{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["FSD Africa"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":285,"relation":"eq"},"page":4,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=fsd-africa&page=4","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=fsd-africa&page=5","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"fsdafri-000246","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000246","title":"Why governments should deepen domestic financial markets","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2022-11-17","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/why-governments-should-deepen-domestic-financial-markets/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper examines how chronic fiscal imbalances and external shocks have increased public debt in five African nations, arguing that deepening domestic financial markets and ending financial repression are essential for long-term debt sustainability despite short-term fiscal tensions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000246#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa all face liquidity and solvency risks, with external debt distress being the most critical risk to monitor. This is driven by low public sector revenues and large trade deficits, which limit the foreign exchange available for servicing external debt and funding current account deficits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000246#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ghana, Kenya, and Ethiopia are particularly vulnerable to refinancing risks on their Euro-borrowing due to rising interest rates and tightening global credit markets in 2022/2023. In contrast, South Africa's deep domestic financial market allows it to absorb higher public debt, though it remains exposed to the volatility of foreign portfolio investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000246#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governments in the case-study countries used various measures to mitigate borrowing impacts during the pandemic, including quantitative easing in Ghana and South Africa, debt monetisation in Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Ghana, and financial repression (such as exchange controls and investment requirements) in Ethiopia and Nigeria.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000246#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial repression and central bank financing of deficits, specifically in Nigeria and Ethiopia, may curb public debt growth in the short term but discourage savings and encourage financial disintermediation in the medium term. Such policies reduce confidence in market-based finance and create opportunities for rent-seeking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000246#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Deepening domestic financial markets to increase absorptive capacity is necessary to shield debt financing costs from market sentiment, but this creates short-term tensions. Transitioning to market-conform financing increases transparency and accountability and requires governments to find alternative funding sources, which may hinder the willingness to implement reforms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000246#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy assessment"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000287","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000287","title":"Landscape of Climate Finance in Ethiopia","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-11","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-in-Ethiopia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2019/20, Ethiopia's tracked climate finance averaged USD 1.7 billion per year, representing only 7% of its estimated annual needs of USD 25.3 billion. The landscape is heavily dominated by international public finance (92%), with a strong preference for grants (70%) and a focus on adaptation (56%) over mitigation (38%). While the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector received the most sectoral finance (29%), it remains underfunded relative to its 83% contribution to national GHG emissions. Significant barriers to private investment include a highly regulated financial sector, lack of a stock market, and unfavorable collateral policies for SMEs and small-holder farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000287#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Tracked climate finance in Ethiopia for 2019/20 averaged USD 1.7 billion annually, which is only 7% of the estimated climate finance needs of USD 25.3 billion and less than 2% of the country's GDP for that period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000287#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ethiopia's climate finance is skewed toward adaptation, with 56% of funds allocated to adaptation and 38% to mitigation, contrasting sharply with the global average of 7% and 90% respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000287#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The climate finance landscape is dominated by international public sources, which account for 92% of flows, while private finance represents only 8%. Within public finance, grants are the primary instrument, accounting for 70%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000287#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector is the largest source of GHG emissions in Ethiopia at 83% and received the most sectoral climate finance at 29% (USD 486 million) in 2019/20.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000287#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mitigation projects rely heavily on grants and concessional financing, with 50% funded by grants and the remainder split between concessional and non-concessional debt, indicating high perceived investment risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000287#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy systems received approximately 10% of climate finance (USD 180 million), which is significantly lower than the estimated annual CAPEX requirement of USD 3.8 billion for renewables-based power and transmission.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000287#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private climate finance is primarily directed toward energy systems (83.5%) and AFOLU (14.5%), with commercial financial institutions providing the largest share of this funding at USD 97 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000287#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant policy and regulatory barriers hinder private investment, including the absence of a stock market, strict foreign exchange regulations by the National Bank of Ethiopia, and high collateral requirements for SMEs and small-holder farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000287#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical lack of transparency and data regarding domestic climate budget expenditure, with no official public record tracking financing from international NGOs, philanthropies, or the private sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000287#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","renewable energy","wind energy","hydropower","carbon emission trading","Blended Finance","public–private partnership","green economy","disaster risk reduction"],"geography_discussed":["Africa","United Kingdom","United States","Germany","France","Japan","People's Republic of China","Oromia Region","Sudan","Egypt"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["financial analysis","policy review","gap analysis"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000033","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000033","title":"Insurance Innovation Portrait: Ethiopia","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10-05","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/publication/insurance-innovation-portrait-ethiopia/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights"],"summary":{"text":"This report provides an overview of the insurance sector in Ethiopia, detailing the impact of 1990s liberalisation, the current state of market penetration, and the barriers hindering insurance innovation and retail reach.