{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["Climate Action Against Disinformation"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":65,"relation":"eq"},"page":3,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=climate-action-against-disinformation&page=3","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=climate-action-against-disinformation&page=4","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"caad-000025","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000025","title":"A 2,900% Increase in Greenwash: Big Oil Targeted Brazil With Google Ads To Undermine COP30","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/A-2900-Increase-in-Greenwash_-Big-Oil-Targeted-Brazil-With-Google-Ads-To-Undermine-COP30.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing reports a significant increase in Google Ads by oil companies globally and specifically in Brazil leading up to COP30 in November 2025. It highlights that while global oil ads spiked by 218% in October 2025, ads targeting Brazil increased by 2,900%, with Petrobras accounting for nearly 70% of these. The document argues that these campaigns are part of a broader disinformation strategy to secure a 'social licence' for continued fossil fuel investment, contrasting public 'green' narratives with actual investment patterns and environmental records. It recommends increased regulatory intervention, including a potential ban on fossil fuel advertising similar to tobacco regulations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000025#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global advertising by oil companies on Google Ads experienced a sharp increase in October 2025, rising by 218% compared to September, with the total number of ads growing from 1,939 to 6,384.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000025#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Advertising targeting Brazil saw a 2,900% increase from January to October 2025, growing from 9 to 270 ads, with approximately 80% of these published between July and October.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000025#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Petrobras is the dominant advertiser in Brazil, representing nearly 70% of total Google Ads in the country with 665 ads published in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000025#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major global oil companies showed significant month-on-month increases in Google Ads during October 2025: BP increased by 1,369.2%, Saudi Aramco by 469.2%, ExxonMobil by 156.3%, and TotalEnergies by 106.5%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000025#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a stark disparity between the public image of oil companies and their financial investments; in the ten years following the Paris Agreement, US$8.7 trillion was invested in oil and gas, while only US$113 billion (1.4%) went to renewable energy, CCUS, and storage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000025#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Petrobras's 'green' advertising campaign in 2025 coincided with its pursuit of oil exploration in the Amazon; after the license was awarded in October, public support for exploration in the region rose from 26% in September to 42%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000025#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document suggests that self-regulation by Big Tech is insufficient, noting that Google continued to run ads on YouTube videos containing climate misinformation despite a 2021 ban on monetizing denialist content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000025#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Fossil fuel advertising","energy transition","climate change disinformation","renewable energy","carbon capture and utilization","2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference","climate policy"],"geography_discussed":["Belém"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","policy briefing"]},{"id":"caad-000027","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000027","title":"An Untrustworthy Barometer: Edelman Polling Promotes Clients’ Standing in Society","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/An-Untrustworthy-Barometer_-Edelman-Polling-Promotes-Clients-Standing-in-Society.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report by Climate Action Against Disinformation (CAAD) critiques the Edelman Trust Barometer, alleging that the PR firm uses 'organized lying' and opaque data to promote the idea that business leaders are the most trusted figures in society. It highlights contradictions between Edelman's findings and other research from the UN and University of Oxford, particularly regarding public trust in corporate climate efforts. Furthermore, the document exposes a conflict of interest, noting that while Edelman claims climate change is a major crisis, it maintains extensive contracts with major fossil fuel companies including Shell, Chevron, and TotalEnergies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000027#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Edelman is accused of using opaque and inconsistent data methodologies in its Trust Barometer, including a 2024 admission that its China data \"might be 50% accurate\" and a failure to share raw data with researchers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000027#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report claims the Trust Barometer is designed to preserve business interests by portraying businesses as the only trusted institution, a narrative described by Professor Lee Edwards as \"organized lying\" that erases factual truths and ignores NGOs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000027#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","climate change disinformation","fossil fuel industry","climate finance","environmental, social and corporate governance"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United Arab Emirates","United States","Saudi Arabia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["critique","investigation"]},{"id":"caad-000028","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000028","title":"Climate Conversation Trends","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Analysis-Climate-Conversation-Trends-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a significant increase in the volume of tweets featuring climate change denial terms starting in July 2022, though this growth was not matched by an increase in user engagement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000028#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The volume of tweets containing climate change denial terms trended upward from December 2021 to February 2023. Specifically, the average weekly volume rose from approximately 30,000 tweets per week (December 2021 to June 2022) to approximately 110,000 tweets per week starting around July 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000028#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","Inflation Reduction Act of 2022"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis"]},{"id":"caad-000029","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000029","title":"Briefing Note: Programmatic Digital Advertisements and Climate Disinformation","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Briefing-Note-Programmatic-Digital-Ads-and-Disinfo.