{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["Changing Markets Foundation"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":339,"relation":"eq"},"page":12,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=changing-markets-foundation&page=12","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=changing-markets-foundation&page=13","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"chanmar-000168","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000168","title":"Genie in a bottle","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2020-05","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/GENIE-IN-A-BOTTLE-UNLOCKING-CALIFORNIAS-BOTTLE-BILL-web.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing highlights a crisis in California's bottle bill, where redemption rates have fallen to 66% due to the closure of over 1,200 recycling centers between 2013 and 2019. It proposes reforming the system by implementing 'no-touch' reverse vending machines (RVMs) and bag-drop systems, and expanding the scope to include wine and liquor containers. According to analysis by Eunomia Research & Consulting, moving to a 'best-in-class' (BiC) system with a 96% redemption rate would create 5,000 additional jobs, save 400,000 metric tons of GHG emissions annually, and significantly reduce plastic and aluminum litter in the environment and oceans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000168#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"California's bottle bill is experiencing a crisis characterized by falling redemption rates and the closure of recycling centers. While the program once had recycling rates at 85%, redemption rates have dropped to 66%, resulting in consumers receiving an average of only 2.65 of the 5 cents paid as a deposit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000168#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 2013 and 2019, more than 1,200 recycling centers closed, with closure rates in some counties ranging from 68% to 89%. This has led to a 10 percentage point drop in the state-wide recycling rate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000168#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic has further hindered the system as stay-at-home orders and center closures have increased the volume of containers going to landfills. Eunomia estimates that if 50% of remaining recycling centers close, the tonnage of beverage containers landfilled will increase by 30%, adding 131,000 metric tons of GHG emissions per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000168#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Modernizing the system to a 'best-in-class' (BiC) level with a 96% redemption rate would provide substantial social and environmental benefits. This includes creating 5,000 new jobs (increasing total jobs from 8,000 to 13,000) and reducing aluminum and PET litter by an average of 45%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000168#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A BiC system would save an additional 400,000 metric tons of GHG per year compared to the current system, which is equivalent to removing 86,000 passenger cars from the road for one year. This would contribute 0.2% toward California's state-wide emissions reductions targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000168#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public opinion in California strongly supports action on plastic pollution, with 74% favoring more action and 80% agreeing that producers should contribute to managing waste. Additionally, 70% of those who rarely use or are unaware of the bottle bill would be more likely to use it if it were more convenient.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000168#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Beverage Container Recycling Fund currently holds approximately $400 million in unspent balances. The briefing recommends using these funds to implement 'no-touch' reverse vending machines (RVMs) and 'bag drop' programs to increase convenience and safety.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000168#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["plastic pollution","greenhouse gas emissions","circular economy","waste management","recycling"],"geography_discussed":["Oregon","Michigan","Norway","Germany","New York","Maine"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","environmental impact analysis","socio-economic analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000046","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000046","title":"CAUGHT OUT","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-03","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Caught_Out_Report_FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates UK supermarkets' reliance on fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) for farmed seafood, arguing that the current 'fed aquaculture' model is unsustainable and threatens marine ecosystems and global food security. It ranks retailers based on their policies, transparency, and in-store practices, finding that none have a time-bound target to eliminate wild-caught fish in feed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000046#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The global aquaculture industry is heavily reliant on wild-caught fish for feed, with approximately 15 million tonnes of wild fish used annually to produce fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO), representing nearly 20% of the total global catch.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000046#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2019, UK consumers purchased 103,000 tonnes of the top six farmed seafood species, which indirectly resulted in the consumption of 177,000 tonnes of wild fish used as feed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000046#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"None of the top ten UK retailers surveyed have established a clear, time-bound target to reduce or eliminate the use of whole wild-caught fish in their aquaculture feed supply chains.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000046#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tesco was the highest-scoring retailer in the report's scorecard, achieving a score of 60% and being the only retailer to provide 'Fish In, Fish Out' calculations for its top five aquaculture products.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000046#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"ALDI was ranked at the bottom of the scorecard due to a lack of engagement with the research and a failure to provide information on the origin of farmed seafood sold in its stores.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000046#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that seafood certification schemes, such as IFFO RS, MSC, and ASC, are often insufficient proxies for sustainability and may mask unsustainable practices in countries like India, Vietnam, and the Gambia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000046#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Scottish farmed salmon industry is highlighted as a significant consumer of wild fish; in 2018, it was estimated to have used around 460,000 tonnes of wild fish for feed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000046#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Krill is being marketed as a sustainable alternative to FMFO, but scientific evidence suggests that industrial krill fishing in the Southern Ocean harms predators like penguins and is threatened by regional warming.