","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000052","title":"RASTREAMENTO GLOBAL DAS USINAS DE CARVÃO","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"pt","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-Portuguese_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report indicates that while the global coal fleet grew by 19.5 GW in 2022, this was primarily driven by China, which now accounts for 68% of global developing coal capacity. Outside China, new coal proposals have collapsed by 84% since 2015. However, the current pace of decommissioning is insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals, with a required average of 117 GW of annual retirements to achieve a 2040 phase-out. In Latin America, development has slowed significantly, though Argentina recently commissioned the Río Turbio plant and Brazil maintains plans for 1.4 GW of new capacity by 2031, despite current project stalls.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"China is the primary driver of global coal expansion; its developing capacity increased by 38% (from 266 GW to 366 GW) in 2022, and it now represents 68% of the world's developing coal capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Outside of China, the pipeline for new coal power has seen a massive decline, with proposed capacity falling 84% since 2015, including a 90% reduction in the OECD/EU.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current global decommissioning rates are far below what is necessary to meet a 2040 phase-out target, which would require an average of 117 GW of retirements per year—4.5 times the 2022 rate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States led coal retirements in 2022 with 13.5 GW decommissioned, while the European Union saw a slowdown in retirements (only 2.2 GW) due to the gas crisis and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Latin America, coal development has dropped 82% since 2015, with only 1.8 GW in development by the end of 2022. Argentina's Río Turbio plant became the first newly commissioned coal plant in the region since 2019 in November 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Brazil's 10-year energy expansion plan calls for 1.4 GW of new coal by 2031, but current proposals like the 600 MW Ouro Negro plant have been outcompeted by renewables or stalled by legal decisions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The G20 controls the vast majority of the world's coal infrastructure, holding 93% of operational capacity (1,926 GW) and 88% of pre-construction capacity (305 GW).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000052#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","decarbonization","Paris Agreement","climate finance","climate target","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","European Union","India","Latin America","Argentina","Brazil","Chile","Peru","Panama","Colombia","Mexico","Dominican Republic"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["capacity tracking","policy analysis","geographic comparison"]},{"id":"gem-000053","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000053","title":"ڪوئلي جي رٿائن جي عالمي پائپ الئين جو پيرو کڄي ٿو..!! ڪوئلي جو عروج ۽ ڦاٽ .... 2023ع رپورٽ","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"fa","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-Sindhi_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2023 report by Global Energy Monitor and partners highlights a divergence in global coal trends: while most of the world is reducing coal capacity, China is significantly increasing its domestic pipeline. In 2022, China's under-construction coal capacity grew by 38%, while the rest of the world saw a 20% decrease. The report notes that 70% of OECD coal capacity is moving toward phase-out, but only 6% of non-OECD capacity is scheduled for retirement before 2040. In Pakistan, coal capacity grew from 150 MW in 2016 to 7.6 GW in 2023, with the government signaling a shift toward increasing local coal-based electricity capacity to 10 GW despite environmental and social concerns in the Thar region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000053#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a stark contrast between China and the rest of the world regarding coal capacity; China's under-construction coal capacity increased by 38% (from GW266 to GW366) in 2022, while the rest of the world saw a 20% decrease (from GW214 to GW172).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000053#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China dominates the global pipeline of under-construction coal power, accounting for 68% of the global capacity in 2022, up from 55% the previous year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000053#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Phase-out progress is uneven between developed and developing economies: 70% (GW330) of OECD coal capacity is moving toward phase-out, whereas only 6% (GW93) of non-OECD capacity is publicly retiring before 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000053#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States led coal retirements in 2022, retiring GW13.5 of capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000053#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Pakistan has seen a massive increase in coal power capacity, rising from 150 MW in 2016 to 7.6 GW in 2023, with an additional 0.7 GW under construction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000053#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Pakistani government intends to increase local coal-based electricity capacity from 2.3 GW to 10 GW, a move that contradicts previous plans for inadequate generation capacity extension.