{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"organization":["Changing Markets Foundation"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":339,"relation":"eq"},"page":10,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=changing-markets-foundation&page=10","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?organization=changing-markets-foundation&page=11","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"chanmar-000274","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000274","title":"Cost of Littering in Spain","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-03-02","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Spain-Litter-Costs-Eunomia_-Final.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report estimates that the total annual cost of cleaning packaging litter in Spain for 2019 ranged from €496 million to €744 million. This includes street cleaning costs between €477 million and €603 million, and beach cleaning costs between €21 million and €141 million. The analysis uses a hybrid weight-and-volume approach to attribute costs, noting that beverage containers represent a significant portion of the expense, particularly in tourist-heavy areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000274#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The total estimated annual cost for cleaning all packaging materials in Spain for 2019 is between €496 million and €744 million, which equates to a per capita cost of €10.45 to €15.97.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000274#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Street cleaning costs for packaging materials in 2019 are estimated to range from €477 million to €603 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000274#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Beach cleaning costs for packaging materials in 2019 are estimated to range from €21 million to €141 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000274#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Using a hybrid calculation of 50% weight and 50% volume, packaging accounts for an average of 37.1% of total street litter costs, while beverage containers account for 25.9%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000274#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies that street cleaning operations in Spain can cost municipalities from approximately €30 to over €100 per person per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000274#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The total cost of street cleaning in Spain was estimated at €2,684 million, with 58% of that figure (€1,550 million) attributed specifically to litter cleaning based on UK research benchmarks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000274#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Beach litter composition analysis shows that all packaging materials represent 50.5% of beach litter when using a 50% weight and 50% volume split.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000274#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["waste management"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","Castellón de la Plana","Valencia","Alicante","Barcelona","Tarragona","Girona","United Kingdom"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic assessment","cost analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000133","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000133","title":"Erwischt","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"de","date_published":"2021-03","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Erwischt_report_FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that Austrian supermarkets have poor sustainability standards for aquaculture, with none meeting half of the evaluated indicators. It highlights the environmental and social costs of 'reduction fisheries' used to produce fishmeal and fish oil, and argues for a decoupling of aquaculture from wild-capture fisheries through alternative feeds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000133#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Austrian supermarkets demonstrate a significant lack of sustainability in their aquaculture supply chains, with no evaluated retailer meeting even half of the 13 indicators used for assessment. Lidl Austria performed the best with 33% (8 out of 24 points), while METRO had the worst result at 8% (2 points).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000133#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The aquaculture industry is heavily dependent on 'reduction fisheries' for fishmeal and fish oil. Approximately 15 to 18 million tonnes of wild fish are processed annually into these products, representing nearly 20% of the global marine catch, with 70% of this production used to feed farmed fish.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000133#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of wild-caught fish for aquaculture feed threatens global food security and local populations in the Global South. In Gambia, for example, one fishmeal factory processed approximately 40% of the country's total reported fish catch in 2016, diverting essential protein from the local population.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000133#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fish welfare in aquaculture is severely neglected, characterized by high mortality rates and stressful conditions. In Scotland, salmon farm mortality rose from 3.1% in 2002 to 13.5% in 2019, a rate more than three times higher than that of British poultry farms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000133#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Existing sustainability certifications, such as ASC, MSC, and BAP, are deemed insufficient because they often permit the use of wild-caught fish in feed and fail to assess fish welfare.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000133#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical lack of transparency regarding feed ingredients in Austrian supermarkets. No chain provided information on feed suppliers, and packaging typically only lists the country of origin, not the type of feed used.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000133#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sustainable alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil exist, including plant-based proteins from potatoes, wheat, corn, or rapeseed, and microalgae for Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA). However, the use of soy as an alternative is criticized for contributing to deforestation in Brazil.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000133#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","Global supply chain governance","deforestation","food security"],"geography_discussed":["Scotland","Norway","Canada","Chile","Brazil","Germany","United Kingdom"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["corporate assessment","supply chain analysis","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000199","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000199","title":"MÁS RESIDUOS, MÁS BENEFICIO","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2021-03","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/MasResiduosMasBeneficio.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that Ecoembes and Ecovidrio, the dominant waste management systems in Spain, use their monopoly power and lobbying to prevent the adoption of a mandatory Deposit Return System (SDDR). It highlights that these organizations benefit financially from increased plastic packaging volume, creating a conflict of interest that hinders EU recycling targets. The document also criticizes major supermarkets like Mercadona for opposing the SDDR and promotes the legislative progress in the Balearic Islands as a model for the rest of the country.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000199#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Spain is the fourth largest consumer of plastic in Europe, with each citizen generating over 100 kg of plastic waste annually, and it is the second largest source of plastic pollution in the Mediterranean Sea, following Turkey.