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000046#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In-store investigations revealed that farmed salmon is heavily marketed and prominently placed at eye level, while information regarding production methods and provenance is often inaccessible to customers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000046#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","food security","life cycle assessment"],"geography_discussed":["The Gambia","India","Vietnam","Scotland","Southern Ocean","Antarctica","Morocco","Mauritania","Peru"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["corporate scorecard","supply chain analysis","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000285","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000285","title":"WHERE DO AUSTRIANS STAND ON A DEPOSIT RETURN SCHEME?","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2020","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Survey-depositreturn-2020.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"A public opinion poll of 1,000 Austrian adults reveals strong national support for increased action against plastic pollution, with 86% believing more should be done. There is overwhelming agreement (93%) that plastic producers should contribute to waste management, and 83% of respondents support the introduction of a deposit return scheme in Austria. Support for these measures is consistent across all surveyed age groups and regions, with Tirol showing the highest average support across all polling questions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000285#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A significant majority of Austrian adults believe that current efforts to reduce plastic pollution are insufficient, with 86% stating that more needs to be done.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000285#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is very high public agreement that plastic producers, including manufacturers and businesses selling plastic-packaged products, should be responsible for contributing to the management of plastic waste, supported by 93% of respondents.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000285#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The introduction of a deposit return scheme in Austria is supported by 83% of the adult population.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000285#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Support for plastic pollution measures is widespread across all Austrian regions, with Tirol recording the highest average support across the poll's questions and 88% of its population believing more should be done to tackle plastic pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000285#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While all age groups support a deposit return scheme and producer responsibility, those aged 55 and older are the most supportive of both increased action on plastic pollution and the responsibility of plastic producers in waste management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000285#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["plastic pollution","waste management"],"geography_discussed":["Tyrol","Salzburg","Upper Austria","Vienna","Burgenland","Lower Austria","Styria","Carinthia","Vorarlberg"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["public opinion poll"]},{"id":"chanmar-000324","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000324","title":"WIE STEHEN DIE ÖSTERREICHERINNEN ZU EINEM MÖGLICHEN PFANDSYSTEM","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"de","date_published":"2020","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Umfrage-Pfandsystem-2020.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"A survey of 1,000 representative adults in Austria reveals overwhelming public support for increased measures to combat plastic pollution, the implementation of a deposit system for beverage containers, and the requirement for plastic producers to contribute to waste management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000324#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A vast majority of the Austrian public supports more aggressive action against plastic waste and producer responsibility: 86% believe more should be done to reduce plastic waste, and 93% agree that companies with high plastic consumption, such as manufacturers and those selling plastic-packaged products, should contribute to the disposal and processing of plastic waste.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000324#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is strong national support for the introduction of a deposit system in Austria, with 83% of respondents in favor.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000324#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Support for these measures is consistent across all federal states and age groups, though some regional variations exist: Upper Austria showed the highest support for a deposit system at 86%, while Salzburg had the highest agreement (98%) that plastic manufacturers should contribute to waste disposal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000324#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The survey indicates that the 55-and-older age group is the most supportive of both increased action against plastic waste and the responsibility of plastic manufacturers for disposal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000324#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["waste management"],"geography_discussed":["Tyrol","Salzburg","Upper Austria","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["public opinion survey"]},{"id":"chanmar-000017","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000017","title":"Smoke and Mirrors: Exposing the Reality of Carpet Recycling in the UK","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11-27","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/report/smoke-and-mirrors-exposing-the-reality-of-carpet-recycling-in-the-uk/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the UK carpet waste stream, asserting that the voluntary industry body Carpet Recycling UK (CRUK) has engaged in greenwashing by relying on incineration and downcycling rather than carpet-to-carpet recycling. It highlights that while landfill diversion rose to 44% by 2018, the majority of this is achieved through incineration, which carries significant climate and health costs. The authors call for the UK government to implement mandatory Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) to drive genuine circularity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000017#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The UK generates a substantial amount of carpet waste, with an estimated 400,000 tonnes discarded annually, which is roughly equivalent to 256 million m2.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000017#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Although Carpet Recycling UK (CRUK) reports that landfill diversion increased from 2% in 2007 to 44% in 2018, 73% of this overall recovery is achieved through incineration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000017#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Actual recycling and reuse rates for diverted carpet are low: 22% is downcycled into equestrian products, 2% is plastic recovery, 2% is fibre recovery, and only 1% is reused.