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000033#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Ethiopian insurance market was shaped by financial sector liberalisation and market reforms in the early 1990s, which ended the state monopoly and allowed private companies and international donors to enter. By 2021, the market consisted of 18 providers, including one reinsurance company, serving approximately 1.2 million policyholders, excluding community health insurance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000033#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Despite liberalisation, the insurance market remains underdeveloped with low penetration rates in sub-Saharan Africa. Premiums are concentrated in general insurance and compulsory lines like third-party motor vehicle insurance, while life business accounts for only about 5% of the market share. Farmers and MSMEs remain historically underserved.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000033#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Innovation in the sector is limited and often confined to donor-led pilots, such as agriculture index-based insurance, which have struggled with long-term sustainability due to capacity constraints. Efforts to digitalise and partner with Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) have seen limited success because of weak capacity and high risk aversion among Ethiopian insurers. Additionally, the market faces severe shortages in actuarial and basic STEM skills.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000033#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"fsdafri-000100","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000100","title":"Rabobank Acorn Agroforestry Carbon Programme","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Acorn-Agroforestry-Reviewed-JG.-doc.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Rabobank Acorn Agroforestry Carbon Programme supports smallholder farmers in Zambia, Nigeria, and Kenya in transitioning to sustainable agricultural production through a technology-enabled carbon sequestration marketplace. By utilizing Payment for Ecological Services (PES) via carbon credits, the program aims to monetize natural capital, increase food security, and create green jobs. The pilot phase is currently underway, with carbon loans already disbursed and technical training provided to farmers. The first carbon credits trading cycle is expected to take place in three years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000100#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The program utilizes a technology-enabled marketplace for carbon sequestration to make the transition to agroforestry financially sustainable for farmers by generating additional income through carbon credits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000100#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The initiative employs Payment for Ecological Services (PES) to monetize the benefits of sustainable natural capital use, aiming to provide smallholder farmers with enhanced food security, inclusive economic growth, and access to green jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000100#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The program's pilot phase has commenced, involving the disbursement of carbon loans to farmers in Zambia, Kenya, and Nigeria, the delivery of technical training, and the planting of trees and cash crops, with the first trading cycle for carbon credits scheduled for three years from now.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000100#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agroforestry","carbon sequestration","carbon credit","natural capital","green job","food security"],"geography_discussed":["Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["programmatic overview"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000102","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000102","title":"Africa Private Equity and Debt Programme","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Africa-Private-Equity-and-Debt-Programme-Reviewed-by-JG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Africa Private Equity and Debt Programme (2020-2025) focuses on developing private capital markets across Africa to complement public markets. It seeks to increase the participation of local institutional investors, particularly pension funds, through regulatory reform, capacity building, and the creation of demonstration transactions. Key achievements include supporting Kenya's policy framework for private equity and venture capital, launching the AVCA Training Academy, and conducting market studies on private debt and pension fund investments in Southern Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000102#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The programme's primary objective is to enhance the availability of long-term financing for priority social and economic sectors in Africa by increasing the participation of local institutional investors, especially pension funds, in private equity and debt to complement development finance institutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000102#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Kenya, the programme supported the Capital Markets Authority (CMA) in finalising a policy framework for private equity and venture capital, which was approved by the CMA board in 2021. This process included a benchmarking study on regulatory options conducted by the East Africa Venture Capital Association (EAVCA).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000102#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FSD Africa commissioned a study in July 2021 via Lions Head Global Partners to analyse Africa's private debt markets, covering size, evolution, management, structure, investment sectors, regulation, and investor appetite, with specific inputs from Nigeria, Kenya, Morocco, and Ghana.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000102#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The AVCA Training Academy, a digital platform for professional development for private equity practitioners, was launched in September 2021; it has completed 12 modules, with 10 more under development, and includes an ESG Training Series.