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000053#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal mining in the Thar region of Pakistan has caused severe economic distress for local agricultural and livestock-dependent populations due to water contamination and land use changes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000053#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","energy transition","carbon dioxide emissions","climate finance","Paris Agreement","renewable energy","Coal phase-out","greenhouse gas"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Pakistan","United States","European Union","India","Tharparkar District"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["capacity assessment","policy analysis","socio-economic impact analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000054","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000054","title":"Auge y caída del carbón 2023","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-Spanish_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report indicates that while the global coal sector is generally declining, China is significantly increasing its coal capacity, contrasting with a sharp drop in new projects elsewhere. Most of the world's operational coal capacity is now within the scope of national neutrality targets, though the current pace of retirement remains insufficient to meet Paris Agreement objectives. In Latin America and the Caribbean, coal development has slowed significantly, with notable retirements in Chile and Peru, though Argentina and Brazil maintain some capacity in development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000054#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A significant portion of global coal capacity is now subject to phase-out or neutrality targets, with nearly one-third (580 GW) having a specific phase-out date and only 5% of the global portfolio remaining outside any national commitment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000054#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China is driving a global increase in coal capacity; its developing capacity grew by 38% (from 266 GW to 366 GW) in 2022, and it now accounts for 68% of the world's coal generation capacity under development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000054#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Outside of China, the development of new coal plants has plummeted, with proposed new capacity decreasing by 84% since 2015, including a 90% reduction in OECD and EU countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000054#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current retirement rates are insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement goals; achieving a 2040 phase-out of operational plants would require retiring an average of 117 GW per year, which is 4.5 times the capacity retired in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000054#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Latin America and the Caribbean, coal development has decreased by 82% since 2015, with only Brazil and Argentina having capacity in pre-construction or construction as of late 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000054#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The G7 holds 15% (323 GW) of the world's operational coal capacity and has committed to phasing out unabated coal and primarily retiring coal from the electricity sector by 2035.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000054#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","Paris Agreement","climate finance","decarbonization","carbon neutrality","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","European Union","India","Latin America and the Caribbean","Brazil","Argentina","Chile","Peru","Colombia","Mexico","Dominican Republic","Panama"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["monitoring","policy assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000055","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000055","title":"KÜRESEL KÖMÜRLÜ TERMIK SANTRAL TAKIBI","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"tr","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-Turkish_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report indicates that while global coal capacity is nearing an end with one-third of the 580 GW fleet having set closure dates, the pace of exit is insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals. China is a major outlier, with its development-stage capacity increasing by 32% to 366 GW in 2022, while the rest of the world saw a 22% decrease. In the EU and UK, the energy crisis caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine slowed retirements and led to the temporary restart of some units, though coal's share of electricity production only rose by 1%. Turkey ranks third globally in developing coal capacity with approximately 11 GW of announced projects, though many face financing and legal hurdles, and the government plans only 3.2 GW of new coal capacity by 2035.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000055#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal capacity is transitioning toward closure, with approximately one-third of the 580 GW operational fleet having determined closure dates, and most of the remaining 1,400 GW falling under carbon-neutral targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000055#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's coal expansion is diverging from global trends; in 2022, China's development-stage capacity grew by 32% (from 266 GW to 366 GW), while the rest of the world's decreased by 22% (from 214 GW to 172 GW).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000055#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The G7 nations hold 15% of global operational coal capacity (323 GW) and have committed to phasing out unabated coal by 2035, though the report argues they must implement 2030 exit targets to meet these goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000055#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Turkey ranks third globally in developing coal capacity with approximately 11 GW of projects announced or licensed as of 2022, but the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources plans to add only 3.2 GW of coal capacity by 2035.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000055#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International funding for the transition from coal to clean energy reached 45.2 billion USD over the last two years, with the largest packages allocated to South Africa, Indonesia, and Vietnam.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000055#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private sector coal policies remain largely insufficient; of 99 private financial institutions that updated coal policies in 2022, only 12 had policies strong enough to stop support for new coal mines and plants or set a phase-out date.