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000017#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The climate impact of CO2 emissions from burning carpets in the UK was estimated to cost society £16.5 million in 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000017#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["circular economy","incineration","greenwashing","waste management","carbon dioxide emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","Belgium","Netherlands","England"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","environmental impact analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000092","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000092","title":"Where do brands stand on viscose ?","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11-19","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM_BRAND_TABLE_WEB_DIRTY_FASHION_DISRUPTED_LEADERS_AND_LAGGARDS_REVEALED_FINAL_DEC_2019.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document provides a detailed audit of global brands' engagement with sustainable viscose production. It highlights a significant gap in transparency, as most brands disclose Tier 1 suppliers but fail to reveal the Tier 3 and 4 viscose fibre producers. While several brands have signed the Changing Markets Roadmap and committed to 'closed-loop' manufacturing by 2023-2025, many others lack specific viscose policies or chemical management standards like the ZDHC MRSL. A small group of 'frontrunners' such as Esprit, Tesco, and Marks and Spencer provide detailed lists of fibre suppliers, including major producers like Lenzing and Aditya Birla.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000092#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A small number of brands provide high levels of transparency by disclosing their viscose fibre suppliers (Tier 3/4), whereas most only disclose Tier 1 or 2 suppliers. Esprit, Tesco, and Marks and Spencer are among those that have disclosed specific fibre producers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000092#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Several brands have committed to transitioning their supply chains to 'closed-loop' manufacturing systems for man-made cellulosic fibres (MMCF) between 2023 and 2025, often aligning with the Changing Markets Roadmap or EU BAT standards. This includes commitments from Esprit, Marks and Spencer, ASOS, and New Look.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000092#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Zero Discharge of Hazardous Chemicals (ZDHC) Manufacturing Restricted Substance List (MRSL) is a primary benchmark for chemical management used by many brands, including H&M, Inditex, and Next, though some brands like Otto Group and Aldi South are not ZDHC signatories despite pledging to adhere to the MRSL.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000092#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Lenzing and Aditya Birla are identified as the dominant viscose fibre suppliers for a vast majority of the brands analyzed, including H&M, ASOS, New Look, and Puma.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000092#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Global supply chain governance","water pollution"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","Indonesia","Austria","Germany","Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["corporate audit","transparency assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000196","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000196","title":"letters_to_investors_kelloggs-5371bdfd6bb45474.pdf","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11-13","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Letters_to_investors_Kelloggs.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"A consortium of social justice and consumer organisations has written to several major institutional investors, including BlackRock, Aviva Investors, and Norges Bank Investment Management, to raise concerns about Kellogg's business practices in Mexico. The authors allege that since 2013, Kellogg's has reduced or removed two-thirds of essential micronutrients from its most popular cereal brands in Mexico to save costs. According to the consortium's analysis, Kellogg's saved an estimated 85 million USD over five years, while the minimum cumulative social cost to Mexico for the reduction of iron, calcium, and folic acid was 250 million USD. The letters argue that this practice contradicts Kellogg's public commitments to tackle food security and undernutrition, and poses a reputational and financial risk to investors who adhere to sustainable investment and ESG principles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000196#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Since 2013, Kellogg's has reduced or removed two-thirds of essential micronutrients from its most popular breakfast cereal brands in Mexico.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000196#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Kellogg's is estimated to have saved 85 million USD over five years by removing micronutrients across five analysed brands, which represents 5.6% of its retail sales of breakfast cereals in Mexico during that period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000196#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The reduction of just three micronutrients—iron, calcium, and folic acid—from cereals resulted in a minimum cumulative social cost to Mexico of 250 million USD over five years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000196#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The consortium asserts that for every dollar Kellogg's saved through these removals, three dollars in value were destroyed for Mexican society.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000196#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite claiming its decisions are science-led, Kellogg's has not provided the research justifying the removal of micronutrients in a region where deficiencies remain problematic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000196#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable finance","environmental, social and corporate governance","food security"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","United States","Norway","Sweden","Netherlands"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["investigative research","economic analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000093","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000093","title":"Dirty Fashion Disrupted: Leaders and laggards revealed","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM_EX_SUMMARY_DIRTY_FASHION_DISRUPTED_LEADERS_AND_LAGGARDS_REVEALED.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates the fashion industry's transition to responsible viscose production, noting increased engagement from brands and some progress by producers toward EU Best Available Techniques (BAT) standards. While some European brands are leading in transparency and policy, many others—including several luxury and US-based brands—remain laggards. The document emphasizes that voluntary self-regulation is insufficient and calls for government legislation to ensure industry-wide compliance with environmental standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000093#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Consumer expectations for brand responsibility and transparency are high, with 72% of the public believing clothing brands should be responsible for the manufacturing process and 56% stating they would be deterred from buying brands associated with production pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000093#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant disparity in progress between European and US brands; no US company reached the 'Frontrunner' category, which is dominated by European firms, and only Victoria’s Secret reached the 'Could do better' category.