{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["Global Energy Monitor"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":256,"relation":"eq"},"page":3,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=global-energy-monitor&page=3","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=global-energy-monitor&page=4","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"gem-000244","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000244","title":"PRIVATE EQUITY, PUBLIC HARM","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-06","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/PECR_June_2025_Report_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that private equity-backed fossil fuel infrastructure in the U.S. causes between $11.3 and $15.1 billion in annual human health damages, resulting in nearly 1,000 premature deaths and 1,500 emergency room visits each year. A small group of firms, specifically ArcLight, Energy Capital Partners (ECP), and Quantum Capital, are responsible for approximately 20% of these impacts. The General J.M. Gavin coal plant in Ohio is identified as the single most harmful facility, causing an estimated $1.7 billion in annual health impacts. Regional analysis highlights a disproportionate burden in the Mid-Atlantic/New England area, where people are three times more likely to die from this pollution than in the rest of the U.S., and in Texas, which ranks first in asthma onset and symptoms due to its large population and proximity to the Permian Basin.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000244#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Private equity-backed fossil fuel infrastructure in the U.S., including coal plants, LNG terminals, and oil and gas extraction sites, causes estimated annual human health damages between $11.3 billion and $15.1 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000244#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The air pollution from these facilities is linked to nearly 1,000 premature deaths and nearly 1,500 emergency room visits annually, as well as over 250,000 lost school days and 27,000 lost work days.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000244#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Three private equity firms\u0010\u0013ArcLight, Energy Capital Partners (ECP), and Quantum Capital\u0010\u0013are responsible for roughly 20% of the total health impacts, with estimated annual costs between $2.5 billion and $3.7 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000244#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The General J.M. Gavin coal plant in southeastern Ohio is the most harmful individual facility in the study, accounting for approximately 19% of all health impacts with an estimated $1.7 billion in annual damages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000244#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Mid-Atlantic and New England regions are disproportionately affected; people there are three times more likely to die from PE-backed air pollution than in the rest of the U.S., with eight facilities across five firms causing 91% of the region's $5.6 billion in health impacts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000244#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Texas is one of the most heavily impacted states, ranking first in asthma onset, asthma symptoms, and hay fever, largely due to its high population and proximity to the Permian Basin oil and gas extraction sites.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000244#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal-fired power plants have a significantly higher per capita impact than other infrastructure types, creating five times more impact per person than oil and gas extraction, LNG terminals, and coal mines combined.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000244#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["air pollution","public health","coal-fired power station","environmental justice","energy transition","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Texas","Ohio","Pennsylvania","New Mexico","Permian Basin","Mid-Atlantic","New England"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment","case study","economic analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000017","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000017","title":"Pedal to the Metal","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-05-29","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/research/pedal-metal-2025","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes the global iron and steel fleet, noting that while electric arc furnace (EAF) and direct reduced iron (DRI) capacities are growing in development plans, implementation lags. India is identified as the primary driver of global steel capacity, with a high concentration of coal-based projects that could prevent the sector from meeting the IEA's 37% EAF target by 2030. Additionally, Australia and Brazil are highlighted as having significant untapped potential for green ironmaking due to their iron ore reserves and renewable energy capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000017#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global steelmaking is trending toward the IEA's 37% electric arc furnace (EAF) target for 2030, with current projections suggesting the fleet could reach 36% EAF capacity if developments and retirements proceed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000017#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India has become the leading developer of new steel capacity, accounting for 57% of all coal-based basic oxygen furnace (BOF) capacity under development, with a total pipeline of 352 mtpa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000017#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gap between the planning and construction of cleaner steel technologies; while EAF-based capacity represents 50% of projects in development, less than one-third of those are actually under construction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000017#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Direct reduced iron (DRI) is increasing its share of new ironmaking capacity to 42% of developments, compared to only 10% of current operating capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000017#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Australia and Brazil possess the high-grade iron ore reserves and renewable energy potential necessary for green DRI-EAF steelmaking, but both countries currently lag in deploying these cleaner technologies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000017#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["iron and steel industry","decarbonization","coal","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["India","People's Republic of China","Australia","Brazil"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["sectoral analysis","progress tracking"]},{"id":"gem-000214","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000214","title":"Pedal to the Metal","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/GEM-global-steel-report-May-2025_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while electric arc furnace (EAF) capacity is growing, the global steel industry is not on track for 2030 net-zero goals due to continued investment in coal-based blast furnaces, particularly in India and China. India has emerged as the largest developer of steel capacity, though most of its plans remain in the announcement stage and are heavily carbon-intensive. The report also highlights the strategic importance of iron ore producers like Australia and Brazil in enabling the transition to direct reduced iron (DRI) production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000214#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global steelmaking capacity is dominated by China, which holds 48% of steelmaking and 55% of ironmaking capacity, primarily driven by coal-based blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) technology.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000214#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India has surpassed China as the world's largest developer of steel capacity, accounting for 40% (352 mtpa) of global developments, with a strong preference for coal-based BOF capacity (57% of new coal-based capacity).