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The study analyzed 113 top US climate disinformation sites, finding that nearly 80% displayed ads from major networks. Google's display networks were the most dominant, appearing on nearly half of the sites and accounting for 97.7% of projected weekly visits. The report argues that these platforms profit from climate disinformation despite having policies against misleading content, with Google potentially earning $7.6 million in revenue from these sites based on industry median cost-per-click estimates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000029#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between October 1, 2021 and September 30, 2022, 79.7% (90 out of 113) of analyzed climate disinformation sites displayed online advertising from one or more ad networks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000029#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Google's display ad networks (including DoubleClick, AdWords, and AdSense) were the most prevalent, monetizing 49.6% of the sites and accounting for 97.7% of projected weekly visits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000029#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Based on a 2022 industry median cost-per-click of $0.63, Google potentially generated approximately $7.6 million in display advertising revenue from these climate disinformation sites over the past year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000029#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of ads.txt files revealed that 69.75% (83 of 113) of the sites listed Google as an authorized seller of their ad inventory.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000029#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While Yahoo Ads accounted for nearly 50% of total outgoing ad visits, this figure is heavily skewed by a single site, Fox News, which represented 54.88% of Yahoo's ad clicks in the dataset.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000029#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Other major networks heavily utilized by climate disinformation sites included Outbrain, which was seen on sites responsible for over 87% of weekly visits, and Amazon Ads, seen on sites responsible for over 71% of weekly visits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000029#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study identifies three primary narratives of climate disinformation: denialism (denying scientific consensus or human causes), conspiracy (claiming research is an 'elite' conspiracy), and doomerism (arguing efforts to stop climate change are a waste of resources).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000029#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","content analysis"]},{"id":"caad-000030","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000030","title":"Briefing Note: Digital Footprint of Agribusiness, Fossil Fuel and Mining Companies in Brazil","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Briefing-Note-Sustainability-Claims-of-top-15-Brazilian-Agribusiness-Fossil-Fuel-Mining-Companies-By-Revenue.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the digital footprint of 15 major Brazilian companies in the agribusiness, mining, and fossil fuel sectors, finding a wide disparity in the volume of sustainability communications. While all analyzed companies acknowledge climate change, the report identifies significant signs of greenwashing, including the use of vague language and green imagery to mask negative environmental impacts. It highlights a contradiction between corporate narratives—which frame these sectors as 'part of the solution'—and actual records, such as Petrobras, Vale, and Shell being among the top 10 companies most fined by Ibama between 2000 and 2025. Additionally, the report notes the use of targeted Meta advertising and influencer partnerships, particularly by Petrobras, to amplify sustainability messaging to younger audiences.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000030#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The volume of sustainability-related communications varies significantly across the 15 analyzed companies. For example, Marfrig had 64.3% of its articles/posts related to sustainability, while Raízen and Petrogal had 0.0%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000030#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies evidence of greenwashing, characterized by the use of nature-themed imagery and vague claims that lack detailed evidence or substantial investment relative to company revenues.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000030#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a stark contrast between corporate sustainability branding and environmental records. Petrobras, Vale, and Shell are among the top 10 Brazilian companies most fined by Ibama from 2000 to 2025, with Petrobras recording 2,705 fines and Vale 100.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000030#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Companies employ specific narratives to frame their industries as essential to the climate solution: agribusiness firms emphasize food security and carbon capture, while fossil fuel companies highlight global energy demand and the necessity of their role in the energy transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000030#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Petrobras utilizes aggressive digital advertising and influencer strategies, spending an estimated US$1,111,900 to US$1,401,608 on Meta Ads between March 2024 and March 2025, with a surge of 72 ads published during COP29 targeting younger audiences.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000030#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenwashing","fossil fuel","mining","energy transition","carbon capture and storage","food security","biofuel","deforestation","reforestation","Scope 3","environmental, social and corporate governance"],"geography_discussed":["United States","New York"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["communication analysis","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"caad-000034","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000034","title":"CAAD calls on the largest online platforms to address climate disinformation, starting now!","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/CAAD-DSA-Letter-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that the European Commission's designation of 19 platforms under the Digital Services Act (DSA) provides a critical opportunity to address climate disinformation, which CAAD claims derails climate action and threatens democratic processes. CAAD calls for these platforms to go beyond minimum compliance and apply safety-by-design principles globally, specifically targeting the monetisation of disinformation and the influence of the fossil fuel industry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000034#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The European Commission has designated 19 online platforms as Very Large Online Platforms or Search Engines (VLOPs and VLOSEs) under the Digital Services Act (DSA), which applies to services reaching at least 10% of the EU population, or 45 million monthly users.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000034#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate disinformation is described as a dangerous force that hinders climate action, increases polarisation, and undermines public support for the EU's 2030 targets and Green Agenda.