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000093#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While engagement has increased—with 54 of 91 contacted brands responding—27 brands still lack any viscose-specific policy, and many existing policies are described as 'piecemeal or vague'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000093#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Lack of commitment to responsible production is evident across both luxury and low-cost sectors, with brands such as Versace, Prada, Dior, Armani, and Dolce & Gabbana ranked alongside Boohoo, Walmart, Matalan, Forever 21, and TK Maxx.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000093#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Certain producers are making strides toward EU Best Available Techniques (BAT) standards: ENKA has disclosed consumption and emissions data, Lenzing requires all sites to comply by 2022, and Aditya Birla Group (ABG) has a 2022 compliance target, though ABG's target excludes sulphur emissions to air.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000093#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Collaboration for Sustainable Development of Viscose (CV) initiative is criticized for a lack of ambition, as its roadmap relies on the 'Clean Production Standard' based on Chinese government recommendations rather than the more stringent EU BAT.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000093#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report concludes that voluntary industry-led initiatives and self-regulation are inadequate for the global textile industry, arguing that government legislation is necessary to ensure environmental and social compliance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000093#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water pollution","Global supply chain governance","environmental regulation"],"geography_discussed":["India","Indonesia","People's Republic of China","United Kingdom","France","Germany","Italy","Poland","Spain","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","corporate benchmarking","consumer survey"]},{"id":"chanmar-000096","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000096","title":"Dirty Fashion Disrupted","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM_REPORT_FINAL_DIRTY_FASHION_DISRUPTED_LEADERS_AND_LAGGARDS_REVEALED.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates the environmental performance and transparency of 91 clothing brands and several major viscose producers. It finds that while some European brands and producers like Lenzing and Aditya Birla Group are moving toward EU Best Available Techniques (BAT) standards, many others—particularly US brands and the Chinese viscose industry—remain laggards. The document argues that voluntary initiatives are insufficient and calls for mandatory government regulation to ensure a sector-wide transition to closed-loop production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000096#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Consumer expectations for brand accountability are high, with 72% of surveyed people believing clothing brands should be responsible for the manufacturing process and 56% stating they would be deterred from buying brands associated with production pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000096#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant disparity in sustainability leadership between regions; European firms dominate the 'Frontrunner' category, while no US company reached this top tier and nearly half of the 'Red-zone' (worst-performing) brands are US-based.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000096#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["wastewater treatment","greenhouse gas emissions","circular economy","Global supply chain governance","carbon offset"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","Indonesia","European Union","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["industry assessment","corporate benchmarking","consumer survey","policy analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000102","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000102","title":"Corn Fakes","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CORN-FAKES-ENG-FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that Kellogg's has prioritised short-term cost savings over public health in Mexico by reducing the fortification of its cereals. By modelling the health impacts of removing iron, calcium, and folic acid, the authors estimate that the company saved approximately $85 million over five years, while the minimum cumulative social cost to Mexico exceeded $250 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000102#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Kellogg's reduced or removed a significant portion of micronutrients from its most popular cereal brands in Mexico between 2013 and 2019, with the largest decreases seen in vitamins C, B3, and B9.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000102#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The removal of three key micronutrients (iron, calcium, and folic acid) resulted in an estimated cost-saving for Kellogg's of nearly $17 million per year, totaling approximately $85 million over five years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000102#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The minimum cumulative social cost to Mexico due to the removal of iron, calcium, and folic acid is estimated at over $250 million over five years, meaning every dollar saved by Kellogg's destroys at least $3 in value to Mexican society.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000102#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The removal of iron is associated with long-term social costs for two-year-old children, including cognitive loss, behavioural problems, and depression, with a total annual loss from iron-deficient anaemia estimated at $13 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000102#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Folate saw the largest average decrease (36 percentage points) across Kellogg's brands, increasing risks of neural tube defects (NTDs) and low birth weight (LBW) in newborns, as well as anaemia in toddlers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000102#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report notes that Kellogg's cost savings from defortification are small compared to its 2018 advertising spend of $752 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000102#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["public health"],"geography_discussed":["World","United States","Brazil","Venezuela","People's Republic of China","Chile"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic modelling","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000103","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000103","title":"Corn Fakes","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2019-11","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CORN-FAKES-ESP-FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that Kellogg's has prioritised short-term financial gains over public health in Mexico by reducing essential micronutrients in its cereals. It estimates that while the company saved approximately $85 million over five years, the resulting social cost to Mexico exceeds $250 million, meaning every dollar saved by the company destroys roughly three dollars in social value.