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000214#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gap between India's announced ambitions and actual execution; only 8% of its 352 mtpa of developing capacity has started construction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000214#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Lower-emissions electric arc furnace (EAF) capacity is increasing, representing 32% of operating capacity in 2025 and projected to reach 36% by 2030, with 50% of current global developments planning to use EAF technology.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000214#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The phaseout of blast furnaces is slow, with 303 mtpa of BF capacity still under development and 259 relinings completed in the last five years extending 372 mtpa of capacity, locking in emissions for 15–20 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000214#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The industry is not on track to meet IEA Net Zero Scenario goals for ironmaking; DRI is projected to reach 15% of the split by 2030, falling short of the required 17%, and only 20% of operating or developing DRI capacity uses or plans to use hydrogen.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000214#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's steel industry is the most carbon-intensive globally, emitting 20–25% more CO2 per tonne than China, largely due to a heavy reliance on coal-based DRI in its EAFs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000214#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Australia and Brazil hold strategic opportunities to lead in green steelmaking due to their large iron ore reserves and renewable energy potential, though Brazil currently produces no DRI-based iron despite being the world's largest producer of DR-grade ore.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000214#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The green transition is threatened by economic pressures, policy uncertainties, and the limited availability of high-quality DR-grade iron ore (only 4% of global supply).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000214#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["decarbonization","green hydrogen","Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism","emission intensity"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","Japan","Russia","South Korea","Turkey","Germany","Iran","Brazil","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["capacity assessment","technology trend analysis","supply chain analysis","policy evaluation"]},{"id":"gem-000023","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000023","title":"Boom and Bust Coal 2025","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-04-29","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/research/boom-and-bust-coal-2025","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, global coal power capacity increased by 18.8 GW, as 44.1 GW was commissioned and 25.2 GW retired. While the EU27 saw a fourfold increase in retirements and the UK completed its coal phaseout, global progress was offset by significant expansion in China and India. China commissioned 30.5 GW (70% of the global total) and saw 94.5 GW in new construction starts. India recorded its highest-ever level of new coal proposals at 38.4 GW. Conversely, coal proposals in OECD countries dropped from 142 in 2015 to five today, though retirements in these nations must triple to align with the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000023#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal power capacity rose to 2,175 GW by the end of 2024, representing an increase of 259 GW since the 2015 Paris Agreement. In 2024, 44.1 GW of capacity was commissioned and 25.2 GW was retired, resulting in a net increase of 18.8 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000023#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are the primary drivers of global coal expansion. China commissioned 30.5 GW in 2024, accounting for 70% of the global total, and had 94.5 GW in new construction starts. India proposed 38.4 GW of new coal power in 2024, the highest annual total on record, with plans for over 90 GW by 2032.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000023#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Europe is accelerating its coal exit, with the EU27 retiring 11 GW of capacity in 2024, a fourfold increase over 2023. The United Kingdom completed its coal phaseout, and Ireland and Spain are expected to finish theirs in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000023#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal development is becoming highly concentrated; ten countries now account for 96% of coal power capacity under development, with China and India responsible for 87%. In OECD countries, the number of coal plant proposals fell from 142 in 2015 to five today.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000023#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Progress has stalled or regressed in specific regions: U.S. retirements fell to 4.7 GW in 2024, the lowest level in a decade. Japan and South Korea continue to plan new plants and are promoting ammonia co-firing as an emissions reduction strategy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000023#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","phase-out","Paris Agreement","energy transition","Cofiring"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","Germany","Ireland","Spain","Indonesia","Malaysia","Philippines","Vietnam","Turkey","Brazil","Honduras","Panama","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Japan","South Korea"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","capacity tracking"]},{"id":"gem-000163","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000163","title":"BRICS can lead clean energy transition, but new members are where fossil fuels predominate","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2025-04-29","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/research/brics-can-lead-clean-energy-transition-new-members-where-fossil-fuels-predominate","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, fossil-powered capacity fell below half of the total electricity mix for the BRICS group, driven by renewable growth in China, India, and Brazil. However, new BRICS members—including Indonesia, Kazakhstan, and Nigeria—show a stark gap between net-zero pledges and action, currently constructing ten times more fossil fuel capacity (25 GW) than wind and utility-scale solar (2.3 GW). Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are central to this expansion, backing 62% of all power capacity under construction in new member geographies, with particularly high involvement in hydropower (93%) and coal (88%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000163#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"For the first time in 2024, fossil fuels no longer represent the majority of the total power capacity within the BRICS group, a milestone achieved through significant solar and wind growth in Brazil, India, and China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000163#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"New BRICS members are prioritizing fossil fuel construction over renewables, with 25 GW of coal, oil, and gas capacity currently being built compared to only 2.3 GW of wind and utility-scale solar.