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000055#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","renewable energy","climate finance","carbon capture and storage","decarbonization","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","Turkey","India","Germany","South Africa","Indonesia","Vietnam"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000056","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000056","title":"کوئلے کا عروج و شکست","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ur","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023-Urdu_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report highlights a global divergence in coal energy trends: while OECD countries and much of the world outside China are reducing coal capacity and increasing retirements, China is significantly expanding its domestic coal pipeline. The document notes that one-third of global coal capacity has a set phase-out date, yet the overall pace remains insufficient to meet Paris Agreement targets. Specific focus is given to Pakistan, where a shift toward local coal is increasing despite environmental concerns and international pledges.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000056#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal capacity trends show a stark contrast between China and the rest of the world; China's under-construction coal capacity increased by 38% (from 266GW to 366GW) in 2022, while the rest of the world saw a 20% decrease (from 214GW to 172GW).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000056#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Phase-out progress is unevenly distributed: 70% (330GW) of coal energy in OECD countries is moving toward phase-out, compared to only 6% (93GW) of coal capacity outside the OECD being explicitly retired before 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000056#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposed 300MW Gwadar plant, funded by Chinese investment, is identified as a violation of China's 2021 pledge to end overseas coal projects and Pakistan's moratorium on new imported coal projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000056#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","Coal phase-out","climate finance","greenhouse gas emissions","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","Ukraine","Vietnam","Indonesia","South Africa","Gwadar","Tharparkar District"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["capacity tracking","policy assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000175","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000175","title":"BOOM AND BUST COAL 2023","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while the world outside China is nearing a 'no new coal' milestone, a massive surge in coal permitting and construction in China is offsetting global progress. In 2022, the global coal fleet grew by 19.5 GW, driven by China, which now accounts for 68% of global capacity under development. While the U.S. and EU continue to retire capacity, the pace of global retirements remains far below the levels required to meet a 1.5C pathway, which would necessitate an average of 117 GW of retirements per year. The report also highlights the role of private finance, noting that most financial institutions' coal policies remain insufficient to align with climate science.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000175#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal power capacity increased by 19.5 GW in 2022, with 45.5 GW commissioned and 26 GW retired. China was the primary driver, accounting for 59% of newly commissioned capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000175#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China has seen a significant increase in coal development, with its share of global capacity under development rising from 55% in 2021 to 68% in 2022. In 2022, China permitted around 100 GW of new projects, more than quadrupling the 23 GW permitted in 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000175#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Outside of China, the world is approaching a state of 'no new coal.' Pre-construction capacity outside China fell below 100 GW for the first time, reaching 96.7 GW. There are currently no new coal projects under consideration in North America or the European Union.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000175#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current global retirement rates are insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement's 1.5C goal. Phasing out operating coal by 2040 would require an average of 117 GW of retirements annually, which is 4.5 times the capacity retired in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000175#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States led global coal retirements in 2022 with 13.5 GW closed. Since 2010, 139 GW of coal capacity has ceased burning coal in the U.S.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000175#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the European Union, the gas crisis and Russia's invasion of Ukraine slowed coal retirements, with only 2.2 GW retired in 2022 compared to a record 14.6 GW in 2021. However, temporary restarts of coal units only added 1% to total EU coal generation in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000175#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India presents contradictory signals: while it commissioned only 3.5 GW of new coal in 2022 (the lowest since 2014, excluding 2020), the government plans to add nearly 56 GW of capacity by 2030 and is opening new coal blocks for auction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000175#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private financial institutions are updating coal policies, but most are inadequate. Of 99 institutions that adopted or updated policies in 2022, only 12 were strong enough to halt support for new coal developers or set required deadlines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000175#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's pledge to stop building new coal plants abroad has had mixed results; 19% (21 GW) of China-backed overseas capacity has been cancelled, but nearly 40% has moved forward.