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000103#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Kellogg's reduced the content of several essential micronutrients in its popular breakfast cereals in Mexico between 2013 and 2019, with significant decreases in Vitamin C (-29%), Vitamin B9/folate (-36%), and iron (-15%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000103#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The economic benefit to Kellogg's from reducing these micronutrients is estimated at nearly $17 million per year, totaling approximately $85 million over a five-year period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000103#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["public health"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","Chile"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic impact assessment","nutritional analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000273","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000273","title":"Smoke and Mirrors","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Smoke_and_Mirrors_FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing examines the UK carpet waste stream, criticizing the industry's reliance on incineration and downcycling under the guise of recycling. It argues that voluntary initiatives have failed and proposes a mandatory EPR framework to incentivize eco-design and closed-loop recycling.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000273#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The UK discards approximately 400,000 tonnes of carpet annually, and the market volume is projected to grow by 3.3% between 2019 and 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000273#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While Carpet Recycling UK (CRUK) reports increasing landfill diversion from 2% in 2007 to 44% in 2018, the vast majority of this diversion is incineration rather than recycling.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000273#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The climate cost to society from CO2 emissions released by burning carpets in the UK was estimated at £16.5 million in 2019, with costs potentially ranging between £8 million and £25 million depending on the carbon price used.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000273#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Downcycling carpet for equestrian surfaces accounts for 22% of diverted carpet, raising concerns about the release of 59+ toxic chemicals into the environment, though regulations vary across the UK; England classifies it as 'low-risk', while Wales and Scotland require exemptions or permits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000273#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"True circularity in the carpet industry is hindered by product design, including mixed fibres, latex secondary backing, and hazardous chemicals, resulting in only 2% of waste being recycled into non-shredded products and less than 1% being reused.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000273#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document recommends a mandatory Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) scheme including green-design measures (such as phasing out substances of very high concern and requiring product passports), modulated producer fees, and mandatory Green Public Procurement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000273#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["circular economy","waste management","incineration","carbon dioxide emissions","greenhouse gas emissions","sustainable procurement"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","Belgium","Netherlands","England","Wales","Scotland","United States","California"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","environmental impact analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000066","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000066","title":"Fishing for Catastrophe","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2019-10","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM-EX-SUMMARY-FINAL-WEB-FISHING-THE-CATASTROPHE-2019-.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that the production of fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) for aquaculture is driving the collapse of fish stocks and compromising food security in India, Vietnam, and The Gambia. It establishes links between these unsustainable practices and major European retailers and aquafeed companies, arguing that current certification by the Marine Ingredients Organisation (IFFO) acts as a 'sustainability smokescreen'. The document recommends a total phase-out of wild-caught fish in aquafeed in favor of sustainable alternatives and a shift toward farming omnivorous or herbivorous species.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000066#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The production of fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) for global aquaculture is causing the collapse of fish stocks, harming food security, and damaging the socioeconomic structure of coastal communities, exacerbated by climate change and pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000066#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In India, FMFO plants are incentivizing the capture of juvenile fish and non-traditional species, leading to ecosystem imbalances and the violation of fishing bans intended for ecosystem recovery.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000066#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Vietnam's FMFO industry is characterized by significant underreporting of catches, unauthorized transshipment at sea, and the use of indiscriminate fishing techniques, leading to declining stocks and regional tensions due to fishing in foreign waters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000066#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In The Gambia, the FMFO industry has a massive scale relative to national catches, with one plant accounting for approximately 40% of the country's total reported fish catches in 2016. Much of this is exported illegally without food-safety certificates, often via Vietnam to China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000066#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Marine Ingredients Organisation (IFFO) is described as unfit for certification because its dual role creates a conflict of interest, allowing its membership to serve as a 'sustainability smokescreen' for companies using unsustainable fishing practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000066#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a lack of traceability in European retail supply chains, linking numerous major retailers in the UK, France, Germany, Netherlands, and Spain to aquafeed companies and processors involved in unsustainable FMFO sourcing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000066#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","food security","Global supply chain governance"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Norway","Scotland","Peru","Mauritania","European Union","United Kingdom","France","Germany","Netherlands","Spain","United States","Canada","Mangaluru","Andhra Pradesh","Tac Cau","Sông Đốc","Phước Tỉnh"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain analysis","environmental impact assessment","governance review"]},{"id":"chanmar-000067","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000067","title":"Fishing for Catastrophe","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"fr","date_published":"2019-10","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM-EX-SUMMARY-FRENCH-FINAL-WEB-FISHING-FOR-CATASTROPHE-2019-.