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000163#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant disparity between the development stages of energy projects in new BRICS members; while 97% of wind and utility-scale solar projects are only in early development, 44% of coal plants and 26% of oil and gas plants have reached the construction phase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000163#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The expansion of the BRICS group has concentrated global coal infrastructure, with the bloc now holding 94% of the world's construction and pre-construction coal plant capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000163#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) dominate the power sector buildout in new BRICS member countries, providing financing or engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) services for 62% of total capacity under construction, including 88% of coal and 93% of hydropower projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000163#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite a 2021 pledge to stop building new coal plants abroad, Chinese finance and construction continue to support 7.7 GW of new coal capacity, primarily located in Indonesia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000163#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","fossil fuel","coal power","wind power","solar energy","hydropower","geothermal energy","Coal phase-out","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000040","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000040","title":"繁荣与衰落2025","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"zh","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-and-Bust-Coal-2025-Chinese_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, global coal power saw a contradiction: while new completions reached a 20-year low of 44 GW and the EU increased retirements fourfold, China and India saw record-breaking activity. China's new coal starts reached a ten-year high of 94 GW, driven by approval surges in 2022-2023 and supportive policies like capacity electricity tariffs and long-term power purchase agreements. Conversely, OECD nations have significantly reduced planned projects, though their retirement pace remains too slow to meet Paris Agreement goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000040#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal power completions in 2024 reached their lowest level in 20 years at 44 GW, significantly below the 2004-2024 annual average of 72 GW. However, because global retirements were only 25.2 GW, the world saw a net increase of 18.8 GW in coal capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000040#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China experienced a surge in coal power, with new starts in 2024 reaching 94 GW, the highest since 2015. This trend is attributed to an approval wave in 2022 and 2023 where over 200 GW of projects were approved. This growth is supported by policies such as long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) requiring 80% of expected annual generation and a capacity electricity price mechanism to cover fixed operating costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000040#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's planned coal capacity rose to a record 38 GW in 2024. Together, China and India account for 107 GW of the world's 116 GW of planned coal capacity, representing 92% of the global total.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000040#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union (EU 27) saw a fourfold increase in coal retirements, rising from 2.7 GW in 2023 to 11 GW in 2024, with Germany leading at 6.7 GW. The UK became the sixth country to completely phase out coal since the 2015 Paris Agreement by closing its last plant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000040#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"OECD member countries have drastically reduced planned coal projects from 142 in 2015 to just 5 currently. However, their retirement rate is deemed insufficient; they retired 19 GW in 2024, but would need to retire 70 GW annually until 2030 to align with Paris Agreement goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000040#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","power purchase agreement","Coal phase-out","wide area synchronous grid"],"geography_discussed":["India","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","Turkey","Australia","Brazil","Russia","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Germany"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000041","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000041","title":"Grandeur et Décadence 2025","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-and-Bust-Coal-2025-French_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, global coal capacity saw a net increase of 18.8 GW despite the lowest number of new commissions in 20 years, driven primarily by record construction activity in China and India. While the EU27 quadrupled its retirements and the UK eliminated coal entirely, other regions like Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia continue to expand capacity. The report highlights a stark divide between OECD countries, where projects have plummeted, and Asia, where China and India account for 92% of new projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000041#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The year 2024 saw the lowest amount of new coal capacity commissioned in two decades, totaling 44 GW, which is nearly 30 GW below the 2004-2024 average of 72 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000041#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite low commissions, the global coal fleet grew by 18.8 GW because the 44 GW of new capacity exceeded the 25.2 GW of retirements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000041#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India dominated new coal projects in 2024, together representing 92% of the global total with 107 GW out of 116 GW. China specifically reached its highest annual construction level since 2015 with 94 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000041#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union (EU27) significantly accelerated coal phase-outs in 2024, with retirements increasing fourfold from 2.7 GW in 2023 to 11 GW in 2024, led by Germany's 6.7 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000041#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United Kingdom became the sixth country to completely eliminate coal since the 2015 Paris Agreement by closing its final coal plant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000041#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In OECD countries, coal plant projects have dropped from 142 in 2015 to 5 currently, though the report notes that retirement rates must triple from 19 GW in 2024 to 70 GW annually by 2030 to meet Paris Agreement goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000041#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While Indonesia's President Prabowo announced a total phase-out of coal power by 2040, the country continues to commit to new captive coal plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000041#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal capacity in Africa is increasing in Zimbabwe and Zambia, largely through Chinese financing, despite China's 2021 pledge to stop building new coal plants abroad.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000041#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","climate finance","Net-zero emissions","greenhouse gas emissions","Cofiring"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","People's Republic of China","India","United Kingdom","Indonesia","United States","Germany","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Brazil","Japan","South Korea","Poland","Romania","Bulgaria"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","capacity tracking"]},{"id":"gem-000042","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000042","title":"Boom and Bust Coal 2025","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"id","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-and-Bust-Coal-2025-Indonesian_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, global new coal capacity reached its lowest level in two decades, though China and India continued significant expansions. While the EU27 saw a fourfold increase in retirements and the UK closed its last coal plant, Indonesia experienced a surge in 'captive' coal plants for industrial use, contradicting its stated transition goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000042#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global new coal-fired power plant capacity in 2024 reached its lowest point in 20 years, totaling 44 GW, which is nearly 30 GW lower than the 2004–2024 annual average of 72 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000042#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the global decline, China and India dominated new coal development in 2024, together accounting for 92% of all newly proposed global coal capacity (107 GW out of 116 GW). China recorded its highest number of construction starts since 2015 with 94 GW, while India proposed 38 GW of new capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000042#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union (EU27) saw coal plant retirements increase fourfold from 2.7 GW in 2023 to 11 GW in 2024, with Germany contributing 6.7 GW. The United Kingdom became the sixth country to completely phase out coal since the 2015 Paris Agreement by closing its final coal plant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000042#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia is experiencing a surge in 'captive' coal plants—those serving high-energy industries like metal smelting—which accounted for over 80% of the 1.9 GW of new capacity added in 2024. Captive capacity in the metal processing sector grew from 5.5 GW in 2019 to 16.6 GW in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000042#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's national energy plans are contradictory: while President Prabowo mentioned a 2040 phase-out of fossil fuels, the National Electricity Supply Plan 2024–2060 outlines the addition of 26.7 GW of coal capacity over the next seven years, with 75% being captive plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000042#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) in Indonesia has faced setbacks, including the withdrawal of the United States in February 2025 under the second Trump administration, with Germany and Japan taking over the lead role.