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000034#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","greenwashing","climate finance","fossil fuel industry"],"geography_discussed":["World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy advocacy"]},{"id":"caad-000038","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000038","title":"Extreme Weather, Extreme Content: How Big Tech Enables Climate Disinformation In a World on the Brink","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CAAD-Pre-COP-Report-2024.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details the persistence of climate disinformation across major platforms like X, Meta, TikTok, and YouTube. It identifies key narratives used to discredit renewable energy, the use of extreme weather events (wildfires and hurricanes) to fuel conspiracy theories and incite violence, and the extensive use of Meta's advertising tools by fossil fuel entities for greenwashing and lobbying. The authors argue that platform architectures reward engagement over truth, necessitating systemic policy changes to disrupt the economy of disinformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000038#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Climate disinformation attacking renewable energy—specifically wind, solar, and electric vehicles (EVs)—remains remarkably consistent over time, often recycling debunked talking points that claim these technologies are inefficient, dangerous, or prohibitively expensive.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000038#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Anti-climate actors use 'woke-washing' by co-opting legitimate human rights concerns, such as child labour in cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), to discredit the energy transition and renewables writ large.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000038#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A small number of 'super-spreader' accounts drive significant spikes in anti-climate activity; for example, the account Wide Awake Media grew from 322 followers in March 2023 to over 578,000 by November 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000038#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Extreme weather events are weaponised to decouple disasters from climate change, with viral narratives attributing wildfires to arson or 'Direct Energy Weapons' (DEW) and hurricanes to geo-engineering for 'land grabs'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000038#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Misinformation following Hurricanes Helene and Milton on TikTok led to credible threats of violence against FEMA personnel, with some sponsored posts describing officials as 'enemies of the State' who could be 'shot or hung on sight'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000038#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 24 October 2023 and 24 October 2024, eight fossil fuel entities spent between $14.05 million and $17.62 million on Meta advertising, generating approximately 700 million impressions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000038#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fossil fuel advertising on Meta primarily focuses on three pillars: greenwashing (e.g., pushing Carbon Capture and Storage), presenting fossil fuels as essential for energy security, and lobbying against environmental policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000038#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Industry front groups are among the highest spenders on Meta; Energy Citizens spent between $5.9 million and $7.3 million, which exceeded the combined spending of the four tracked fossil fuel companies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000038#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Researcher access to platform data has severely declined, with Meta's deprecation of Crowdtangle and X's prohibitively expensive API pricing hindering the ability to track macro-level climate disinformation trends.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000038#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","renewable energy","wind power","solar energy","electric vehicle","greenwashing","carbon capture and storage","extreme weather event","wildfire","hurricane","climate finance","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Canada","Australia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","North Carolina","Tennessee","Hawaii","The Hague"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","quantitative analysis","topic modelling","narrative analysis"]},{"id":"caad-000039","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000039","title":"How Big Carbon uses disinformation to sabotage climate action, and how we stop them","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/CAAD_DenyDeceiveDelay-Demystified_03-2.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that 'Big Carbon' (fossil fuel and agribusiness) and 'Big Tech' collaborate to create a 'false social reality' that makes the vast majority of people who support climate action feel like a minority. It details a history of obstruction, from the 1959 warnings to oil executives to the 2009 'Climategate' hack-and-leak attack, and analyzes modern digital tactics used to sabotage UN COPs. The document highlights specific disinformation trends in Brazil leading up to COP30, including the use of generative AI to create fake flood imagery. It concludes by proposing structural solutions such as the EU's Digital Services Act, greenwashing laws in France, and the Global Initiative on Information Integrity on Climate Change (GIIICC).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000039#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Climate disinformation creates a significant perception gap where a global majority supports climate action but believes they are in the minority. While 89% of the global public want more climate action and 69% would contribute 1% of their monthly income to fight it, the public believes only 43% would do so, and policymakers estimate only 38%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000039#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Brazil, climate disinformation is driven by far-right figures and polluters, often accompanied by physical violence. In 2024, at least 146 land and environmental defenders were killed or disappeared globally. In Brazil, a lie regarding environmental regulations was shared at least 1,383 times on social media before congress passed the 'Devastation Bill'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000039#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Digital platforms are being used to target COP30 with increasing intensity, including the use of generative AI. Between July and September 2025, COP-related disinformation increased by 267%, with approximately 14,000 examples found online, including an AI-generated clip of a fake flood in Belém.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000039#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 2009 'Climategate' event is cited as a pivotal 'hack-and-leak attack' that shifted climate denial from a scientific dispute to a partisan identity. Hackers stole scientists' emails and shared them with bloggers who misrepresented the data, which was then amplified by right-wing media to sabotage the Copenhagen COP.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000039#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The fossil fuel industry uses 'Big Tech' algorithms and funding to manufacture a 'false social reality' and fuel culture wars. For example, approximately 80% of major US anti-trans organisations have received fossil fuel funding to recruit from the 'manosphere' and solidify support among conservative white men.