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that the production of fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) for aquaculture is precipitating the collapse of fish stocks and undermining food security in developing nations. Through field investigations in India, Vietnam, and Gambia, it documents the use of juvenile fish and non-target species, illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and the diversion of human-grade fish to animal feed. The document identifies links between these unsustainable practices and major European retailers and global aquafeed companies, while criticizing the Marine Ingredients Organization (IFFO) for conflicts of interest in its certification processes. It recommends a transition to sustainable feed alternatives and the elimination of wild-caught fish in aquaculture feeds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000067#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In India, FMFO plants monetize the capture of juvenile fish and non-target species, leading to ecosystem imbalances and the collapse of traditional stocks like sardines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000067#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Vietnam, significant under-reporting of catches and unauthorized transshipment at sea allow overfishing to continue unchecked, with fishers in Vùng Tâu reporting record low catches in 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000067#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Gambia, the FMFO industry has grown rapidly, with a single plant accounting for approximately 40% of the country's total declared fish catches in 2016, much of which is exported to China via Vietnam to bypass food safety controls.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000067#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Marine Ingredients Organization (IFFO) is described as unfit to be a certification body due to a conflict of interest, as it functions as both a trade organization and a certifier for the FMFO sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000067#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","food security","Global supply chain governance"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Norway","Scotland","Mauritania","European Union","United States","Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain analysis","field investigation","policy assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000068","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000068","title":"Pescando una catástrofe","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"es","date_published":"2019-10","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM-EX-SUMMARY-SPANISH-FINAL-WEB-FISHING-FOR-CATASTROPHE-2019-.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that the production of fish meal and fish oil (FMFO) for aquaculture is precipitating the collapse of fish populations and threatening food security in regions like India, Vietnam, and Gambia. It maps supply chains linking unsustainable and often illegal fishing practices to major European retailers and global aquafeed companies, while critiquing the Marine Ingredients Organisation (IFFO) for providing a 'smoke screen' of sustainability through its certifications. The document recommends a transition away from wild-caught fish in aquafeeds toward sustainable alternatives and the cultivation of species that do not require FMFO.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The production of fish meal and fish oil (FMFO) for global aquaculture is causing fish populations to collapse, which in turn threatens food security and destroys the socio-economic fabric of coastal communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In India, FMFO plants are capitalizing on the capture of juvenile fish, damaged fish, and species not previously used for fishing, leading to ecosystem imbalances and the collapse of traditional species like sardines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Vietnam's FMFO industry is characterized by uncontrolled overfishing, unauthorized transshipments at sea, and a lack of reporting of catches to authorities, leading to declining fish populations and regional tensions due to fishing in foreign waters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Gambia, the FMFO industry is operating at a scale where a single plant's combined catch represented approximately 40% of the country's total reported fish catches in 2016, with much of the product exported to China via a black market in Vietnam to bypass food safety controls.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Marine Ingredients Organisation (IFFO) is described as an unfit certification body because its membership and certifications act as a 'smoke screen' for sustainability, masking the true impacts of using wild fish in aquaculture.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major European retailers in the UK, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain are linked to unsustainable FMFO supply chains through their procurement from aquafeed companies and seafood processors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","food security","Global supply chain governance"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Norway","Scotland","Peru","Mauritania","Europe","United Kingdom","France","Germany","Netherlands","Spain","United States","Canada","Chile","Thailand","Saudi Arabia","Tunisia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping","field research","policy assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000089","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000089","title":"Fishing for Catastrophe","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-10","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM-WEB-FINAL-FISHING-FOR-CATASTROPHE-2019.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that the production of fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) for aquaculture is precipitating the collapse of fish stocks and compromising food security in the Global South. Investigations in India, Vietnam, and The Gambia reveal rampant illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing, including the capture of juvenile fish and the use of illegal nets. The report establishes links between these unsustainable practices and major European aquafeed companies and retailers. It further critiques the Marine Ingredients Organisation (IFFO) certification as a 'sustainability smokescreen' and warns that the industry's reliance on finite wild-fish resources poses a systemic risk to the aquaculture sector's long-term viability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The production of fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) for global aquaculture is accelerating the collapse of fish stocks and threatening food security in India, Vietnam, and The Gambia, particularly as oceans are already stressed by climate change and pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In India, FMFO plants are indiscriminately accepting 'all fish', including juvenile fish caught with illegal nets and species not previously targeted, leading to a 'sardine crash' and a shift toward extracting reef species like leatherjacket and red-tooth triggerfish.