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000102#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The programme is actively supporting the co-creation of funding structures in Ghana, Tanzania, and Nigeria to encourage domestic institutional investors to invest in private equity and private debt as asset classes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000102#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","South Africa","Nigeria","Morocco","Ghana","Tanzania"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["programme update"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000103","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000103","title":"Climate Finance Training Programme","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Climate-Finance-Training-Programme-Reviewed-JG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Climate Finance Training Programme, running from November 2020 to March 2025, aims to establish a twinning arrangement between UK and African academic institutions to enhance climate finance capacity in Sub-Saharan Africa. The programme seeks to increase investments in climate-resilient projects and create a regional centre of excellence in green finance. As of October 2022, two cohorts of 22 participants each had completed the Africa Climate Finance Leadership Programme, with a third cohort scheduled for the final quarter of 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000103#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The programme's primary goal is to create a twinning arrangement between UK and African academic institutions to train local and regional policymakers, academia, regulators, and financial market participants in climate finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000103#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The initiative aims to drive sustainable economic growth and employment by increasing investments in climate-resilient projects and establishing a regional centre of excellence in green finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000103#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between December 2021 and February 2022, the Africa Climate Finance Leadership Programme delivered training to two cohorts consisting of 22 participants each from across Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000103#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","sustainable finance","capacity building"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","Kenya"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["programme overview"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000104","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000104","title":"Ethiopia Central Securities Depository (CSD) System","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Ethiopia-CSD-Reviewed-JG.-doc-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The project aims to implement a CSD system in Ethiopia, starting with government securities and potentially expanding to corporate debt, equities, and funds. The system is intended to improve transaction efficiency, reduce costs, and attract diverse investors to support infrastructure and economic growth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000104#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) intends to use the CSD system first for government securities, with the capacity to scale the system for funds, equities, and corporate debt securities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000104#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The implementation of the CSD is expected to improve the integrity of transactions, increase transparency, and lower transaction costs, which will help attract foreign and diverse investors to Ethiopia's capital markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000104#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project is expected to facilitate increased access to finance for the private and public sectors regarding sector-specific priorities and infrastructure, contributing to a sustainable future through increased incomes, jobs, and basic services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000104#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current progress includes the development of terms of reference for the CSD system's acquisition and implementation, which are under review, and ongoing discussions regarding a tripartite MOU between the Ministry of Finance of Ethiopia, NBE, and FSD Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000104#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["project description"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000105","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000105","title":"Ethiopia Licensing Framework","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Ethiopia-Licensing-Reviewed-JG.-doc.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document describes a project aimed at establishing a regulatory framework for capital market intermediaries and self-regulatory organisations in Ethiopia to enhance investor confidence and economic growth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000105#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The project seeks to establish a robust enabling framework for capital market intermediaries and responsive policies for capital markets in Ethiopia, with the goal of increasing both domestic and international investor confidence in sub-Saharan African financial markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000105#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The long-term objectives of the framework include more efficient allocation of capital resources to support inclusive economic growth and the creation of more jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000105#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Consultants have performed stakeholder consultations with Ethiopian market players prior to the public release of the final draft framework.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000105#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["financial regulation","economic growth"],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy framework"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000106","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000106","title":"Cardano Development","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Kenya-Credit-Enhancement-Facility-Reviewed-by-JG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"FSD Africa is supporting the creation of the Kenya Credit Enhancement Facility (KCEF), a non-bank financial institution designed to provide 100% irrevocable and unconditional credit guarantees for infrastructure-related corporate debt in Kenya. The facility aims to reduce risk for institutional investors, thereby increasing the availability of long-term capital for sustainable infrastructure and expanding the domestic fixed-income market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000106#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Kenya Credit Enhancement Facility (KCEF) is designed as a non-bank financial institution that provides 100% irrevocable and unconditional credit guarantees for long-term local currency debt tied to infrastructure projects, effectively transferring credit risk from the project sponsor to the KCEF.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000106#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The KCEF intends to increase the availability of long-term capital for sustainable infrastructure in Kenya by boosting institutional investor confidence and increasing the variety of fixed-income products available for investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000106#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"As of October 2022, the KCEF business plan is still being developed, and the project is conducting ongoing engagements with stakeholders, including the Kenya Capital Markets Authority and potential investors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000106#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["green infrastructure","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["project description"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000107","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000107","title":"Kenya Green Bond Programme","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Kenya-Green-Bond-Programme-Reviewed-JG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The Kenya Green Bond Programme (2017-2021) focused on developing the green bond market in Kenya through policy reform, capacity building, and the creation of supportive regulatory frameworks. Key outcomes include the development of NSE Green Bond Listing Rules, the passage of tax incentives by parliament, and the mobilization of GBP 64.95 million in private finance for climate purposes, including Kenya's first green bond. The programme also trained over 20,000 bank employees via e-learning and provided training to 16 Kenyan verifiers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000107#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The programme achieved several regulatory and policy milestones, including the creation of the Capital Market Authority (CMA) Guidelines on green bonds and the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) Green Bond Listing Rules, as well as the passage of tax incentives for green bonds by the Kenyan parliament.