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000042#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Africa, Zimbabwe and Zambia saw increases in proposed coal capacity, largely funded by Chinese companies, despite China's 2021 pledge to stop building coal plants abroad.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000042#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","climate finance","Just Energy Transition Partnership","carbon capture and storage","Cofiring","deforestation","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","People's Republic of China","India","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Brazil","Japan","South Korea"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000043","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000043","title":"석탄의 경제 대전환 2025","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ko","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-and-Bust-Coal-2025-Korean_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, global coal capacity saw a net increase of 18.8GW, driven by record construction in China (94GW) and high proposals in India (38GW), despite the lowest new capacity additions in 20 years (44GW). While the EU27 quadrupled its closures and the UK fully phased out coal, Japan and South Korea are pursuing ammonia co-firing to extend the life of coal plants, a strategy the report describes as costly and inconsistent with the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000043#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal capacity increased by 18.8GW in 2024 because new additions (44GW) exceeded closures (25.2GW), although new capacity additions reached their lowest level since 2004.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000043#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India dominated new coal activity in 2024, accounting for 107GW of the 116GW in new global proposals. China specifically saw its highest volume of new construction starts since 2015, totaling 94GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000043#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EU27 saw a fourfold increase in coal plant closures, rising from 2.7GW in 2023 to 11GW in 2024, with Germany contributing the largest share at 6.7GW. The UK became the sixth country to fully phase out coal since the 2015 Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000043#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Korea and Japan are implementing ammonia co-firing to extend coal plant operations, but the report argues this is inefficient and costly. South Korea plans to introduce 20% ammonia co-firing in over half of its 41GW coal capacity by 2030, while Japan aims for 100% ammonia fuel by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000043#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ammonia co-firing is deemed economically unviable without massive subsidies or high carbon taxes; Bloomberg NEF suggests a carbon tax of at least $300 per ton is needed for 20% co-firing to be viable by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000043#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Cofiring","Paris Agreement","decarbonization","climate finance","Green ammonia","carbon capture and storage"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","Indonesia","South Korea","Japan","Germany","Brazil","Zimbabwe","Zambia","South Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","economic evaluation"]},{"id":"gem-000044","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000044","title":"Ascensão e Queda 2025 Rastreamento global das usinas de carvão","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"pt","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-and-Bust-Coal-2025-Portuguese_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, the world commissioned the lowest amount of new coal capacity in twenty years (44 GW), though global capacity still saw a net increase of 18.8 GW. While the EU27 quadrupled its retirements and the UK closed its last coal plant, China and India saw record construction starts and proposals, respectively. Outside these two nations, development capacity has fallen for ten consecutive years. In Latin America, new proposals are nearly zero, though Brazil continues to provide significant government subsidies to keep existing plants operational despite the competitiveness of renewables.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The year 2024 marked the lowest level of new coal power production in two decades, with 44 GW commissioned, which is nearly 30 GW below the 2004-2024 annual average of 72 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite low new production, global coal capacity increased by a net 18.8 GW in 2024 because the 44 GW of new capacity exceeded the 25.2 GW retired.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India dominated new coal developments in 2024, together accounting for 92% of the world's proposed coal capacity (107 GW out of 116 GW). China had its highest number of construction starts since 2015 (94 GW), and India saw a record 38 GW in new proposals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union (EU27) saw coal retirements quadruple in 2023, rising from 2.7 GW to 11 GW, with Germany leading the trend at 6.7 GW. The United Kingdom became the sixth country to fully eliminate coal power since the 2015 Paris Agreement by closing its last plant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Brazil, government subsidies maintain coal plants despite their high costs and the competitiveness of renewables. Between 2020 and 2024, the government spent an average of R$ 1.07 billion (US$ 185 million) annually on coal generation subsidies. There is a risk that legislative actions could reinstate R$ 92 billion (US$ 16 billion) in contracted subsidies, potentially extending the operation of plants like Jorge Lacerda until 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Latin American coal proposals are nearly non-existent, with development capacity falling to 0.8 GW in 2024. Chile has closed 11 plants since 2018 and has committed to further retirements of 2.1 GW in 2025. Panama has committed to a total coal phase-out by 2026.