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000039#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fossil fuel entities spend millions on social media advertising to warp public perception. Between October 24, 2023, and October 24, 2024, eight fossil fuel entities paid Meta $17 million for approximately 700 million impressions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000039#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","fossil fuel industry","2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference","climate policy","greenwashing","climate justice"],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Canada","France","Japan","European Union","Belém"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","historical analysis","policy review"]},{"id":"caad-000040","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000040","title":"Como as grandes empresas de carbono usam a desinformação para sabotar as ações climáticas — e como podemos impedi-las","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"pt","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/CAAD_DenyDeceiveDelay-Demystified_Portuguese2.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details the strategies used by carbon-intensive industries and big tech to obstruct climate policies through disinformation, polarising narratives, and digital 'distortion mirrors'. It highlights specific cases in Brazil, the historical impact of the 'Climagate' scandal, and the systemic role of social media platforms in creating a 'false social reality' that makes the majority of people who support climate action feel like a minority. The document advocates for structural solutions, such as the Global Initiative for Climate Change Information Integrity (GIIICC) and legislative measures like the EU's Digital Services Act, to protect the information environment ahead of COP30.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000040#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a significant gap between actual public support for climate action and the perception of that support, driven by disinformation. While 89% of the global population wants more climate action and 69% would contribute 1% of their monthly income to fight climate change, the general public believes only 43% would do so, and decision-makers believe only 38% would.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000040#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Brazil, climate disinformation is explicitly driven by far-right figures and anti-environmental activists, often accompanied by physical intimidation. In 2024, Global Witness reported that at least 146 environmental defenders were killed or disappeared, with over 2,250 since 2012.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000040#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 2009 'Climagate' hack-and-leak attack served as a pivotal moment that shifted climate denial from a scientific debate to a polarized political identity. Despite nine investigations clearing the scientists of misconduct, the event was used to justify the sabotage of the Copenhagen COP and foster a broader 'culture war' against science and multilateralism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000040#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Big tech platforms act as 'distortion mirrors' that amplify a small number of disinformation sources to create a 'false social reality'. For example, a Center for Countering Digital Hate report found that just 10 media outlets were responsible for 69% of climate disinformation on Facebook.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000040#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon majors fund a wide array of 'culture war' issues to recruit supporters and obstruct climate action. Approximately 80% of the leading anti-trans organizations in the US have received funding from the fossil fuel sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000040#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The fossil fuel industry uses significant financial resources to influence digital platforms. Between October 24, 2023, and October 24, 2024, eight fossil fuel companies paid Meta US$ 17 million for approximately 700 million impressions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000040#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference","fossil fuel industry","greenwashing","climate justice"],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","European Union","France","Canada","Japan","The Hague"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","disinformation mapping","case study"]},{"id":"caad-000045","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000045","title":"COP, Look, Listen: Special Edition (2)","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/COP-Look-Listen-Spolight-2-False-Solutions-.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details how fossil fuel companies use paid advertising and 'organic' content on platforms like TikTok, Meta, Google, and X/Twitter to control the narrative around carbon capture and storage (CCS). It highlights Chevron's use of a 'low-budget' aesthetic and diverse ambassadors on TikTok to target Gen-Z, and the prevalence of industry-sponsored results at the top of Google searches for 'carbon capture'. The analysis also notes a trend where organic opposition to CCS on social media is sometimes driven by conspiracy theories, such as those involving 'The Great Reset' or vaccines, alongside good-faith scientific criticism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000045#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Chevron utilized TikTok to promote Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and a \"renewable gasoline blend,\" achieving 188 million views across 34 sponsored videos. The report estimates the company spent approximately $1.8 million on this advertising based on CPM metrics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000045#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Chevron's TikTok strategy involves imitating the style of low-resource science channels and 'edutainment' to appeal to younger audiences. The account strategically features people of colour in speaking roles (at least 75%) and as employees (80%), which contrasts with the demographic makeup of Chevron's Board of Directors (16% people of colour) and Executive Committee (22% people of colour).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000045#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Paid advertisements from fossil fuel companies frequently appear above scientific or reputable sources in search results. On Google, searches for 'carbon capture' showed sponsored content from Saudi Aramco, Chevron, BP, and ExxonMobil at the top. On YouTube, Enbridge used sponsored posts for 'carbon capture and storage' searches, while a Shell video appeared as a top 'organic' result.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000045#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Meta's Ad Library revealed that CCS campaigns were primarily localized in Canada, the UK, and the US. Specific entities included the Houston CCS Alliance (focusing on Texas), the Pathways Alliance (targeting Canada), and the Drax Group (focusing on the UK). Additionally, Sinopec and the Saudi government ran commercial ads promoting CCUS in relation to COP28.