{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["FSD Africa"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":285,"relation":"eq"},"page":7,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=fsd-africa&page=7","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=fsd-africa&page=8","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"fsdafri-000184","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000184","title":"Financial Lives of Refugees in Uganda","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022-01","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/INFOGRAPHIC-Financial-Lives-of-Refugees-in-Uganda_Highlights-of-the-Endline-Survey_January-2022.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The FI4R endline survey reveals that non-employment income remains the primary source of funds for refugees in Uganda, though there has been an increase in the use of mobile money, savings groups, and cash held at home. The report highlights the role of implementing partners like Equity Bank Uganda Limited, VisionFund Uganda, and the Rural Finance Initiative in providing bank accounts, wholesale credit models, and digitized savings tools to refugees and host communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000184#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Non-employment income, which includes in-kind assistance and cash and voucher assistance, is the most significant income source for refugees.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000184#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There has been a measurable increase in the adoption of specific financial instruments, including mobile money accounts, savings groups, and keeping cash at home.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000184#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mobile phone ownership and access among refugees increased from 73% at the baseline to 81% at the endline.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000184#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Median monthly income varied by location; for example, in Kampala, the refugee median monthly income decreased from 208,000 UGX at baseline to 133,167 UGX at endline, while in Nakivale it increased from 177,400 UGX to 240,833 UGX.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000184#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial service providers implemented targeted products: Equity Bank Uganda Limited provided fully-fledged bank accounts and debit cards for World Food Program payments; VisionFund Uganda piloted a wholesale credit model for savings groups in the West Nile region; and the Rural Finance Initiative offered VSLA loans and a digital records tool called Ledger Link.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000184#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["microfinance"],"geography_discussed":["Palorinya Refugee Settlement","Bidi Bidi Refugee Settlement","Kampala","Nakivale Refugee Settlement","West Nile sub-region"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["endline survey","impact assessment"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000061","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000061","title":"THE ETHIOPIA INDUSTRIAL PARKS JOBS PROTECTION FACILITY Report 2022","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/22-06-09-EJPF-Learning-Brief_compressed.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Ethiopia Industrial Parks Jobs Protection Facility provided US$ 4,645,607 in wage and innovation incentives to 24 factories in Ethiopia's industrial parks, benefiting 31,511 workers. The facility successfully enabled 92% of participating factories to retain at least 80% of their pre-Facility workforce and helped 76% avoid revenue declines during the pandemic. Beyond job retention, the facility spurred innovation in PPE production and human capital development, while creating unintended positive outcomes such as improved financial inclusion for workers through the formalization of payroll via bank accounts and streamlined internal cash reconciliation processes for factories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000061#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Facility provided a total of US$ 4,645,607 in wage and innovation incentives to 24 approved factories, which supported 31,511 workers across the Hawassa, Bole Lemi, Eastern, and Debre Birhan industrial parks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000061#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The wage subsidy was effective in workforce retention, with 92% of the 24 participating factories retaining 80% or more of their workforce from before the Facility was implemented.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000061#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Facility supported operational continuity and growth; 90% of surveyed factories agreed it helped them continue operations, 85% agreed it helped improve operations, and 76% avoided revenue declines during the pandemic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000061#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The innovation incentive led 20 of the 24 factories to implement changes, including producing COVID-19 PPE (such as face masks), establishing a knitted shoes production line, entering new markets in the USA and Europe, and investing in human capital through tuition payments and workforce training.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000061#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Facility generated positive unintended impacts, including contributing to the public health response via PPE production and improving factory governance by requiring monthly cash reconciliation reports to prevent fraud and accounting errors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000061#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Facility increased financial inclusion for workers because the reimbursement-based funding model required factories to provide proof of payroll, forcing a shift from cash payments to formal bank accounts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000061#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Hawassa","Bole Lemi","Eastern","Debre Berhan","United States","Europe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact evaluation","lessons learned"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000069","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000069","title":"Impact Report 2022","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/23.03.07-Impact-Report-Final.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"FSD Africa's 2022 Impact Report details the agency's efforts to deepen African capital markets and transition toward a green economy. Key achievements include mobilising £1.9 billion in long-term capital, supporting the issuance of pioneering gender bonds in Tanzania and Morocco, and expanding green finance initiatives. The report highlights the agency's 'green strategy' target to have 70% of its portfolio be green by 2025, alongside specific interventions in geothermal risk transfer, carbon markets, and COVID-19 emergency job protection in Ethiopia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"FSD Africa has transitioned to a green strategy for 2021–2025, committing £52 million to green programmes as of 2022, with a target to reach £122 million by 2025 and for 70% of its portfolio to be green.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The agency has facilitated the flow of approximately £1.9 billion into key development sectors, including energy, housing, and MSMEs, and has increased financial service access for nearly 12 million people.