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the OECD countries, coal plant proposals dropped from 142 in 2015 to five currently. However, to meet the Paris Agreement, annual retirements in the region must increase from 19 GW in 2024 to 70 GW by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000044#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","climate finance","fossil fuel subsidy","Paris Agreement","renewable energy","just transition","Cofiring","Nationally Determined Contributions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","Indonesia","Brazil","Chile","Colombia","Panama","Dominican Republic","Germany","Japan","South Korea","Zimbabwe","Zambia","South Africa","Honduras","Mexico","Argentina"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["tracking","policy assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000045","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000045","title":"Бум и Крах Угля","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ru","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-and-Bust-Coal-2025-Russian_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, global coal power reached a 20-year low in new capacity additions (44 GW), though the total global fleet still grew by 18.8 GW. While the EU27 saw a fourfold increase in decommissioned capacity and the UK closed its last coal plant, China saw record construction starts (94 GW) and India proposed record new capacity (38 GW). Russia has emerged as a leading developer of new coal projects, ranking fifth globally for development capacity, with plans focused on Siberia and the Far East to support energy demand and the domestic coal industry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000045#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global new coal capacity additions in 2024 reached 44 GW, the lowest level in 20 years since 2004, and nearly 30 GW below the 2004-2024 annual average of 72 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000045#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the general decline, the global coal fleet increased by 18.8 GW in 2024 because new additions (44 GW) exceeded decommissioned capacity (25.2 GW). Outside of China, the coal fleet actually shrank by 9.2 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000045#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India dominated new coal proposals in 2024, accounting for 92% of all new proposed global capacity (107 GW out of 116 GW). China specifically saw a record 94 GW of construction starts, following a surge in permits issued in 2022-2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000045#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia is now a global leader in proposed coal projects, ranking fifth worldwide for development capacity. In 2024, Russia proposed 2.5 GW of new generation—the highest of any country except China and India—driven by the 'General Scheme for the Placement of Electric Power Facilities until 2042'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000045#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EU27 experienced a fourfold increase in decommissioned coal capacity, rising from 2.7 GW to 11 GW in 2024, with Germany leading the trend (6.7 GW). The UK became the sixth country to complete a phase-out of coal generation since the 2015 Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000045#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","phase-out","Cofiring","just transition"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","Russia","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","Indonesia","Malaysia","Brazil","Germany","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Mongolia","Kazakhstan","Kyrgyzstan","Tajikistan","Uzbekistan","Panama"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","capacity tracking"]},{"id":"gem-000046","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000046","title":"Yükseliş ve Çöküş 2025 Küresel Kömürlü Termik Santral Takibi","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"tr","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-and-Bust-Coal-2025-Turkish_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, global coal-fired power capacity additions reached their lowest level in 20 years at 44 GW, though net capacity still increased by 18.8 GW due to continued growth in China and India. While the EU saw a fourfold increase in retired capacity and the UK became the sixth country to fully exit coal since the Paris Agreement, China and India saw record-high numbers of new plant starts and proposals. In OECD countries, planned coal plants have dropped from 142 in 2015 to five today, with Turkey and Australia remaining among the few with active projects. Turkey specifically is noted as the only OECD country actively increasing coal-based electricity production, despite a 2053 net-zero target and the recent approval of an expansion at the Afşin-Elbistan complex.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000046#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal capacity additions in 2024 were the lowest in two decades, totaling 44 GW, which is approximately 30 GW below the 2004-2024 annual average of 72 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000046#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India dominate new coal development, accounting for 107 GW of the 116 GW of new coal plant capacity planned worldwide in 2024. China specifically saw its highest number of coal plant construction starts since 2015, with new plants totaling 94 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000046#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union experienced a significant increase in coal retirements, with decommissioned capacity rising from 2.7 GW in 2023 to 11 GW in 2024, led by Germany with 6.7 GW. The United Kingdom became the sixth country to completely abandon coal-fired power since the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000046#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Among 38 OECD member countries, the number of planned coal plants fell from 142 in 2015 to five. Turkey is identified as the only OECD country still actively increasing coal-based electricity production, as it has not retired any coal plants since 2010.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000046#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Turkey, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change approved the EIA report in December 2024 for the expansion of the Afşin-Elbistan energy complex in Kahramanmaraş, which involves adding two units to be operational by 2028 and remaining in service beyond 2060.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000046#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","carbon neutrality","renewable energy","just transition","carbon capture and storage","Cofiring"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","European Union","United Kingdom","United States","Indonesia","Brazil","Turkey","Australia","Japan","South Korea","Zimbabwe","Zambia","South Africa","Kahramanmaraş Province"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","capacity tracking"]},{"id":"gem-000067","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000067","title":"Auge y caída del carbón 2025","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2025-Spanish_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, the world commissioned the lowest amount of new coal capacity in twenty years, though a net increase in the global fleet occurred due to record construction starts in China and new proposals in India. While the EU27 saw coal retirements quadruple and the UK eliminated coal power entirely, other regions like Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia continue to seek new plants. In Latin America, proposals are declining, though Brazil continues to provide significant government subsidies to keep coal plants operational.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000067#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The world commissioned the lowest amount of new coal power capacity in two decades in 2024, totaling 44 GW, which is nearly 30 GW below the annual average for 2004-2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000067#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the low commissioning rate, the global coal fleet grew by 18.8 GW because new additions (44 GW) exceeded retirements (25.2 GW).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000067#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India dominated new coal activity in 2024, together representing 92% of all proposed global coal capacity (107 GW out of 116 GW). China saw its highest level of construction starts since 2015 with 94 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000067#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EU27 experienced a significant acceleration in coal phase-outs, with retirements quadrupling from 2.7 GW in 2023 to 11 GW in 2024, led by Germany's 6.7 GW reduction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000067#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United Kingdom became the sixth country to completely eliminate coal power since the 2015 Paris Agreement after closing its final coal plant in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000067#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Brazil, coal power is maintained through significant government subsidies, averaging US$185 million annually between 2020 and 2024, despite coal providing only about 2% of the country's total energy generation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000067#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"OECD countries have seen a drastic