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000175#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Southeast Asia, Vietnam has significantly reduced its coal plans through the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), agreeing to a US$15.5 billion funding package to peak emissions by 2030 and limit additional coal capacity to less than 6 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000175#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","Coal phase-out","Paris Agreement","carbon neutrality","climate finance","Just Energy Transition Partnership","greenhouse gas emissions","renewable energy","energy transition","stranded asset","carbon capture and storage"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","European Union","India","Vietnam","Indonesia","South Africa","Turkey","Japan","Australia","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Philippines","South Korea","Ukraine","Brazil","Chile","Peru","Panama","Colombia","Mexico","Dominican Republic","Zimbabwe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative tracking","policy assessment","geographic comparative analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000245","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000245","title":"Carlyle Emissions Surpass a Quarter Billion Metric Tons","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/PECR_Report_Carlyles-Hidden-Climate-Impact_April2023-1_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that The Carlyle Group invested in 91 energy companies owning 972 assets between 2011 and 2021, with 90% of these being fossil fuel investments. These assets emitted an estimated 277 million metric tons of CO2e, with emissions growing at an average annual rate of 95%. The analysis highlights a significant disparity between Carlyle's fossil fuel investments ($22.4 billion) and its renewable energy commitments ($1.4 billion). Furthermore, the report documents that 84% of Carlyle's downstream US assets are located in areas with higher concentrations of low-income residents or people of color than state averages, and 47% of these plants have a record of environmental violations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000245#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 2011 and 2021, Carlyle's fossil fuel investments emitted an estimated 277 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), with a compound annual growth rate of 95 percent per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000245#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carlyle's energy portfolio is heavily skewed toward carbon-based energy, with $22.4 billion invested in fossil fuels compared to $1.4 billion in renewable and sustainable energy, meaning it invests $16 in fossil fuels for every $1 in renewables.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000245#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carlyle is one of the largest owners of gas-fired power capacity in the United States, with a total capacity of 11,240 MW, including 17 natural gas plants (9,874 MW).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000245#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The environmental burden of Carlyle's downstream fossil fuel assets in the US falls disproportionately on marginalized communities; 84% of these facilities are in areas with higher percentages of low-income residents and/or residents of color than state averages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000245#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nearly half (47%) of Carlyle's fossil fuel power plants have a history of environmental violations, including breaches of the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000245#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carlyle-backed companies produced nearly 1,300 million barrels of oil equivalent (mmboe) from upstream assets between 2011 and 2021, with 65% being oil-based and 35% gas-based.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000245#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that Carlyle's 2022 net-zero emissions pledge is an example of greenwashing because it excludes Scope 3 emissions, minority-stake investments, and lacks absolute interim targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000245#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carlyle's midstream assets, which include pipelines and refineries, are primarily oil-based, with fugitive methane leakage accounting for an estimated 99% of the portfolio's midstream emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000245#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","methane emissions","renewable energy","carbon neutrality","greenwashing","environmental justice","climate finance","Scope 3","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Romania","Switzerland","Europe","Massachusetts","Connecticut","Texas","New Mexico","California","Louisiana","Pennsylvania"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["emissions estimation","portfolio analysis","environmental justice assessment","policy review"]},{"id":"gem-000022","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000022","title":"Europe Gas Tracker 2023","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2023-03-29","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/research/europe-gas-tracker-2023","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Europe Gas Tracker 2023 reports that the EU is pursuing a costly and uncoordinated expansion of gas infrastructure, including a potential 136% increase in LNG import capacity. This build-out, estimated to cost €53.5 billion, risks locking the bloc into fossil fuel dependency and contradicts the European Climate Law's goals of a 55% emissions reduction by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000022#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The proposed expansion of gas infrastructure in the EU includes adding up to 227.2 billion cubic meters per year (bcm/y) of LNG terminal import capacity, which represents a 136% increase over the pre-war maximum capacity of 167 bcm/y. Additionally, 60.5 bcm/y of gas pipeline import capacity and thousands of kilometers of internal transmission pipelines are proposed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000022#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The total estimated cost for this infrastructure is €53.5 billion, split between €22.1 billion for LNG terminals and €31.4 billion for pipelines, with €4.2 billion already associated with projects under construction. Greece, Italy, and Germany account for approximately 53% of these cost estimates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000022#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposed build-out is viewed as being in direct conflict with the European Climate Law's targets of cutting emissions by 55% by 2030 and achieving climate neutrality by 2050. If the full 227.2 bcm/y of LNG capacity is realized, associated emissions could reach nearly 950 million tons of CO2 per year, which is over one-third of the EU's 2019 greenhouse gas emissions of approximately 3.5 billion tons CO2.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000022#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["liquefied natural gas","greenhouse gas emissions","methane"],"geography_discussed":["Greece","Italy","Germany","Russia","Ukraine"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["infrastructure assessment","climate impact analysis","financial analysis"]}]}