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000107#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The initiative mobilised GBP 64.95 million in private finance for climate change purposes, supporting three specific transactions: two green bond issuances and one green Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT). This included the first green bond issued in Kenya, which was listed on the NSE and cross-listed on the London Stock Exchange.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000107#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Capacity building efforts included training 16 Kenyan verifiers through three programmes and training over 20,000 bank employees via e-learning modules on the Sustainable Finance Initiative (SFI) platform, covering risk management, governance, and green economy investment opportunities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000107#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate finance","sustainable finance","climate change mitigation","climate change adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["East Africa","United Kingdom"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"fsdafri-000108","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000108","title":"Long Term Finance","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Long-Term-Finance-Reviewed-by-JG-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The project aimed to advance long-term finance (LTF) in Sub-Saharan Africa by creating an LTF scoreboard and website to close information gaps for investors and policymakers. Key outputs included the finalisation of the scoreboard, hosted by the African Development Bank, and the completion of LTF landscape diagnostics for Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000108#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The project developed an LTF scoreboard and a corresponding website to make data accessible for investment decision-makers in Africa, aiming to identify efficient ways to deepen domestic markets by mobilising private resources and leveraging public funding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000108#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project completed specific diagnostics of the long-term finance landscape for Côte d'Ivoire, which was launched in Abidjan, and Ghana.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000108#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Cameroon","Ivory Coast","Ghana","Kenya","Mozambique","Nigeria","Senegal","South Africa","Abidjan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["project report"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000109","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000109","title":"Debt Management Programme","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Macroeconomic-and-Financial-Management-Institute-MEFMI-Debt-Management-Programme-Reviewed-JG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The MEFMI Debt Management Programme (February 2021 - September 2022) provided technical assistance and capacity building to several African nations to improve debt sustainability, transparency, and strategic management. Key achievements include conducting debt sustainability analyses in Eswatini and Tanzania, developing a debt statistical bulletin in Botswana, consolidating debt databases in Zambia, and formulating Medium-Term Debt Management Strategies in Tanzania and Zimbabwe.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000109#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The programme supported debt sustainability analyses and staff training using IMF frameworks in Eswatini and Tanzania. In Eswatini, 14 government and central bank staff were trained on the Market Access Countries (MAC DSF) framework, while in Tanzania, 15 staff from the government, Central Bank, and National Bureau of Statistics were trained on the LIC DSF.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000109#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Efforts to improve debt transparency and database management were implemented in Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. Botswana developed its first Debt statistical bulletin, Zambia consolidated its domestic and external debt data into a centralised database and trained seven participants on the Debt Management and Financial Analysis System (DMFAS), Zimbabwe trained five officials on DMFAS, and Mozambique received support for CS-DRMS database validation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000109#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Technical assistance was provided to Tanzania and Zimbabwe to develop Medium-Term Debt Management Strategies (MTDS) using the IMF/World Bank MTDS Analytical Tool (AT). In Tanzania, 27 officials from the ministries of Finance and Planning (including Zanzibar), the Bank of Tanzania, and the National Bureau of Statistics were trained. In Zimbabwe, 38 officials from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, and the Zimbabwe National Statistical Office were trained.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000109#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The programme produced knowledge management outputs, including a study on managing sovereign debt during the COVID-19 pandemic and the development of guidelines for identifying, measuring, reporting, and managing contingent liabilities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000109#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Eswatini","Tanzania","Botswana","Zambia","Zimbabwe","Mozambique","Zanzibar Islands"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["programme evaluation"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000110","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000110","title":"A scoping study on developing a financing offer for the green economy in Morocco","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Morroco-Green-Fund-Reviewed-JG.-docx.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document describes an ongoing scoping study in Morocco aimed at addressing the green finance gap. The project focuses on identifying financial instruments and structures to support green SMEs and projects, with a feasibility analysis currently in progress to inform the development of a new financing instrument.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000110#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The scoping study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the green finance gap in Morocco and determine the financial instruments and structures necessary to support emerging green projects and SMEs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000110#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A feasibility analysis is currently underway to assess the needs for and offer of green finance instruments across sectoral value chains specifically targeting SMEs in Morocco.