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000045#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Organic discourse regarding CCS on Facebook, Instagram, and X/Twitter is dominated by opposition, which includes both legitimate scientific criticism and unfounded conspiracy theories. Examples include claims that CCS is part of 'The Great Reset' or that captured carbon is used in nanotech distributed through vaccines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000045#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Meta's enforcement of advertising standards for CCS content is inconsistent. Some ExxonMobil ads were removed for missing labels or violating standards, yet identical copy was found to be live on the platform without being flagged.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000045#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon capture and storage","carbon dioxide removal","greenwashing","climate change disinformation","2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference"],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Canada","Dubai","Texas","Wyoming","Alberta","Saskatchewan","Iowa","Australia","Indonesia","Saudi Arabia","People's Republic of China"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","social media monitoring","advertising analysis"]},{"id":"caad-000046","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000046","title":"The Growing Threat to Climate Activists","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/COP-Look-Listen-Spotlight-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while the overall volume of posts using terms like \"climate cult\" or \"eco terrorists\" on X has remained stable, the number of replies containing dehumanising language has more than doubled. On Facebook and Instagram, over 68,000 posts used denigrating terms, reaching a cumulative 1.86 million shares. TikTok users employ \"coded violence\" and \"dog whistles\" to evade moderation, with comments frequently endorsing police violence, including the use of cattle prods and pepper spray. The report argues that this digital rhetoric creates a \"pipeline to violence,\" citing the 2023 fatal shooting of protesters in Panama and the broader criminalisation of environmental defenders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000046#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 1 January 2022 and 30 November 2023, X (formerly Twitter) saw over 220,000 posts using loaded language such as \"climate cult\" and over 90,000 posts or replies using securitised language like \"eco terrorist\". While total post volume was stable, the number of replies using dehumanising or 'othering' language more than doubled.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000046#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High-traction content targeting climate activists on X is driven by a small group of accounts, including 'End Wokeness' (1.9m followers), Ian Miles Cheong (861k followers), and Disclose.TV (1.2m followers).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000046#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","human rights"],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Germany","Guatemala","Canada","Panama"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","case study"]},{"id":"caad-000047","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000047","title":"COP27 Survival Kit","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/COP27-Survival-Kit.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines a shift from climate denial to 'discourses of climate delay' and provides a toolkit for 'pre-bunking' and rebutting misinformation. It emphasizes targeting 'Persuadables'—people without strong opinions on climate action—and using specific framing and paid media to break through social media echo chambers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000047#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Climate misinformation has evolved from outright denial of science toward 'discourses of climate delay' that question climate solutions, messengers, or scientific reliability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000047#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of COP26 identified three primary misinformation narratives: the hypocrisy and elitism of world leaders, 'absolutionism' regarding small-country emissions compared to China, and claims that clean energy is intermittent and unreliable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000047#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document argues that 'pre-bunking'—inoculating audiences against adversarial narratives before they encounter them—is more effective than traditional rebuttals because people tend to retain the first information they hear.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000047#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective communication should target 'Persuadables', defined as the 69% of the UK population who do not hold strong opinions on climate action, as traditional climate frames often fail to resonate with this group.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000047#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To rebut misinformation, the document recommends the 'Fact, Myth, Fallacy' technique, which identifies fallacies under five 'FLICC' headings: Fake Experts, Logical Fallacies, Impossible Expectations, Cherry Picking, or Conspiracy Theories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000047#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","climate change communication","clean energy","climate policy"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","People's Republic of China"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["briefing"]},{"id":"caad-000048","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000048","title":"DENY, DECEIVE, DELAY","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/DDD_ExposingClimateDisinfo-COP27.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a resurgence of climate denial and the rise of 'delayism' during COP27, highlighting how fossil fuel-linked entities used Meta's advertising tools for greenwashing and how Twitter's algorithms surfaced the #ClimateScam hashtag despite lower engagement than pro-climate terms. It details a 'narrative playbook' where climate action is framed as an elitist plot or a 'culture war' issue, often overlapping with anti-vaccine and right-wing conspiracy communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 1 September and 23 November 2022, fossil fuel-linked entities ran 3,781 active ads on Facebook and Instagram, spending approximately USD $3-4 million. Energy Citizens, a PR group for the American Petroleum Institute, produced more daily ads than all other monitored pages combined.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The hashtag #ClimateScam saw a significant spike on Twitter starting in July 2022, accruing over 362,000 mentions from 91,000 unique users by December. Despite having lower volume and engagement than #ClimateCrisis or #ClimateEmergency, Twitter's organic search and hashtag suggestions frequently recommended #ClimateScam as a top result during COP27.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"State-owned oil companies and initiatives used 'nature-rinsing' tactics on Meta to project green credentials. The Saudi Green Initiative promoted goals to plant 10 billion trees and reach carbon neutrality by 2060, while Petrobras and the Chinese National Petroleum Company (CNPC) touted sustainable transitions and carbon capture and storage (CCS) despite continuing high fossil fuel production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon Major companies, including Shell, Chevron, and ExxonMobil, used advertising to promote Net Zero goals and technologies like biofuels and hydrogen, which the report notes is often contradictory to their actual investment portfolios.