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Vietnamese fisheries are characterized by significant underreporting of catches and unauthorized transshipment, with boats regularly fishing illegally in Malaysian and Indonesian waters due to the depletion of local stocks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In The Gambia, the FMFO industry has a massive scale relative to national catches, with one plant alone accounting for approximately 40% of the country's total reported fish catches in 2016, while products are often exported illegally without food-safety certificates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies direct and indirect links between unsustainable FMFO sourcing in Asia and Africa and major European retailers, including Sainsbury’s, Tesco, ALDI, Lidl, and Carrefour (via various aquafeed and processor intermediaries).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Marine Ingredients Organisation (IFFO) certification is described as a 'sustainability smokescreen' because it certifies plants with proven links to unsustainable fishing and suffers from a conflict of interest due to its role as both a trade association and a certification body.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The aquaculture industry faces a systemic resource risk as global demand for FMFO is projected to outstrip supply, leading to increased price volatility and costs, which is exacerbated by climate change impacts on key producers like Peru.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FMFO production causes severe local environmental degradation, including the discharge of untreated wastewater into mangroves and rivers in India and The Gambia, and creates noxious odors that damage local ecotourism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","food security","climate change","Global supply chain governance","water pollution"],"geography_discussed":["Peru","People's Republic of China","Norway","Mauritania","European Union","United Kingdom","France","Germany","Netherlands","Spain","Chile"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain analysis","field investigation","policy assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000333","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000333","title":"missing micronutrients","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-09","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Unilever_Maizena_FINAL_ENG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Changing Markets Foundation found that Unilever fails to fortify its basic Maizena Natural cornflour in Mexico despite claims that its cornflour products in Latin America are fortified. Furthermore, laboratory tests of 84 samples revealed that flavoured Maizena atole mixes often contain lower levels of iron and zinc than stated on their labels, suggesting a gap between the company's global nutrition commitments and its product reality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000333#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Unilever claims that its cornflour products in Latin America are fortified with zinc, vitamin A, and other micronutrients, but the basic Maizena Natural product sold in Mexico is not fortified.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000333#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Laboratory testing of Maizena flavoured atole products in Mexico showed that none of the samples tested contained the levels of iron stated on their packaging, and most contained lower than stated levels of zinc.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000333#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific new product flavours showed significant deficiencies; the cookie flavour was well below stated levels for both iron and zinc, and the rice pudding flavour was well below stated zinc levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000333#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While minerals were consistently low, results for vitamins B1, B3, and B9 were mixed; niacin (B3) levels in most flavours were more than double the label claim, while thiamine (B1) was clearly below the label claim in the chocolate flavour.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000333#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report suggests that the low levels of iron and zinc may result from poor fortification practices or systematic under-fortification rather than degradation, as minerals are generally more stable than vitamins during processing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000333#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Unilever does not disclose the source of iron used in its fortification, which is critical because different iron sources have different levels of bioavailability and absorbability in the human body.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000333#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Latin America","Mexico City","Chiapas","Colombia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","laboratory testing"]},{"id":"chanmar-000334","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000334","title":"Micronutrientes faltantes en la Maizena","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"case study","language":"es","date_published":"2019-09","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Unilever_Maizena_FINAL_ESP.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Changing Markets Foundation analyzed 84 samples of Unilever's Maizena products in Mexico, finding that the company's claims of regional fortification are not reflected in its products. While Unilever asserts that its cornstarch products in Latin America are fortified, the 'Maizena Natural' product in Mexico contains no micronutrients. Furthermore, laboratory tests of 'Maizena Sabores' (flavored mixes) revealed that levels of iron and zinc were consistently lower than those declared on the packaging, suggesting a gap between the company's global nutrition pledges and its commercial practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000334#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Unilever claims that its cornstarch products sold across Latin America are fortified with zinc, vitamin A, and other key micronutrients, but the 'Maizena Natural' product in Mexico is not fortified.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000334#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Laboratory analysis of 'Maizena Sabores' (flavored atole mixes) showed that none of the samples contained the levels of iron indicated on their labels, and the vast majority contained lower-than-declared levels of zinc.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000334#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific product flavors showed significant discrepancies; the 'galleta' (cookie) flavor, a recent launch, had results 'very below' declared levels for both iron and zinc, and the 'arroz con leche' (rice pudding) flavor was very low in zinc.