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000110#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project intends to develop the initial framework for a new financial instrument to address the unmet demand for green SME financing following the completion of the feasibility analysis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000110#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable finance","green economy"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["scoping study","feasibility analysis"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000111","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000111","title":"Nigeria Green Bond Programme","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Nigeria-Green-Bond-Programme-Reviewed-by-JG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags"],"summary":{"text":"The Nigeria Green Bond Programme, running from January 2018 to March 2023, focused on developing Nigeria's green bond market through guidelines, verifier training, and investment pipelines. Key achievements include the issuance of ₦32.83 billion in corporate green bonds and ₦25.69 billion in sovereign green bonds, with support provided to five issuers and 928 capital markets beneficiaries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000111#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The programme aimed to accelerate the use of green bonds to access domestic and international capital markets for green projects, specifically by establishing a green bond market, creating listing guidelines, training licensed verifiers, and developing an investment pipeline.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000111#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial outcomes of the programme include the issuance of corporate green bonds totaling ₦32.83 billion and sovereign green bonds totaling ₦25.69 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000111#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The programme provided support to five sovereign and corporate issuers for verification and impact reporting, trained one licensed verifier, conducted 10 capacity building sessions, and reached 928 capital markets beneficiaries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000111#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"fsdafri-000112","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000112","title":"OTC Securities Exchange Kenya","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-OTC-Securities-Exchange-Kenya-Reviewed-by-JG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The project aims to establish the EABX OTC Exchange in Kenya, serving as both a trading platform and a market regulator to improve liquidity, transparency, and efficiency in bond, money, foreign exchange, and derivative markets. Key objectives include reducing funding costs for debt capital market issuances by supporting a credible benchmark yield curve and enhancing investor confidence in public debt. As of October 2022, the EABX CEO was onboarded, and recruitment for other key executive roles is ongoing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000112#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The project seeks to establish the EABX OTC Exchange in Kenya, which will function as both a trading platform provider and a regulator for market conduct and integrity, with the long-term goal of expanding into the East African region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000112#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The intervention is designed to improve the bond market and related sectors—including money, foreign exchange, and derivative markets—by increasing liquidity, transparency, and safety, while lowering funding costs through a more credible benchmark yield curve.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000112#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Project implementation is organized into three work streams: exchange structure and model, registration and licensing, and operationalisation. As of March 2022, the EABX CEO has been onboarded, while the hiring of the COO, Chief Legal & Regulatory Affairs Officer, and Chief of Staff is still in progress.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000112#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["financial regulation"],"geography_discussed":["East African Region"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["project briefing"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000114","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000114","title":"SADC Green Bonds Programme","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-SADC-Green-Bonds-Programme-Reviewed-by-JG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The SADC Green Bonds Programme, running from April 2021 to March 2024, seeks to accelerate the use of green bonds for climate finance in SADC member countries. Key achievements include the launch of the SADC Green and Sustainable Bond guidelines in April 2022, the revision of the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange rules in Tanzania, and the issuance of a MUR 500 million green bond by Cim Financial Services Limited in Mauritius.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000114#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The programme's primary goals include developing listing guidelines and regulations, supporting a pipeline of issuers, engaging institutional investors, providing climate finance training, and enhancing climate-related financial reporting to facilitate mitigation and adaptation investments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000114#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific milestones achieved by October 2022 include the completion of the SADC Green Finance Demand Study in January 2022, the launch of the SADC Green and Sustainable Bond guidelines on 27 April 2022, and the April 2022 revision of the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) Rules in Tanzania to permit sustainability-linked capital markets instruments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000114#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cim Financial Services Limited in Mauritius issued the programme's first green bond, raising approximately 11 million USD (MUR 500 million) as part of a larger MUR 3 billion green bond programme.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000114#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate finance","climate change mitigation"],"geography_discussed":["Tanzania","Mauritius"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["project update"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000115","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000115","title":"SEC Nigeria Digital Transformation Programme","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-SEC-Nigeria-Digital-Transformation-Programme-Reviewed-JG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The SEC Nigeria Digital Transformation Programme (August 2020 – March 2025) aims to modernise the ICT infrastructure of the Nigeria Securities and Exchange Commission to improve regulatory efficiency, agility, and transparency. Key goals include implementing digital regulatory services, enhancing information security, and streamlining processes through tools like e-prospectuses and e-filing. The programme is supported by a developing Digital Transformation Strategy and funding commitments from various partners for the deployment of digital infrastructure and software.