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Anti-climate narratives at COP27 shifted toward 'culture wars' and conspiracism. The most engaging content often framed climate actors as 'alarmist' or presented climate action as part of a 'Great Reset' plot by global elites to exert control and destroy capitalism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Loss and Damage' mechanism negotiated at COP27 was co-opted by right-wing actors who framed it as 'climate reparations' and an unfair transfer of wealth from the Global North to the developing world, often linking this to the UK's cost of living crisis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A small group of high-influence accounts drives a large portion of climate misinformation. Twelve identified actors produced 388 posts that garnered 343,862 shares between 29 October and 27 November 2022, with many of these accounts also promoting claims about electoral fraud and COVID-19 vaccinations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Network analysis reveals a strong overlap between climate misinformation and other conspiratorial communities. In the COP27 network, 22.27% of the map comprised COVID-sceptic figures, an increase from 12.35% in 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","greenwashing","Net-zero emissions","carbon capture and storage","loss and damage","fossil fuel","renewable energy","electric vehicle","climate policy"],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Saudi Arabia","People's Republic of China","Brazil","Canada","Australia","United Arab Emirates"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","advertising analysis","network analysis","narrative analysis"]},{"id":"caad-000049","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000049","title":"COP28 Pre-Summit Report","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Deny-Deceive-Delay-Vol.-3-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies three primary ecosystems driving climate mis- and disinformation: the 'attention economy' of online influencers, state-affiliated networks (specifically Russia), and the fossil fuel lobby. It details how the #ClimateScam hashtag has gained prominence on X, how ad tech companies monetise websites hosting climate denial, how Russian state media instrumentalises climate topics for geopolitical influence, and how fossil fuel companies use Facebook advertising for greenwashing. The document argues that these efforts undermine the public mandate for Net Zero and calls for structural changes to digital platform incentives and greater transparency in ad tech.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000049#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The hashtag #ClimateScam, used to promote denialist and conspiratorial content, has seen increased prominence on X (formerly Twitter) since 2022, outperforming #ClimateCrisis and #ClimateEmergency in monthly retweets and likes between December 2022 and October 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000049#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The virality of #ClimateScam on X is driven by a small group of high-engagement accounts, including Wide Awake Media, Tony Heller, Tom Fitton, and Anastasia Maria Loupis. The hashtag is also consistently recommended by X's autocomplete search function.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000049#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Over 150 ad exchanges, including those owned by Google, Microsoft, Amazon, and Yahoo, enable the monetisation of climate mis- and disinformation on 15 key websites, such as Breitbart, Newsmax, and The Washington Times, despite having policies that ostensibly prohibit such content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000049#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russian state media accounts use climate and energy topics as tools for geopolitical influence rather than consistent scientific messaging. They 'play both sides' by framing renewable energy and fossil fuels differently depending on whether the target audience is in Western countries or the Global South.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000049#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russian state-affiliated networks promote the continued extraction of fossil fuels globally, provided it is funded by Russia or its allies, and use pejorative framing (such as 'Klima-Kleber' or 'Climate Gollum') to discredit climate activists and figures like Greta Thunberg.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000049#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 1 January and 31 October 2023, 13 fossil fuel companies spent between $4.13 million and $5.21 million on Facebook ads labelled as 'Social Issues, Elections or Politics', achieving at least 246 million impressions. Shell, ExxonMobil, BP, and TotalEnergies accounted for approximately 98% of this spend.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000049#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Chinese National Petroleum Company (CNPC) specifically targeted countries in the Global South, particularly in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, with ads that used natural imagery to promote both renewable energy and oil and gas extraction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000049#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","greenwashing","energy transition","Net-zero emissions","renewable energy","petroleum industry","carbon capture and storage"],"geography_discussed":["United Arab Emirates","United States","Canada","Greece","Spain","Portugal","Norway","Australia","United Kingdom","People's Republic of China","Germany","European Union","Russia","France","Sweden","Netherlands","Denmark","South Africa","Iran","Uganda","Equatorial Guinea","Niger","Bangladesh","Turkey","Egypt","Hungary","India","Belgium"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","network analysis","monitoring report"]},{"id":"caad-000050","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000050","title":"COP28 Pre-Summit Report: Annex 1 (Methodology)","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Deny-Deceive-Delay-Vol.-3-Annex-1-Methodology-FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document details the methodology for four distinct research areas: the analysis of the #ClimateScam hashtag and X's auto-complete function; the identification of 15 monetized websites sharing climate disinformation and the ad exchanges supporting them; the monitoring of Russian state media and diplomatic accounts on Facebook across four languages; and the collection of political advertising from major fossil fuel companies and petrostates via the Meta Ad Library.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000050#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"To analyze the #ClimateScam hashtag, researchers collected all original posts containing #ClimateScam, #ClimateCrisis, or #ClimateEmergency between 1 July 2022 and 31 October 2023 on X, Facebook, and Instagram.