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000334#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While minerals were lacking, vitamin levels (B1, B3, and B9) generally aligned more closely with label claims, though some flavors like chocolate showed clearly inferior levels of thiamine (B1).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000334#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report suggests that the low levels of iron and zinc may result from systematic poor fortification practices rather than degradation during processing or storage, as minerals are typically more stable than vitamins.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000334#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a contradiction between Unilever's high ranking in the 2018 Access to Nutrition Index (second place) and its actual product implementation in the Mexican market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000334#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Latin America","Mexico City","Chiapas","United States","Colombia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","laboratory analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000107","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000107","title":"Daily Bread","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-05","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Daily_Bread_WEB.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that the vast majority of industrially produced breads and tortillas in Mexico fail to meet the minimum iron and zinc levels mandated by the NOM-247-SSA1-2008 regulation. Testing revealed that only 14% of bread products and 1.5% of tortilla products were adequately fortified. Furthermore, 84% of both product types were suspected of using elemental iron, a less-bioavailable source not recommended by the regulation or WHO guidelines. The report highlights a regulatory loophole where the law mandates fortification for flour producers but does not explicitly require food processors to procure and use that fortified flour. Major companies like Grupo Bimbo and Gruma were specifically analyzed, with Gruma's tested products failing to meet any minimum requirements for iron or zinc.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000107#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A very small percentage of tested staple foods meet the legal minimums for iron and zinc: only 14% of bread products (6 out of 43) and 1.5% of tortilla products (1 out of 69) clearly met the mandated levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000107#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The majority of tested products use elemental iron, which is less bioavailable and not recommended by the Mexican regulation or World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, particularly for nixtamalized maize flour.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000107#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant regulatory loophole because the current law (NOM-247-SSA1-2008) obligates flour producers to fortify but does not legally require food processors to procure or use that fortified flour for final products.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000107#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Testing of products from Gruma, a world leader in tortilla manufacturing, showed that none of the seven products tested met the minimum requirements for iron or zinc.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000107#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Grupo Bimbo's performance was also poor, with only one bread product and one tortilla product meeting the minimum iron and zinc standards across the brands tested.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000107#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies several other failures in the current regulation, including a lack of specified government agency for enforcement, no defined frequency for monitoring, and no public access to monitoring results.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000107#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Micronutrient deficiencies are a critical health issue in Mexico, with 90% of women lacking sufficient iron and 25% of adult men lacking sufficient zinc.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000107#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Mexico City","Puebla","Sonora"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["independent testing","regulatory analysis","corporate performance assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000109","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000109","title":"Dándole la vuelta a la tortilla","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2019-05","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Dandole_la_vuelta_a_la_tortilla_WEB.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds a widespread failure by food processors and supermarkets in Mexico to ensure that industrially produced breads and tortillas are adequately fortified with iron and zinc, despite legal requirements for the flours used to make them.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000109#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A very small percentage of industrially produced staples meet the legal requirements for iron and zinc: only 14% of bread products (6 of 43) and 1.5% of tortilla products (1 of 69) clearly complied with the levels established in the fortification standard.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000109#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The majority of analyzed products (84%) use elemental iron, such as electrolytic iron, which has lower bioavailability and is not recommended by the Mexican fortification standard or WHO guidelines for nixtamalized corn flour.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000109#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major food corporations showed significant non-compliance: none of the seven tortilla products analyzed from Gruma (Mission brand) met iron or zinc requirements, and only one bread product and one tortilla product from Grupo Bimbo complied with both.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000109#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a discrepancy between the fortification of retail flours and the final products; while retail wheat flours often use recommended ferrous fumarate or sulfate, the bread and tortillas produced by the same companies often use cheaper, less effective elemental iron.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000109#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies several legal gaps in NOM-247-SSA1-2008, including a lack of mandatory requirements for specific iron compounds, no clear designation of a government agency responsible for external supervision, and no requirement that industrially produced breads and tortillas specifically use adequately enriched flour.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000109#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Micronutrient deficiencies remain a critical public health issue in Mexico, with 90% of women not receiving enough iron and 25% of adult men lacking sufficient zinc, contributing to high rates of anemia across all age groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000109#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Mexico City","Puebla","Sonora"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["compliance audit","nutritional analysis"]}]}