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000115#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The programme's primary goal is to modernise the ICT systems and architecture of the Nigeria Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to improve its efficiency, agility, and ability to support innovation in a digital market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000115#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Expected outcomes of the transformation include the creation of an ICT-ready organisation, industry-standard information security, data-driven market interventions, and the use of technology such as e-filing and e-prospectuses to speed up approval turnarounds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000115#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Implementation is guided by a Digital Transformation Strategy currently in progress and is supported by funding commitments from partners for the acquisition and deployment of software and digital infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000115#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["financial regulation"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["programme overview"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000116","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000116","title":"Technical Support for the WAEMU Electronic Trading Platform (ETP)","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Capital-Markets-Technical-Support-for-the-WAEMU-Electronic-Trading-Platform-ETP-JG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"FSD Africa is collaborating with UMOA-Titres to implement an Electronic Trading Platform (ETP) for the WAEMU region to enhance the secondary trading market for debt securities. The initiative aims to increase market liquidity, reduce capital costs for governments and the private sector, and broaden the investor base beyond banks. As of October 2022, a Programme Manager was onboarded in March 2022 and the development of a draft Business Requirement Document (BRD) is underway.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000116#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The implementation of the Electronic Trading Platform (ETP) is intended to increase trading efficiency and market liquidity, which is expected to lower the cost of capital for both the private sector and governments within the WAEMU region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000116#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ETP aims to expand the investor base for the secondary debt securities market beyond commercial banks and improve overall market confidence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000116#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Project progress as of October 2022 includes the appointment of a Programme Manager in March 2022 and the ongoing creation of a draft Business Requirement Document (BRD).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000116#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["project update"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000124","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000124","title":"Adaptation of Cambridge Fintech Regulatory and Innovation Online Programme for Africa (CFTRI Africa)","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Digital-Economy-Adaptation-of-Cambridge-Fintech-Regulatory-and-Innovation-Online-Programme-for-Africa-CFTRI-Africa.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"FSD Africa partnered with the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) to contextualise the Cambridge Fintech and Regulatory Innovation (CFTRI) global executive online programme for Africa. Launched in February 2022, the initiative provided scholarships that enabled 30 participants in the first cohort to complete the course. The programme is designed to help financial regulators, supervisors, and policymakers understand fintech technologies, evaluate business models and their regulatory implications, and assess regulatory innovation initiatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000124#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The CFTRI programme aims to equip global executives, financial regulators, supervisors, and policymakers with the ability to understand innovative fintech technologies, evaluate business models and their policy implications, and assess the suitability of regulatory innovation responses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000124#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FSD Africa collaborated with CCAF to adapt the CFTRI programme for the African context and supported the launch of the first cohort in February 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000124#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The partnership resulted in 30 participants completing the course through scholarships provided by FSD Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000124#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["financial regulation"],"geography_discussed":["SSA"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"fsdafri-000125","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000125","title":"Carbon Value Exchange Platform (CaVEx)","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Digital-Economy-Carbon-Value-Exchange-Platform-CaVEx.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"CaVEx is a digital marketplace using distributed ledger technology to allow small-scale climate projects to collect data, convert it into carbon credits, and sell them to buyers via mobile payments. Developed by 4R Digital with funding from FSD Africa, the platform aims to lower barriers for projects that lack the resources for traditional expert evaluation. Current development includes testing use cases in Kenya and Senegal, with a minimum viable product planned for September 2022 and long-term goals of onboarding over 50 projects and accessing over $100m in climate finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000125#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"CaVEx is a cloud-based digital marketplace that utilizes distributed ledger technology to facilitate the collection, verification, and monitoring of climate data from small-scale projects, converting that data into carbon credits for sale with proceeds transferred via mobile payments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000125#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The platform is designed to allow small projects that lack the scale or resources for tailored expert evaluation to participate in carbon markets, while providing buyers with visibility into the activities they support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000125#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"As of October 2022, the platform is under development with a minimum viable product planned for September 2022, currently testing two live users and two specific use cases: a rechargeable batteries project in Senegal and a solar powered water pump project in Kenya.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000125#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The long-term targets for the platform include onboarding over 50 projects, operating in at least 6 markets, accounting for over 6 million tonnes of CO2e, and accessing more than $100 million of climate finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000125#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon credit","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","Senegal"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["project description"]}]}