reduction in new coal proposals, dropping from 142 in 2015 to five currently, though annual retirements must increase from 19 GW to 70 GW by 2030 to align with the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000067#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","climate finance","Paris Agreement","just transition","fossil fuel subsidy","decarbonization","Cofiring","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","People's Republic of China","India","Brazil","United Kingdom","Indonesia","Chile","Colombia","Dominican Republic","Germany","Poland","Japan","South Korea"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["monitoring","policy assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000174","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000174","title":"活況と不況－石炭 2025 世界の石炭火力発電所の計画追跡","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ja","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-and-Bust-Coal-2025-Japanese_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, global new coal capacity reached its lowest level in 20 years, though total capacity still grew by 18.8 GW due to record construction starts in China and high proposal numbers in India. While OECD nations have seen planned coal plants drop from 142 in 2015 to 5 currently, Japan and South Korea are pursuing ammonia co-firing to extend coal use, a strategy the report describes as costly and inconsistent with Paris Agreement goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000174#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Despite the overall decline in new capacity, global coal capacity increased by a net 18.8 GW in 2024 because new commissions (44 GW) exceeded retirements (25.2 GW). This growth was driven by China and India, who together accounted for 92% of new global coal construction plans in 2024 (107 GW out of 116 GW).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000174#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japan and South Korea are promoting ammonia co-firing to extend the life of coal plants, despite high costs and low emission reduction potential. South Korea plans to introduce 20% ammonia co-firing in over half of its 41 GW coal fleet by 2030, while Japan aims for 100% ammonia combustion by 2050. The report notes that for a project to be considered a reduction, 90% or more emission cuts are required, which 20% co-firing cannot achieve.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000174#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Cofiring","Paris Agreement","decarbonization","climate finance","just transition","Green ammonia"],"geography_discussed":["Japan","South Korea","European Union","United States","Zimbabwe","Zambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","capacity tracking"]},{"id":"gem-000177","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000177","title":"Boom and Bust Coal 2025","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2025_23.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, the world commissioned the lowest amount of new coal power capacity in twenty years (44 GW), yet the global fleet still grew by 18.8 GW because additions exceeded retirements (25.2 GW). While the UK became the sixth country to phase out coal entirely and EU27 retirements grew fourfold, China and India dominated new developments, accounting for 92% of all newly proposed coal capacity. China saw its highest construction starts since 2015 (94 GW), and India recorded its highest year for new proposals (38.4 GW). In the OECD, proposals dropped to five, but annual retirements must more than triple to 70 GW to align with 1.5C pathways. Other trends include a surge in captive coal plants in Indonesia, the promotion of ammonia co-firing in Japan and South Korea, and continued coal pursuit in Russia, Mongolia, and Central Asia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global newly operating coal power capacity in 2024 reached its lowest level since 2004, totaling 44 GW, which is nearly 30 GW below the 2004-2024 annual average of 72 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the low commissioning rate, the global coal fleet grew by 18.8 GW in 2024 because the 44 GW of new capacity exceeded the 25.2 GW retired.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are the primary drivers of new coal development, together accounting for 92% (107.3 GW) of all newly proposed coal power capacity in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China experienced its highest volume of construction starts since 2015, with 94 GW starting in 2024 following a permitting boom in 2022 and 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India saw a record high of 38.4 GW in new coal plant proposals in 2024, with state-owned entities sponsoring approximately 60% (22.1 GW) of these proposals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United Kingdom officially became coal-free in 2024 after shutting down its last coal plant on September 30, 2024, making it the sixth country to phase out coal entirely since the 2015 Paris agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal retirements in the EU27 increased fourfold from 2.7 GW in 2023 to 11 GW in 2024, with Germany accounting for 6.7 GW of that total.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To meet the international Paris climate agreement and keep warming below 1.5C, annual coal capacity retirements in OECD countries must increase from 19 GW in 2024 to 70 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's coal capacity under development has dropped 90% since 2015, but operating capacity has increased due to a surge in captive coal plants for industrial use, particularly in the nickel processing sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japan and South Korea are promoting ammonia co-firing as a decarbonization strategy, despite the technology being expensive and failing to meet the 90% emission reduction threshold suggested by the IPCC for 'abated' coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia, Mongolia, and Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) are bucking global trends by continuing to pursue new coal plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","phase-out","carbon capture and storage","Cofiring","renewable energy","Paris Agreement","just transition","climate finance","greenhouse gas emissions","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United Kingdom","European Union","United States","Indonesia","Japan","South Korea","Brazil","Russia","Mongolia","Kazakhstan","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Vietnam","Philippines","Colombia","Chile","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Turkey","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["infrastructure tracking","policy analysis","trend analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000178","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000178","title":"Boom and Bust Coal 2025","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/press-releases/Boom-Bust-Coal-2025_58.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, the world commissioned the lowest amount of new coal power capacity in twenty years (44 GW), yet the global fleet still grew by 18.8 GW because additions exceeded retirements. While OECD countries and the EU are accelerating phaseouts—with the UK becoming the sixth country to eliminate coal entirely—China and India continue to drive global expansion. China saw its highest construction starts since 2015 (94 GW), and India recorded its highest year for new proposals (38.4 GW). Outside these two nations, coal development has declined for ten consecutive years. However, the report notes that current retirement rates in OECD countries must more than triple to meet 1.5°C warming targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global newly operating coal power capacity in 2024 reached its lowest level since 2004, totaling 44 GW, which is nearly 30 GW below the 2004-2024 annual average of 72 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the drop in new commissions, the global coal fleet increased by 18.8 GW in 2024 because the 44 GW of new capacity exceeded the 25.2 GW retired.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China experienced a surge in coal infrastructure, with 94 GW of construction starts in 2024—the highest since 2015—following a permitting boom in 2022 and 2023 where over 200 GW was approved.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India saw a record year for new coal plant proposals in 2024, totaling 38.4 GW, with the government aiming to add 93 GW of new capacity by 2032.