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000050#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Testing of X's search function revealed that typing only \"#Cl\" produced an auto-complete suggestion of #ClimateScam during a test period from 9 to 13 November 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000050#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","Fossil fuel advertising","offshore wind power","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Australia","Canada","New Zealand","United Kingdom","Germany","sub-Saharan Africa","Latin America","Russia","Saudi Arabia","United Arab Emirates","Nigeria","Venezuela","Norway","Qatar","Azerbaijan","People's Republic of China","India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodology"]},{"id":"caad-000051","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000051","title":"The Impacts of Climate Disinformation on Public Perception","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Executive-Summary_The-Impacts-of-Climate-Disinformation-on-Public-Perception.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that climate disinformation is widespread across Australia, Brazil, Germany, India, the UK, and the USA, with between 55% and 85% of surveyed populations believing at least one misinformation statement. Significant gaps exist between public perception and scientific consensus regarding the human cause of climate change and the role of natural gas. The study highlights that regular news consumption does not necessarily correlate with better scientific understanding and, in some cases, is linked to higher belief in misinformation narratives. Additionally, a substantial portion of respondents in all six countries believe their nations cannot afford to reach net-zero emissions by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000051#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A significant portion of the surveyed populations hold beliefs contrary to scientific consensus: between 6% and 23% do not believe in climate change or are uncertain about it, and 22% to 38% believe humans are only partially responsible. The United States has the highest likelihood of holding the latter belief.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000051#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is widespread belief that natural gas is a climate-friendly energy source, contradicting scientific data on methane leaks. This belief is held by 57% of Indians, 40% of Brazilians, 39% of US citizens, 34% of Australians, and 25% of Germans, while only 14% of the UK population shares this view.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000051#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","natural gas","energy transition","renewable energy","electric vehicle","obsidian","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Egypt"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["survey","cross-national comparison"]},{"id":"caad-000052","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000052","title":"Fossil Fuel Ad Ban Talking Points","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Fossil-Fuel-Ad-Bans-protecting-the-public-from-corporate-climate-disinformation.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document advocates for banning fossil fuel advertisements to prevent the industry from using greenwashing and disinformation to maintain its 'social license to operate'. It highlights existing partial bans in France and efforts in 10 countries, including Australia, Canada, Ireland, and South Africa, as well as over 50 cities. The text compares the fossil fuel industry to the tobacco industry, suggesting that similar regulatory tools are needed to protect public health and enable climate action. It also discusses the role of litigation, corporate campaigns like Clean Creatives, and the targeting of advertising finances to dismantle the industry's influence on public opinion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000052#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The fossil fuel industry uses advertising and public relations to normalize its operations and mislead the public, spending at least $1 billion on ads and another $2 billion through trade associations, which is 27 times more than climate-friendly groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000052#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Efforts to ban or restrict fossil fuel advertising are already occurring in 10 countries—including Australia, Canada, Ireland, and South Africa—and more than 50 cities and municipalities. France has implemented a national partial ban specifically on gasoline advertisements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000052#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a strong parallel between the tobacco industry's past tactics and current fossil fuel greenwashing, leading health professionals and the World Health Organization to call for similar legally binding treaties and restrictions to protect public health.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000052#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate-related litigation is increasing globally; between 2017 and 2022, the number of cases in the US grew to 1,522, while cases in non-US jurisdictions nearly tripled to 658.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000052#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Corporate campaigns are targeting the 'social license' of the industry by pressuring creative agencies to stop working for fossil fuel clients; the Clean Creatives campaign has secured commitments from over 1,200 agencies across 64 countries and 2,300 individual creatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000052#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fossil fuel sponsorships in sports are extensive, with the New Weather Institute finding at least $5.6 billion in sponsorships across 205 different deals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000052#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Fossil fuel advertising","climate change disinformation","greenwashing","climate change litigation","public health","climate finance","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Australia","Canada","Ireland","South Africa","France","European Union","United States","Switzerland","Netherlands"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy advocacy","strategic communication"]},{"id":"caad-000053","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000053","title":"GENERATING A(I) CRISIS","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/GENERATING-AI-CRISIS-The-impact-of-generative-AI-and-machine-learning-systems-on-corporate-accountability-and-power-system-decarbonisation.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that the rapid growth of generative AI is driving a significant increase in electricity demand, which threatens climate goals by incentivising the continued use of fossil fuels and diverting clean energy resources. It highlights a lack of transparency in corporate emissions reporting, where 'market-based' accounting masks actual grid impacts, and warns that 'moonshot' technology promises like nuclear fusion may act as mitigation deterrence. Specific examples include data centre growth in Ireland and Malaysia, and the rising emissions profiles of companies like Microsoft and Google.