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FSD Africa supported the issuance of the first gender bonds in Sub-Saharan Africa (Tanzania) and Africa (Morocco), raising £25.2 million and £15.9 million respectively to finance women entrepreneurs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Nigeria, the agency's green bond programme supported six issuers and catalysed £122 million for climate change purposes, creating over 5,000 green jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A geothermal risk transfer programme in East Africa, involving five Kenyan insurance companies, aims to provide emissions-free electricity to over 30 million people and prevent 3 million tonnes of CO2eq emissions annually in Kenya and Ethiopia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The agency is supporting the Taskforce for Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) framework and established the African Natural Capital Alliance (ANCA) in June 2022 to help financial institutions manage nature-related risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To mitigate COVID-19 impacts, FSD Africa managed an Emergency Jobs Protection Facility in Ethiopia that supported 24 factories, enabling 92% of participating factories to retain 80% or more of their workforce.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The agency invested £7.2 million in the Blue Orchard Covid-19 Emerging & Frontier Markets MSME Support Fund, which reached 10 MFIs and supported 42,900 MSMEs in countries including Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, and Burkina Faso.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable finance","climate finance","climate bond","carbon emission trading","natural capital","geothermal energy","climate resilience","environmental, social and corporate governance","nature-based solutions","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","Nigeria","Tanzania","Morocco","Ethiopia","Ghana","Namibia","Botswana","Burkina Faso","Rwanda","Zambia","Zimbabwe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment","performance report"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000183","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000183","title":"FSD Africa Impact Report","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Impact-Report-Flyer.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"FSD Africa's 2022 Impact Report highlights the organization's shift toward green financing, with a goal of 70% of its portfolio being green. Key achievements include facilitating green bonds in 20 African countries, investing $0.25bn via the African Local Currency Bond Fund to support renewable energy, and launching the African Natural Capital Alliance to manage nature-related financial risks. The organization has increased its green financing commitment from £23 million in 2020 to approximately £52 million in 2022, with a target of over £122 million by 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000183#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"FSD Africa has expanded its green bond facilitation to 20 African countries, including Morocco, Mauritius, Kenya, and Nigeria. In Kenya, this support generated $80.58m in green capital and 5,265 jobs, while in Nigeria, it led to $146.33m of climate change capital and 45,000 jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000183#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The African Local Currency Bond Fund, established with KfW support, has invested $0.25bn across 50 bonds in sub-Saharan Africa. As of June 2022, these renewable energy investments enabled 4.7 million customers to access basic services and reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 1.5m TCO2e.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000183#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FSD Africa is targeting 70% of its portfolio to be green and has increased its green financing commitment from £23 million in 2020 to approximately £52 million in 2022, with a target of over £122 million by 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000183#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To address nature-related financial risks in Africa, FSD Africa partnered with Oliver Wyman to pilot the Taskforce for Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) framework and launched the African Natural Capital Alliance (ANCA) in June 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000183#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate resilience efforts include the TECA venture launcher, which selected 7 blue economy ventures, and the Catalyst Fund, which invested in 10 start-ups, including those in agtech.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000183#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate resilience","natural capital","renewable energy","greenhouse gas emissions","blue economy","agroforestry","sustainable finance","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","Nigeria","Mauritius","Morocco","Ethiopia","Tanzania","Botswana","Burkina Faso"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment","performance report"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000262","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000262","title":"Capital Markets Master Plan 2022","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Master-Plan_Final_for-Print_16.12.22.cleaned.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Capital Markets Master Plan 2022 outlines a ten-year roadmap to transform Zambia's capital markets into an attractive international destination for long-term investment. The plan is structured around five thematic development areas: enhancing the government bond market, improving traditional security markets (equities and corporate bonds), developing innovative products (such as green bonds, ETFs, and REITs), building capacity across regulators and practitioners, and strengthening the regulatory environment. Key goals include increasing the Lusaka Securities Exchange (LuSE) market capitalization to 33% of GDP by 2031, launching the country's first green bond, and establishing a primary dealership system for government bonds. The strategy emphasizes the need for a transparent, efficient, and trusted market to mobilize private finance for infrastructure, agriculture, and energy projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Zambian capital market is currently characterized by low liquidity, with a domestic share turnover ratio of 3.3% as of October 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Zambia's government bond market lacks transparency in its auction process, with results and yields not communicated to the market in a timely manner.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The plan aims to increase the number of firms listed on the LuSE from 23 in 2022 to 40 by 2031, with a target of 27 firms by the end of 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Zambia intends to launch its first green bond by the end of 2022 to attract climate-conscious capital and combat climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The plan proposes the creation of a primary dealership system where commercial banks are obligated to quote buy and sell prices for government bonds to increase liquidity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Zambia currently operates two separate Central Securities Depositories (CSDs) run by the LuSE and the Bank of Zambia, which creates inefficiencies and duplicate costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The National Pension Scheme Authority (NAPSA) holds substantial funds primarily in non-actively traded government bonds; the plan seeks to diversify these holdings into equities, corporate investment schemes, and private equity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Zambia lacks an MSCI rating, which the plan aims to address by targeting a 'frontier' classification in the medium term to inspire foreign investor confidence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The plan identifies a need to develop a pipeline of companies for listing, targeting five firms to enter the pipeline by the end of 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The mutual fund industry in Zambia is small, valued at approximately USD 68 million (less than 1% of GDP), with a target to increase this to USD 100 million by 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The plan proposes the introduction of Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) by 2027 to broaden the investor base.