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000199#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The cost of cleaning up abandoned packaging litter from streets and coasts in Spain is estimated to cost municipalities and taxpayers up to 744 million euros per year, with beverage containers accounting for up to 529 million euros of that total.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000199#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ecoembes operates as a monopoly whose business model is based on fees paid by producers based on the weight of packaging; consequently, the organization benefits from an increase in single-use packaging placed on the market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000199#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report characterizes 'Reciclos' (SDR) as a voluntary 'false solution' and a distraction tactic by Ecoembes to avoid a mandatory SDDR, noting it is complicated, excludes people without smartphones, and lacks sufficient collection points for a population of 47 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000199#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major beverage producers (Coca-Cola, Nestlé, Danone, and PepsiCo) support a well-designed SDDR at the European level through EFBW and UNESDA, but their Spanish subsidiaries continue to oppose it by hiding behind the lobby of Ecoembes and Ecovidrio.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000199#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mercadona, Spain's largest supermarket with nearly 25% market share, is identified as one of the strongest opponents of the SDDR, using its 'Strategy 6.25' to promote voluntary, small-scale projects and lightweighting instead of systemic reform.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000199#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Balearic Islands have passed the most ambitious waste law in Spain, setting binding reduction targets (10% by 2021 and 20% by 2030) and establishing that only 25% of light packaging was actually recycled in 2019, contradicting Ecoembes' claims.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000199#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ecovidrio, the system for glass packaging, opposes the SDDR because its business model also benefits from more single-use glass being placed on the market, and it has used celebrity endorsements and social campaigns to mask this opposition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000199#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["plastic pollution","circular economy","waste management","single-use plastic","greenwashing"],"geography_discussed":["Balearic Islands","Valencian Community","Catalonia","Navarre","Germany","United Kingdom","World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","corporate accountability","economic assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000247","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000247","title":"MORE TRASH , MORE CASH","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-03","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/MoreTrashMoreCash.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that Spain's plastic waste management is dominated by monopolies like Ecoembes and Ecovidrio, whose business models profit from increased plastic packaging, leading them to lobby against effective solutions like DRS. It highlights the financial burden of litter clean-up on taxpayers, estimated at up to €744 million annually, and criticises retailers for their lack of transparency and opposition to mandatory reforms. While some regions like the Balearic Islands are implementing ambitious laws, the report warns that the Spanish government remains susceptible to industry lobbying, which threatens the country's ability to meet EU targets for separate collection and recycled content by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000247#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Spain is a major contributor to plastic pollution, ranking as the fourth largest consumer of plastic in Europe and the second largest source of Mediterranean pollution after Turkey.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000247#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The cost of cleaning up packaging litter from streets and coastal areas in Spain is estimated to cost municipalities and taxpayers up to €744 million per year, with beverage containers accounting for up to €529 million of that total.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000247#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ecoembes and Ecovidrio operate business models based on licensing fees tied to the weight of packaging placed on the market, meaning they financially benefit from an increase in plastic packaging and are therefore incentivised to oppose reuse and reduction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000247#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Reciclos system, launched by Ecoembes as a voluntary 'return and reward' alternative to DRS, is described as a distraction tactic with significant flaws, including a limit of ten points per week per person and a lack of widespread collection points.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000247#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major Spanish retailers, particularly Mercadona, have actively opposed the implementation of DRS, with some allegedly threatening to remove products from shelves if consumer brands publicly support such systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000247#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While international beverage producers like Coca-Cola, Nestlé, Danone, and PepsiCo support DRS through European trade groups (EFBW and UNESDA), their Spanish subsidiaries continue to oppose it by aligning with Ecoembes and Ecovidrio.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000247#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Balearic Islands have passed a groundbreaking waste law with binding targets, including a 10% reduction in waste by 2021 and a 20% cut by 2030, and have identified that only 25% of light packaging waste was actually recycled in 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000247#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Spanish government has indicated that the decision to implement a DRS will be handled via a Royal Decree rather than through parliament, which the report argues prevents public debate and increases industry influence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000247#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["plastic pollution","waste management","circular economy","single-use plastic","greenwashing"],"geography_discussed":["Balearic Islands","Valencia","Catalonia","Navarre","Formentera","Portugal","Austria","Germany","Netherlands","United Kingdom"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","corporate accountability investigation","economic assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000003","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000003","title":"Fossil Fashion: The Hidden Reliance of Fast Fashion on Fossil Fuels","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2021-02-03","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/report/fossil-fashion-the-hidden-reliance-of-fast-fashion-on-fossil-fuels/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report highlights the critical link between the fast-fashion business model and the extraction of fossil fuels, noting that polyester is found in over half of all textiles. It warns that synthetic fibre production is projected to grow to 73% of total global fibre production by 2030, significantly increasing greenhouse gas emissions. The document dismisses current recycling efforts as a 'red herring' because less than 1% of clothes are recycled into new clothes, and most recycled polyester comes from plastic bottles rather than garments. It concludes that voluntary industry commitments are insufficient and calls for urgent legislative action, such as the EU strategy for textiles, to decouple fashion from fossil fuels and mandate producer responsibility.