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000053#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Projections for power demand from machine learning vary widely due to different assumptions about training and usage. The IEA projects dedicated machine learning power demand will be 10x greater in 2026 than in 2023, while a Goldman Sachs report suggests data centres could grow from 1-2% to 3-4% of global power demand, and up to 8% of US power demand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000053#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The growth of data centres is actively competing with other electrification needs and may lead to increased fossil fuel reliance. In Ireland, all new clean energy in 2023 served new data centre growth, leaving none for other industries, and 20 recent requests from data centres were for direct connections to the fossil gas grid.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000053#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Large tech companies are using 'market-based' accounting to report lower emissions than their actual grid usage suggests. This method relies on renewable energy certificates (RECs) or power purchase agreements (PPAs) that may not incentivise new renewable energy or match the time and location of actual power consumption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000053#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major technology firms are seeing their climate targets undermined by AI growth. Microsoft's president admitted its carbon ambitions have shifted because \"the moon has moved\" due to machine learning investments, and Google's reports show a rise in power consumption and a shift toward carbon removal investments rather than absolute reductions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000053#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document identifies a risk of 'mitigation deterrence,' where improbable 'moonshot' technologies like nuclear fusion or carbon capture are promoted as solutions, potentially deterring investment in feasible renewable energy. An example is a plan in Salt Lake City to replace coal with next-generation nuclear plants that was shelved in favour of prolonging coal burning.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000053#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Generative AI is being used to amplify climate disinformation. In Australia, an anti-wind farm group used machine learning to create a fake scientific paper to spread via Facebook.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000053#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Data centre growth is particularly concerning in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region, where grids are more reliant on fossil fuels. In Malaysia, projected electricity use by data centres could exceed the country's total renewable output from 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000053#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["data center","decarbonization","climate finance","power purchase agreement","Scope 3","carbon capture and storage","climate change disinformation","greenwashing","natural gas"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Ireland","Malaysia","Australia","Asia-Pacific","Salt Lake City"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","corporate accountability assessment","energy demand projection"]},{"id":"caad-000056","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000056","title":"Navigating Climate Misinformation","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Journalist-Field-Guide-3pager.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines ten best practices for journalists to counter climate misinformation, emphasizing the need to assess the visibility of false claims before reporting and using specific communication techniques like the 'truth sandwich' to avoid reinforcing myths.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000056#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Climate Action Against Disinformation (CAAD) defines climate dis/misinformation as content that challenges the existence or impacts of climate change, the human influence on it, and the necessity for urgent action.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000056#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Journalists are advised to evaluate the impact and visibility of misinformation before deciding whether to report on it or ignore it to avoid inadvertently spreading falsehoods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000056#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"When debunking is necessary, the 'truth sandwich' technique is recommended, which involves starting and ending the communication with correct information, while placing the explanation of the falsehood in the middle.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000056#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To prevent the further spread of misinformation, journalists should avoid including or directly negating false claims in headlines, as social media users often share news based on headlines alone.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000056#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Technical and editorial strategies to avoid boosting bad content include using 'rel=\"nofollow\"' in HTML hyperlinks to prevent search engine weight, using screenshots or transcripts instead of monetized YouTube videos, and utilizing archive sites like the Wayback machine.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000056#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["best practice guide"]},{"id":"caad-000057","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000057","title":"Letter to Sen. Schumer on Climate & AI","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Letter-to-Sen.-Schumer-on-Climate-AI.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The letter argues that large language models (LLMs) increase carbon emissions through high energy demands and accelerate the spread of climate disinformation. It calls for mandatory reporting on energy use, emissions, and critical mineral consumption, as well as safeguards against AI-generated disinformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000057#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Large language models (LLMs) negatively impact the climate by increasing carbon emissions due to their high energy requirements and by enabling the rapid production and distribution of climate disinformation, which sustains climate denialism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000057#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The energy consumption of AI is substantial and often opaque; for instance, Google's 2020 energy use was 15.5 terawatts, double that of San Francisco, and the integration of generative AI into search engines could increase this fivefold. Other data suggests training ChatGPT3 used more energy than 120 average American homes in a year, and some estimates indicate data center carbon emissions have surpassed those of the commercial airline industry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000057#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Generative AI risks amplifying existing climate disinformation trends seen on social media, such as false claims linking wind power to whale deaths or blaming oil and gas infrastructure failures on wind power, by allowing the creation of vast volumes of tailored misleading content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000057#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon dioxide emissions","climate change disinformation","data center","critical minerals","energy transition","environmental regulation"],"geography_discussed":["San Francisco","Atlanta","Pakistan","Iran"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy recommendation","impact assessment"]}]}