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Zambia's minority shareholder protections are ranked lowest among its peer group, necessitating updates to regulations regarding independent directors and conflict of interest disclosures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-12","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The plan aims to improve property rights to reach a target of 5 out of 7 on the World Economic Forum's competitiveness rating in the medium term to protect foreign investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000262#insight-13","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate change"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Kenya","Nigeria","Rwanda","Uganda","Tanzania","SADC"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["strategic framework","market assessment","policy roadmap","benchmarking analysis"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000027","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000027","title":"Smartphones and micro-entrepreneurs in Nairobi’s informal settlements","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2021-11-08","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/smartphones-and-micro-entrepreneurs-in-nairobis-informal-settlements/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Youth Enterprise Grant (YEG) was a two-year pilot project starting in late 2018 that provided 1,000 youth in Mathare, Nairobi, with smartphones and enterprise grants totaling $1,200. Implemented by GiveDirectly for FSD Africa, the project aimed to determine if digital tools—including M-PESA for payments, Touch Doh for budgeting, and the Hustle Fiti Facebook group for business advice—could enhance financial literacy, money management, and business skills among micro-entrepreneurs in informal settlements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000027#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Youth Enterprise Grant project provided 1,000 youth in Mathare with a smartphone and a total grant of $1,200, delivered either as three lump-sum payments or a monthly stipend of $50 over two years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000027#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project utilized specific digital tools to support participants, including M-PESA for grant disbursement, the Touch Doh app for budgeting via Sheng-speaking animated characters, and the Hustle Fiti Facebook page for business advice.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000027#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Kenya exhibits high digital connectivity, with more mobile phone registrations than people and an estimated 96% of internet users accessing the web via mobile devices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000027#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["informal housing"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000059","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000059","title":"CODE OF CONDUCT","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2021-09-14","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/22-04-04-Code-of-Conduct.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights"],"summary":{"text":"The FSD Africa Code of Conduct (Version 4.0), updated on 14 September 2021, establishes the ethical standards and professional behavior required of all personnel associated with the organization. It defines the scope of application, management and employee responsibilities, and specific standards regarding integrity, conflict of interest, and safeguarding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000059#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Code of Conduct applies to a broad range of personnel, including Board Members, Committee Members, Advisers, and Employees, as well as associated parties such as partners, grantees, consultants, volunteers, interns, and contractors. The document specifies that the Code is an integral part of all employment contracts and service conditions regardless of whether it has been signed, and failure to comply may lead to disciplinary action or termination of contracts for external parties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000059#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"FSD Africa mandates strict standards of conduct across several categories: integrity, information disclosure, conflict of interest, safety and security, respect and dignity, sexual abuse and exploitation, and anti-corruption. Key requirements include the disclosure of all actual or perceived conflicts of interest, the prohibition of any form of corruption (including money laundering and terrorist financing), and a zero-tolerance approach to sexual exploitation, including prohibitions on sexual activity with minors or persons benefiting from FSD Africa's assistance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000059#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The document outlines a governance structure for the Code's implementation and oversight. The Board of Directors approves the Code, the CEO is ultimately responsible for its implementation, and the Director of HR and Talent Management serves as the owner of the document. Managers and supervisors are held accountable for ensuring compliance within their areas of authority and for fostering a culture that supports these ethical standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000059#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Code of Conduct is designed to be read in conjunction with eleven specific supporting policies, which include the Safeguarding Policy, Anti-Corruption Policy, Data Protection Policy, and the Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Policy, among others.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000059#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"fsdafri-000139","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000139","title":"Financial Inclusion for Refugees (FI4R) Results of Round 3 Diaries","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-08-04","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FI4R-Diaries-Round-3-Insights-Digitization-of-saving-groups-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that COVID-19 significantly reduced refugee incomes from employment and self-employment, leaving non-employment income as the primary source of support. While there is openness to digitizing savings groups to improve speed and safety, significant barriers remain, including low smartphone ownership, high transaction costs, and fears that digital tools may undermine group cohesion and meeting attendance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000139#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic caused a decline in refugee livelihoods, specifically reducing income from regular employment due to school closures and decreasing self-employment revenue because of travel restrictions and reduced customer spending.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000139#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-employment income, consisting of support from governments, NGOs, and aid agencies, remains the primary source of income for refugees, as it provides more consistent support than seasonal or short-term work.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000139#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There has been a general decrease in the use of financial instruments due to reduced cash flow, with the exception of shop credit. Cash remains the preferred mode for most transactions, including savings in ASCAs and ROSCAs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000139#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Refugee households experienced increased vulnerability during the study period, with 53% of respondents reporting hospitalizations and half of the households having children sent home from school due to COVID-19 or lack of fees.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000139#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While refugees value the speed, safety, and privacy of digital financial services, adoption is hindered by low smartphone ownership (27%), high mobile money charges, and poor network availability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000139#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a perceived risk that digitizing savings groups could negatively impact social dynamics, potentially leading to decreased meeting attendance and difficulties in sharing out funds due to transaction fees.