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are increasingly isolated in their pursuit of coal, together accounting for 92% (107.3 GW) of all newly proposed global coal power capacity in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United Kingdom officially became coal-free in September 2024 after shutting down its last plant, Ratcliffe-on-Soar, making it the sixth country to phase out coal entirely since the 2015 Paris agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal retirements in the EU27 grew fourfold from 2.7 GW in 2023 to 11 GW in 2024, with Germany leading the region by retiring 6.7 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To align with the IEA Net Zero scenario and keep warming below 1.5°C, OECD countries must increase annual retirements from 19 GW in 2024 to 70 GW through 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japan and South Korea are promoting ammonia co-firing as a decarbonization strategy, though the report argues this technology is expensive and fails to meet the 90% emission reduction threshold required to be considered 'abated'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Africa, Zimbabwe and Zambia are seeing increases in proposed coal capacity, much of which is sponsored by Chinese companies despite China's 2021 pledge to stop building new coal plants abroad.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's coal capacity under development has dropped 90% since 2015, but operating capacity continues to grow due to a surge in 'captive' coal plants for industrial use, particularly in the nickel processing sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","phase-out","Cofiring","carbon capture and storage","climate finance","Net-zero emissions","just transition","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United Kingdom","European Union","United States","Indonesia","Japan","South Korea","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Brazil","Russia","Vietnam","Philippines","OECD"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["infrastructure tracking","policy assessment","trend analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000203","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000203","title":"Southeast Asia ramps up gas extraction plans but uncertainty remains","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/GEM-Asia-gas-extraction-brief-April-2025_3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Southeast Asia is facing a potential surge in gas production, with 14 projects potentially reaching final investment decisions (FIDs) in 2025. If approved, these would add over 20 bcm/y of capacity, an 18% increase over current output. However, many projects have a history of delays, and the expansion threatens ecologically sensitive areas like the Coral Triangle and Mekong Delta. The report highlights contradictions between these extraction plans and the net-zero commitments of Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Brunei.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000203#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Southeast Asia may see its highest number of final investment decisions (FIDs) for oil and gas extraction this decade, with 14 projects potentially reaching FID in 2025 across Indonesia (5), Vietnam (4), Malaysia (2), Brunei (1), and Myanmar (1).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000203#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The potential approval of these projects would increase the region's gas production capacity by more than 20 billion cubic metres per year (bcm/y), representing an 18% increase over current output.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000203#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gas extraction activities are encroaching on high-biodiversity areas; approximately 16% of the protected area in the Coral Triangle overlaps with gas blocks, and discoveries in lease blocks are threatening the Mekong Delta in Vietnam.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000203#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Malaysia's continued upstream exploration, including the Kasawari project and the Malaysia Bid Round 2025, contradicts its National Energy Policy 2022–2040 goal to reduce gas's share of the energy mix to 39% by 2040 and its 2050 net-zero target.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000203#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia is aggressively expanding gas production through the Upstream Oil & Gas (IOG) 4.0 Strategic Plan, aiming for 12 billion standard cubic feet per day by 2030, which may conflict with Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) projections that see gas consumption peaking in 2030 and declining by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000203#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Vietnam's energy transition strategy under Power Development Plan VIII (PDP8) relies on major offshore projects like Blue Whale (150 bcm reserves) and Block B (107 bcm reserves) to reduce coal dependence, though the Blue Whale project has faced delays due to ExxonMobil's restructuring.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000203#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Brunei has launched its first licensing round in over a decade in February 2025 and is progressing with the Merpati-Meragi and Kelidang Cluster fields, despite national policies (Wawasan Brunei 2035 and BNCCP) aiming for economic diversification and net-zero emissions by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000203#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity loss","Net-zero emissions","energy transition","carbon capture and storage","liquefied natural gas","renewable energy","economic diversity"],"geography_discussed":["Malaysia","Indonesia","Vietnam","Brunei","Myanmar","Coral Triangle","Mekong Delta"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","environmental impact analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000007","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000007","title":"Trump administration’s policies support rapid growth of geothermal power in United States","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-03-29","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/research/trump-administrations-policies-support-rapid-growth-geothermal-power-united-states-12-gw","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Geothermal energy in the U.S. is positioned for rapid growth due to bipartisan support and advancements in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), with 1.16 GW of capacity expected to come online by 2028. While the Trump administration has deprioritized wind and solar, geothermal has benefited from new categorical exclusions in permitting and expanded tax credits. EGS technology, leveraging oil and gas drilling techniques, allows for expansion beyond traditional geological constraints and is increasingly viewed as a viable 24/7 power source for AI data centers. However, the report notes that geothermal alone cannot meet 2030 electrical demand without the continued rollout of prospective wind and solar capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000007#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The U.S. is the global leader in operating geothermal capacity with 3.7 GW, representing 23% of the world's total capacity as of 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000007#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Bipartisan support and specific policy changes in January 2025 have accelerated geothermal development, including the expansion of the Inflation Reduction Act's investment and production tax credits and a new Bureau of Land Management (BLM) categorical exclusion that may reduce permitting time by up to one year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000007#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) are expanding geothermal's reach by using hydraulic fracturing techniques from the oil and gas industry to access deeper heat reservoirs, removing the need for naturally permeable rocks and water sources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000007#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Geothermal power is identified as a critical asset for meeting the 24/7 electricity demands of AI data centers, with companies like Google and Meta entering power purchasing agreements (PPAs) to secure green energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000007#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global Energy Monitor data indicates that 1.16 GW of geothermal capacity could be operational by the end of President Trump's current term, and there are currently more than 2 GW of EGS power plants in development in the U.S.