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000139#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["South Sudan","Juba","Adjumani"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["longitudinal study","qualitative research","quantitative research"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000244","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000244","title":"Youth Enterprise Grants (YEG) Pilot Project in Mathare, Nairobi","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-05","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/YEG-Report-09.01.22.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Youth Enterprise Grants (YEG) pilot project provided approximately $1,200 in cash and a smartphone to 1,018 youth in Mathare, Nairobi. The project found that mobile money transfers are highly feasible in urban slum environments and lead to a significant shift toward self-employment, with the proportion of youth working for themselves increasing from 37% to 79%. While smartphones enhanced market access and technical skill acquisition via the internet, specific business-management apps had limited take-up. Financial well-being improved markedly, with the percentage of recipients able to meet daily expenses rising from 28% to 82%. The report highlights a strong preference for grants over loans and an unmet demand for digital financial services that allow users to 'lock' or compartmentalise funds for saving.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000244#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Transferring significant cash grants to urban youth in low-income slum environments via mobile money is highly feasible due to widespread mobile money use and national ID coverage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000244#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There was a substantial and lasting shift toward self-employment among recipients, particularly for men; the proportion of youth reporting their primary activity as 'working for self' rose from 37% to 79%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000244#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Recipients invested 47% of transfers in productive investments overall, with 34% specifically for business ventures. Lump Sum recipients invested more in new businesses and productive activities (50%) compared to Monthly Payment recipients (38%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000244#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial well-being improved significantly and remained sustained; the proportion of recipients able to meet daily expenses increased from 28% at registration to 82% more than two years later.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000244#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Recipients demonstrated resilience to the Covid-19 pandemic, with many maintaining their businesses and financial gains despite lockdown measures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000244#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Smartphones were highly valued for accessing markets and technical information via the internet and social media, but specific project-led business and financial management apps had low popularity and usage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000244#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The cost of mobile data and lack of wifi act as significant barriers, preventing youth from accessing streamed educational or business content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000244#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a strong preference for saving mechanisms that 'lock' money to prevent impulse spending, with a noted reluctance to take on loans or increase debt.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000244#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Local group structures are critical for building individual and community resilience and serve as effective entry points for external interventions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000244#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["poverty reduction"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["pilot project evaluation","impact assessment","feasibility study"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000275","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000275","title":"Feasibility Study for Development of a Green Bonds Market in Ghana","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-04","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Ghana-Green-Bonds-Scoping-Report-22.04.21.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while there is broad stakeholder interest and significant latent potential for green projects in Ghana—particularly in renewable energy, green housing, and water infrastructure—the green bond market is currently nascent with no prior issuances. Key barriers include a shallow debt capital market, a lack of formal issuance guidelines, limited technical capacity to identify eligible project pipelines, and a mismatch between issuer and investor expectations regarding pricing. The study suggests that government leadership, such as a sovereign green bond issuance planned for 2021/22, and the development of a dedicated green segment on the Ghana Stock Exchange are critical for catalyzing the market. It also emphasizes the need for credit enhancements and technical assistance to bridge the gap between speculative project ideas and bankable green bonds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000275#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Green financing in Ghana is in a nascent stage, with no sovereign or corporate green bonds issued to date, despite the existence of several policy frameworks like the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) and the National Climate Change Master Plan (NCCMP).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000275#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Ghanaian debt capital market is heavily dominated by government transactions, with corporate issuers playing a minor role and a limited secondary market that complicates mark-to-market valuations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000275#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant lack of formal guidelines and regulations for green bond issuance in Ghana, though the Ghana Stock Exchange is currently working to publish issuance guidelines and establish a dedicated segment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000275#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A primary hurdle to market development is the lack of a developed pipeline of eligible projects, largely due to the novelty of the product and low technical capacity among market participants to assess project alignment with green standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000275#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a pricing mismatch where issuers expect a 'green premium' (cheaper funding), while local investors typically demand significant premia over government bonds to compensate for corporate credit risk.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000275#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Government of Ghana is expected to be the first issuer to catalyze the market, with plans to issue a green bond in 2021/22.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000275#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Potential green bond opportunities are identified in several sectors, with a theoretical pipeline totaling USD 7.4 billion, including large-scale solar (USD 963m), wind (USD 719m), and rail projects (USD 2,000m).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000275#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The absence of mandatory credit risk ratings for bond issuance in Ghana hampers market development, as many institutional investors lack the capacity to independently quantify credit and market risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000275#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Institutional investors, particularly pension funds, are the primary purchasers of debt in Ghana; while generally conservative, some are beginning to incorporate ESG factors and the NPRA is reviewing guidelines to potentially increase exposure caps for green bonds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000275#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate finance","renewable energy","sustainable agriculture","green building","waste management","Nationally Determined Contributions","environmental, social and corporate governance"],"geography_discussed":["Nigeria","Kenya","South Africa","Namibia","Seychelles","Morocco","Egypt"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["feasibility study","market assessment","benchmarking"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000203","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000203","title":"Opportunities and Barriers to Digitising Social Protection and Humanitarian Payments in Nigeria","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-03","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Nigeria-Digitisation-of-Cash-Transfers-MAIN-REPORT.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies significant barriers to digitising cash transfers in Nigeria, including regulatory restrictions on agent e-float, low recipient digital literacy, and a lack of economic incentive for financial service providers (FSPs) to serve poor, rural populations. While mobile phone penetration is relatively high, most recipients use basic feature phones and prefer cash due to ease of access and lack of network reliability. The document proposes segmenting recipients by 'digital payment readiness' and digitising community savings groups as entry points for financial inclusion. It also highlights the inefficiency of current 'virtual accounts' that require 100% cash-out, arguing for a transition toward permanent digital wallets and merchant payment systems to reduce liquidity burdens and fraud.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000203#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Nigeria's digital financial services landscape is primarily bank-led, which has hindered the development of mobile money as defined by the GSMA, complicating the delivery of cash transfers via mobile wallets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000203#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) regulations on agent e-float limits—100,000 NGN for regular agents and 1 million NGN for super agents—restrict the ability of agents to handle the high volumes of cash required during transfer disbursement days.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000203#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial service providers (FSPs) face a weak value proposition for serving cash transfer recipients because these users often live on under $2 a day and do not reach economically viable transaction thresholds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000203#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current government social protection and humanitarian payments often rely on temporary virtual accounts that require recipients to cash out 100% of funds, which prevents saving and reinforces reliance on cash.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000203#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mobile phone ownership is high among recipients (84% for humanitarian and 63% for social protection), but over 90% of these are basic feature phones, limiting the use of smartphone-based digital wallets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000203#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Recipients generally prefer cash over digital payments due to ease of access, universal acceptance by vendors, and the absence of network-related failures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000203#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of QR codes for payments is identified as a high fraud risk because they are not verified against identity registries and can be easily photocopied or sold.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000203#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Community savings groups are a prevalent and viable entry point for digitisation, as more than half of the interviewed recipients are members of such groups, which can save up to 50,000 NGN per month.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000203#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report suggests a 'Digital Payment Readiness' scoring system based on indicators like phone ownership, account ownership, and proximity to market centers to identify candidates for digital wallet pilots.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000203#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["social protection"],"geography_discussed":["Borno State","Adamawa State","Yobe State","Kaduna State","Federal Capital Territory"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["landscape assessment","barrier analysis","user research","policy review"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000204","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000204","title":"Roadmap for Social Protection and Humanitarian Payment Digitisation in Nigeria","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-03","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nigeria-Digitisation-of-Cash-Transfers-ROADMAP.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report outlines a strategy to move Nigeria's humanitarian and social protection payments from physical cash to an open-loop digital payment ecosystem. It identifies key barriers, including low recipient digital literacy, regulatory restrictions on mobile money operators, and a lack of integrated beneficiary registries. The roadmap proposes four main pillars: enhancing coordination between agencies via a shared dashboard and NIN integration, segmenting recipients by digital readiness, developing the digital ecosystem through community savings groups and merchant payment transitions, and conducting regulatory advocacy to address PSB licensing and USSD costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000204#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Recipients of cash transfers in Nigeria strongly prefer physical cash due to its universal acceptance, the flexibility it provides for their specific needs, and a general lack of readiness for digital payments, which includes limited mobile phone ownership, low digital literacy, and poor network connectivity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000204#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nigeria's digital payment ecosystem is hindered by regulatory barriers, specifically the Central Bank of Nigeria's (CBN) delay in issuing payment service bank (PSB) licenses to major operators like MTN and Airtel, and high USSD channel costs that are passed to end-users.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000204#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical lack of coordination and data integration among the various state, federal, and humanitarian registries used to track recipients, leading to silos and potential duplications.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000204#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The roadmap proposes using the National Identification Number (NIN) as a foundational ID to streamline beneficiary targeting and improve financial inclusion, noting that the current registration process is difficult for those in conflict or poverty-prone areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000204#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To encourage digital uptake, the report suggests leveraging community savings groups as entry points, as recipients may see more value in a digital wallet if it provides access to interest-bearing savings accounts or lines of credit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000204#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends transitioning from closed-loop e-voucher systems to open-loop merchant payments, particularly in the BAY states, to reduce the reliance on cash-out agents and increase the utility of digital wallets for daily purchases.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000204#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The current use of virtual accounts by financial service providers for social protection is insufficient for financial inclusion because these accounts are temporary and inaccessible to the recipients.