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000007#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite geothermal's growth, the report argues that a robust energy policy requires the rapid rollout of 218.4 GW of prospective wind and utility-scale solar capacity to meet 2030 electrical demand, as geothermal is best suited for a peaker plant role.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000007#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has set a target of 5 GW of geothermal capacity by 2030 through its Liftoff program, with a long-term goal of 90 GW by 2050 and a target to reduce costs per megawatt hour by 90% by 2035.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000007#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["geothermal power","wind power","energy transition","Inflation Reduction Act of 2022","climate finance","data center"],"geography_discussed":["Nevada","Alaska","Utah","New Mexico","Texas"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","technological assessment","capacity forecasting"]},{"id":"gem-000010","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000010","title":"Oil and Gas Extractions Move Offshore: Trends and Risks","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-03-29","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/research/oil-gas-extractions-move-offshore-trends-and-risks","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, the oil and gas industry showed a marked preference for offshore development, with all twelve projects reaching a positive Final Investment Decision (FID) being offshore. New discoveries were heavily concentrated, with 85% of the volume found in just ten offshore fields, including the Nokhatha field in Kuwait and the Mopane field in Namibia. Startups were also dominated by offshore activity, which accounted for 71% of the total volume of field startups, including six projects in China. The report highlights significant environmental risks across the project lifecycle, from seismic noise pollution during exploration to the long-term danger of leaky wells during decommissioning. It further argues that the industry's focus on 'low emissions intensity' ignores scope three emissions, which constitute 80% to 85% of lifecycle emissions, and warns that these investments conflict with the scientific consensus on climate goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000010#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Offshore activity dominated new oil and gas developments in 2024, with at least 8 billion barrels of oil equivalent (bboe) announced in new offshore discoveries and 6.5 bboe beginning production as offshore projects started up. Notably, every one of the at least twelve projects that reached a positive Final Investment Decision (FID) in 2024 was located offshore.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000010#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"New offshore discoveries in 2024 were highly concentrated, with 85% of the volume located in ten fields. Key examples include the Nokhatha field in Kuwait and the Mopane field in Namibia, the latter of which is situated in the Orange Basin.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000010#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Offshore projects accounted for 71% (6.5 bboe) of the reserves started up in 2024. China was a major contributor, starting up six offshore projects, including the Bozhong 19-6 (13-2) in the Bohai Sea in May 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000010#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies environmental risks throughout the offshore project lifecycle: seismic studies cause noise pollution during exploration; production leads to documented large-scale and routine spills; and decommissioning can result in \"potentially leaky wells\" that harm ecosystems after abandonment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000010#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The industry's claim that new deepwater projects are a lever for emission reductions is challenged by the fact that combustion by end-use consumers (scope three) accounts for 80% of oil and 85% of gas lifecycle emissions, meaning the majority of climate impacts are ignored in 'low emissions intensity' arguments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000010#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Scope 3","climate finance","methane","1.5 degree Celsius climate target"],"geography_discussed":["Kuwait","Namibia","Suriname","Guyana","United States","Trinidad and Tobago","People's Republic of China","Gulf of Mexico"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000125","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000125","title":"Trump administration’s policies support rapid growth of geothermal power in the United States with 1.2 GW planned by end of term","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2025-03","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/GEM-GGPT-brief-March-2025_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing highlights the bipartisan support and technological advancements, particularly in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), that are driving geothermal growth in the U.S. It notes that 1.16 GW of capacity is expected by 2028 and that the Trump administration's policies, including permitting exclusions and support from Energy Secretary Chris Wright, favor the sector. However, the author argues that geothermal cannot replace wind and solar, which are necessary to meet a projected 128 GW increase in demand by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000125#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Geothermal energy is expected to see significant growth under the Trump administration, with 1.16 GW of capacity anticipated to come online by 2028.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000125#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Bipartisan support and specific policy changes are accelerating geothermal deployment, including the expansion of the Inflation Reduction Act to cover geothermal through tax credits in January 2025 and a Bureau of Land Management categorical exclusion that could reduce permitting time by up to a year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000125#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) are becoming more competitive due to hydraulic fracturing techniques from the oil and gas industry, with over 2 GW of EGS power plants currently in development in the U.S.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000125#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fervo Energy is a major developer in the U.S., accounting for half of the 4.3 GW of geothermal capacity currently in development and demonstrating the use of wells as underground batteries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000125#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Geothermal power is positioned as a critical 24/7 energy source to meet the rising electrical demands of artificial intelligence data centers, with companies like Google and Meta pursuing power purchasing agreements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000125#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite geothermal's growth, the U.S. requires the rapid rollout of 218.4 GW of prospective wind and utility-scale solar capacity to meet a projected electrical demand increase of 128 GW by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000125#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The U.S. Department of Energy's Liftoff program aims for 5 GW of geothermal capacity by 2030 and 90 GW by 2050, while the Enhanced Geothermal Shot initiative seeks to reduce costs per megawatt hour by 90% by 2035.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000125#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["geothermal power","wind power","energy transition","climate finance","data center","Inflation Reduction Act of 2022","wide area synchronous grid"],"geography_discussed":["Nevada","Alaska","Utah","New Mexico","California","Texas"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","capacity assessment","technological evaluation"]}]}