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000204#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["social protection"],"geography_discussed":["BAY states"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["roadmap","policy recommendation","ecosystem analysis"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000205","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000205","title":"Summary Report: Opportunities and Barriers to Digitising Social Protection and Humanitarian Payments in Nigeria","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2021-03","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Nigeria-Digitisation-of-Cash-Transfers-SUMMARY-REPORT_10.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies that most humanitarian and social protection cash transfers in Nigeria are delivered as physical cash due to a bank-led market and a lack of robust digital financial service (DFS) ecosystems. Key barriers include restrictive agent e-float limits set by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), low recipient digital literacy, and a lack of economic incentive for financial service providers (FSPs) to maintain permanent accounts for poor recipients. The document recommends segmenting beneficiaries by digital readiness, strengthening foundational identity through National Identification Number (NIN) registration, and digitising merchant payments to reduce the liquidity burden of cash disbursements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000205#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The current delivery of cash transfers in Nigeria relies heavily on physical cash and temporary virtual accounts. FSPs typically create these accounts on behalf of recipients, but they are not accessible to the recipients and are closed once the program ends, meaning recipients receive funds over the counter using QR codes or ID cards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000205#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regulatory constraints from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) limit the capacity of digital payment agents. Specifically, daily e-float limits of 100,000 NGN for regular agents and 1 million NGN for super agents prevent agents from handling the high volumes of liquidity required on specific cash-out days.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000205#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a lack of commercial incentive for financial service providers (FSPs) and agents to serve this segment permanently. Low transaction frequencies and low values mean there is no clear value proposition for FSPs to open permanent accounts or for agents to support the delivery of these payments beyond the program duration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000205#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Recipient readiness is a major barrier to digitisation. Many recipients lack smartphones, access to electricity for charging devices, and the necessary digital or financial literacy, often equating mobile money only with the use of point-of-sale (POS) devices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000205#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Inconsistent identification standards across different government and humanitarian registries hinder Know-Your-Customer (KYC) checks. The report suggests expanding partnerships with the National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) to increase the registration of beneficiaries for the National Identification Number (NIN).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000205#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The high cost of Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) has historically discouraged providers from using this channel to reach the mass market, as most recipients do not own smartphones. While the Nigeria Communications Commission (NCC) approved a flat rate of 6.97 NGN per session in March 2020, its impact on provider willingness remains to be seen.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000205#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["social protection"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["barrier analysis","opportunity assessment","policy recommendation"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000226","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000226","title":"Sustainable Futures","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-02","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Sustainable-futures-11.02.21.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"FSD Africa defines 'sustainable futures' as a framework ensuring current interventions do not adversely affect future generations or other groups, emphasizing a 'just transition' and the preservation of five types of capital: financial, manufactured, human, social, and natural. The organization assesses its projects through two lenses: the impact of interventions on these capitals and the dependency of project success on a stable enabling environment. To measure progress, FSD Africa utilizes a mix of country-level macro indicators (such as the Gender Inequity Index and Corruption Perception Index), social impact indicators, and market system change metrics, specifically tracking 'Green finance mobilised'. Practical examples of this approach include facilitating over £100m in Green Bonds in Nigeria and £35.3million for green student accommodation in Kenya.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000226#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"FSD Africa defines 'sustainable futures' as a requirement that interventions meeting current needs do not harm the ability of others to meet their needs in the future, and that environmental goals like net-zero emissions incorporate a 'just transition' for affected people.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000226#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The framework identifies five essential types of capital necessary for long-term poverty reduction and sustainable futures: financial, manufactured, human, social, and natural capital.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000226#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FSD Africa evaluates its interventions using two perspectives: 'Impact', which examines how projects promote or undermine natural, social, and human capital, and 'Dependency', which assesses how the long-term success of a project relies on these same factors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000226#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To implement its strategy, FSD Africa excludes certain high-carbon sectors, such as coal, oil, and gas, from interventions focused on job creation and supports climate adaptation measures like drought-resistant crops and flood defences.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000226#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FSD Africa has applied its sustainable futures approach to green finance, facilitating more than £100m of Sovereign and Corporate Green Bonds in Nigeria for solar energy and afforestation, and a £35.3million green bond in Kenya for student accommodation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000226#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The organization measures its contribution to sustainable futures through a combination of macro-level indicators (e.g., Gender Inequity Index, Corruption Perception Index, and Gini Index), social impact indicators, and market system change metrics such as 'Green finance mobilised'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000226#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity loss","just transition","natural capital","climate change adaptation","renewable energy","climate bond","sustainable finance","afforestation","solar energy","carbon sequestration"],"geography_discussed":["Nigeria","Kenya","Ghana"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["strategic framework","impact measurement"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000003","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000003","title":"Supporting jobs by strengthening financial systems","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2021-01-20","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/supporting-jobs-by-strengthening-financial-systems/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"FSD Africa, in collaboration with The Good Economy and Tandem, has developed a four-step framework to measure how financial sector deepening impacts job creation. The framework emphasizes the use of full-time equivalent (FTE) metrics to account for underemployment and employs a sectoral approach to assess job quality and 'decent work' multipliers. The process involves a theory-based assessment of materiality, estimation of direct and indirect jobs, a decent jobs assessment using sector proxies, and optional bespoke research for high-impact projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000003#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The measurement framework consists of four sequential steps: first, a theory-based assessment to determine if a project has a 'material' or 'significant' effect on employment; second, estimating job numbers using primary data and modelling 'indirect' supply chain effects; third, a 'decent jobs assessment' evaluating gender equality, inclusion, earnings, and security using sector averages; and finally, optional bespoke research for projects with large impacts or evidence gaps.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000003#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Using full-time equivalent (FTE) terms is critical for measuring impact in regions with high underemployment, as job creation often involves increasing the work volume for existing employees rather than creating new positions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000003#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A sectoral approach is necessary because employment intensity and job quality vary by industry; this allows for the use of a 'decent work employment multiplier' to qualify job numbers based on the relative quality and inclusion of jobs in a specific sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000003#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial systems can drive economic growth and job creation by overcoming finance constraints for small firms and improving capital allocation to high-growth firms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000003#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["job creation"],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa","Mozambique"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodology development","impact measurement"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000058","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000058","title":"FSD Africa: Jobs Framework Methodology Paper","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-12","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/21-01-15-FSD-Africa-Jobs-Framework.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The FSD Africa Jobs Framework provides a systematic approach to measuring employment effects by linking financial sector innovations to real economy outcomes. It focuses on gross job creation across micro (firm) and meso (sector) levels, using a 'Decent Jobs Assessment' to evaluate job quality, inclusion, and geographic need. The framework emphasizes a contribution-based approach rather than strict attribution, utilizing investment multipliers and sector-based proxies to estimate impact while avoiding macro-level induced effects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000058#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The framework employs a four-step process: linking interventions to job effects, estimating total jobs created and supported, assessing job decency, and performing deep-dive verifications.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000058#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FSD Africa focuses on gross job creation rather than net job creation because estimating net effects is hindered by difficulties in measuring displacement, substitution, and deadweight.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000058#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Employment effects are measured at two primary levels: micro-level (new jobs in direct real economy beneficiary firms) and meso-level (jobs supported in the wider supply chain using multipliers).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000058#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Macro-level induced employment effects, resulting from increased consumer spending, are explicitly excluded from the current framework due to their short-run duration and potential for inflationary effects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000058#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Decent Jobs Assessment' scores projects out of 100 based on three dimensions: job quality (earnings, security, employability), inclusion (gender and vulnerable groups), and geography (national-level SDG indicators).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000058#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FSD Africa uses a 'contribution share' based on pro-rating capital invested or support provided, rather than claiming full attribution of all jobs created by an enterprise.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000058#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The framework utilizes Full-Time Equivalents (FTE) for calculations, based on a standard of 240 working days per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000058#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To validate aggregate data, the framework offers four 'deep dive' options: Value Chains for Jobs Estimation (VCJ), Economic Impact Assessments (EIA), case studies, and Lean Data Surveys.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000058#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Income effects are measured and reported separately from employment effects because they use different metrics (headcount for income vs. FTE for employment) and serve different conceptual goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000058#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["employment"],"geography_discussed":["Nigeria","South Africa","Zambia","Kenya","Ghana","Tanzania","Mozambique"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodology paper","framework design"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000182","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000182","title":"Impact Report","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-11","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Impact-report-201119.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"FSD Africa reports that between 2012 and 2020, it reached over 5.47 million people and 3.2 million MSMEs through financial inclusion and capital market projects. Key achievements include catalysing £1.53 billion in long-term capital, supporting 27,000 jobs, and effecting approximately 130 regulatory changes. The organization is now transitioning to 'FSD 2.0', shifting focus toward 'sustainable futures', jobs, and basic services, with a particular emphasis on green finance and Covid-19 recovery.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000182#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 2012 and early 2020, FSD Africa exceeded its reach targets, providing financial services to over 5.47 million people (against a target of 4.05 million) and helping at least 3.2 million MSMEs access credit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000182#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FSD Africa catalysed £1.53 billion in long-term capital as of March 2020. This includes £623.6 million from the Nigeria Green Bond, £35.5 million from the Kenya Green Bond, and £105.7 million from the African Local Currency Bond Fund.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000182#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The organization's efforts in regulatory reform led to the creation or strengthening of approximately 130 regulations in sub-Saharan Africa between 2012 and early 2020 to improve market efficiency and investor confidence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000182#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FSD Africa's initiatives supported the creation of 27,000 full-time equivalent jobs across the continent, with 50% of these positions held by women.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000182#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the green bond sector, Kenya's first green bond issuance in June 2019 raised £35.3 million for environmentally friendly housing in Nairobi. In Nigeria, a sovereign green bond and private sector bonds raised £55.2 million and £50.5 million respectively for solar energy and coastal protection.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000182#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'FSD 2.0' strategy involves a £320 million UK aid package to expand the FSD Network by incubating five new programmes in Ethiopia, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, and the WAEMU region, focusing on green finance and Covid-19 recovery.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000182#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate finance","renewable energy","natural capital"],"geography_discussed":["World","Kenya","Nigeria","Ghana","Zambia","Rwanda","Uganda","Sierra Leone","South Africa","Ethiopia","Ivory Coast","WAEMU","Nairobi","Lagos"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment","strategic review"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000018","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000018","title":"De-risking in Africa: Illicit Financial Flows and Regional Economic Hubs","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2020-10-09","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/publication/de-risking-in-africa-illicit-financial-flows-and-regional-economic-hubs/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document discusses how the perceived risk of illicit financial flows (IFFs) leads to de-risking in regional economic hubs, which negatively impacts capital flows and developmental outcomes for both hubs and integrated spoke countries. It emphasizes the need for regulatory frameworks that ensure financial integrity without undermining financial inclusion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000018#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"De-risking in regional economic hubs significantly impacts developmental outcomes for both the hub and the associated spoke countries. To mitigate the risk of illicit financial flows (IFFs) and the resulting negative effects on capital flows, regulatory frameworks must be established to maintain financial integrity while supporting inclusion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000018#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Capital flows—including foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign aid, and remittances—are critical for African economic development, supporting job creation, technology transfer, and government budgets. Between 2000 and 2017, FDI averaged 3.4% of sub-Saharan Africa's regional GDP, while foreign aid and remittances averaged 3.3% and 2.3% respectively. However, these flows are influenced by the perceived risk of IFFs, and regional economic hubs can facilitate the regionalisation of these illicit flows.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000018#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic analysis"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000178","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000178","title":"Impact of Covid-19 on the Malawian Insurance Sector","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Impact-of-COVID-19-on-the-Malawian-insurance-sector-19.10.20.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the Malawian insurance sector by stagnating sales due to a reliance on physical distribution and reducing premium income as customers struggled to pay. Insurers responded by digitising the value chain, offering premium holidays, and adopting remote work infrastructure. While the pandemic increased demand for critical illness and income protection products, it created liquidity and solvency pressures due to decreased investment returns and higher operational expenses for digitisation. The Reserve Bank of Malawi provided regulatory relief by suspending on-site examinations and offering a one-year holiday on supervisory levies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000178#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The pandemic caused sales to stagnate because the sector is heavily dependent on physical sales via brokers and agents, while consumers were initially reluctant to engage with insurers remotely.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000178#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Insurers faced financial pressure characterized by decreased premium income from sales drops and lapses, lower investment returns due to the economic crisis, and increased operational expenses from investing in digital infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000178#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The insurance value chain saw specific shifts in claims: motor claims decreased due to movement restrictions, while there was a rise in annuity and pension withdrawals and a sharp increase in accident and liability claims.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000178#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To maintain operations, insurers implemented digital responses including the creation of web portals for brokers and agents, the acceptance of digital signatures, and the use of mobile money or bank accounts for claim payments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000178#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Reserve Bank of Malawi (RBM) responded to the crisis by extending supervisory report deadlines, suspending on-site examinations, and providing a one-year holiday on supervisory levy payments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000178#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["insurance","financial stability"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000179","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000179","title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the Zimbabwean insurance sector","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Impact-of-COVID-19-on-the-Zimbabwean-insurance-sector-21.10.20-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document details how COVID-19 containment measures disrupted the Zimbabwean insurance sector, highlighting challenges in remote work, stagnating sales due to the lack of e-signatures, and anticipated financial pressures. It examines the responses of insurers and the regulator (IPEC), while identifying opportunities for digital transformation and product innovation to support economic recovery.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000179#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Remote insurance sales stagnated because the legal requirement for physical signatures persisted, as e-signatures were not yet permitted.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000179#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Insurers faced significant operational hurdles during the transition to remote work, including country-wide electricity interruptions and a lack of necessary hardware; one insurer reported that only 30% of its personnel had the resources to work remotely.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000179#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The pandemic is expected to negatively impact the financial positions of insurance companies through higher-than-usual policy lapse rates due to constrained customer incomes and reduced investment income from property and equity portfolios, which make up approximately 80% of investment assets in the life insurance market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000179#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The regulator, the Insurance and Pensions Commission (IPEC), responded to the crisis by extending deadlines for regulatory levies and first quarter returns, and by issuing guidance allowing policyholders to pay premiums in foreign currency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000179#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["insurance","economic recovery","risk management"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment"]}]}