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000003#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The fast-fashion model is fundamentally enabled by cheap synthetic fibres, primarily polyester, which is used in more than 50% of all produced textiles. Polyester production has increased ninefold over the last 50 years, costing half as much per kilogram as cotton.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000003#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The textile industry's reliance on synthetic fibres drives fossil fuel demand; current production accounts for 1.35% of global oil consumption, a volume exceeding Spain's annual oil use. Synthetic fibres are projected to constitute 73% of total global fibre production by 2030, with polyester making up 85% of that share.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000003#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Polyester production for textiles generated over 700 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2015, a level comparable to the annual emissions of Mexico or 180 coal plants. These emissions are expected to nearly double by 2030, reaching a level twice that of Australia's annual greenhouse gas emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000003#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current recycling practices are ineffective for reducing fossil fuel reliance, as less than 1% of clothing is recycled into new garments. The share of recycled polyester in production is expected to drop from 14% in 2019 to 7.9% by 2030, with most recycled polyester sourced from PET bottles rather than old clothes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000003#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Synthetic textiles contribute significantly to microfibre pollution, with 73% of microfibre pollution in some Arctic waters attributed to synthetic fibres. These microplastics have also been detected in human placentas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000003#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["petroleum industry","greenhouse gas emissions","circular economy","petrochemical product"],"geography_discussed":["Spain","Mexico","Australia","European Union","Arctic"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment","policy recommendation"]},{"id":"chanmar-000069","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000069","title":"Fossil Fashion","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-02","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/CM-Fossil-Fashion-online-reports-layout.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report 'Fossil Fashion' details how the fast-fashion industry is fundamentally dependent on cheap synthetic fibres, primarily polyester, which are derived from oil and gas. This reliance drives overconsumption and a waste crisis, as synthetic textiles are difficult to recycle and release toxic microfibres. The document highlights the role of the petrochemical industry in betting on plastic production for future growth and criticizes industry-led sustainability metrics and 'recycled polyester' from PET bottles as greenwashing. It concludes with recommendations for the EU to implement mandatory due diligence, eco-design measures, and taxes on virgin plastics to decouple fashion from fossil fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000069#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The fashion industry is increasingly dependent on synthetic fibres, with polyester accounting for 56% of textiles used today and projected to reach 63% of total fibre production by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000069#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Polyester production for textiles generated over 700 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2015, a figure projected to rise to 1.2 billion tonnes by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000069#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Synthetic textiles release approximately half a million tonnes of microfibres into the ocean annually, with some studies finding these particles in human placentas and lung tissue.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000069#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fibre-to-fibre recycling is extremely limited, ranging from 0.1% to 1%, due to the prevalence of blended textiles and the low cost of virgin synthetics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000069#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["petroleum industry","greenhouse gas emissions","circular economy","petrochemical product","carbon footprint","greenwashing"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","Mexico","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["environmental impact assessment","policy analysis","supply chain investigation"]},{"id":"chanmar-000112","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000112","title":"Dead Loss","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-02","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Dead_Loss_FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that industrial salmon farming in the four primary producing regions (Norway, Scotland, Canada, and Chile) generated approximately USD$47.3 billion in private and external costs between 2013 and 2019. Economic losses are driven by high mortality rates and the cost of sea lice control, while environmental costs include carbon emissions, local pollution, and the depletion of wild fish stocks. Social costs are primarily linked to poor fish welfare and the diversion of forage fish from human consumption in developing regions like West Africa. The authors argue that current intensive farming practices are a 'false economy' and recommend a transition to alternative feeds and improved husbandry standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000112#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The total private and external costs of salmon aquaculture across Norway, Scotland, Canada, and Chile from 2013 to 2019 are estimated at USD$47.3 billion, with approximately 60% (USD$28 billion) borne by producers and 40% (USD$19 billion) by wider society.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000112#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High mortality rates represent a significant opportunity cost for farmers, totaling USD$15.5 billion across the four main producing countries since 2013. In Norway alone, reducing mortality rates to 5.5% (comparable to egg-laying hen farms) would result in annual savings of over USD$892 million based on 2019 data.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000112#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The cost of controlling sea lice is estimated at over USD$4 billion since 2013 for the four primary producing countries, representing between 6% and 8.5% of production costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000112#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of marine ingredients (fish meal and fish oil) in aquafeed cost the industry over USD$8 billion across the four countries between 2013 and 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000112#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Environmental costs are substantial, with the social cost of carbon emissions estimated at USD$8.3 billion and local pollution abatement costs estimated at over USD$4 billion since 2013.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000112#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Salmon farming contributes to the destruction of wild salmon stocks, with a calculated welfare loss to households in Canada, Norway, and Scotland of USD$308 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000112#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of forage fish in salmon feed results in an indirect ecosystem loss of approximately USD$1.78 billion over seven years, based on the lost contribution of these fish to the commercial catch of predator species.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000112#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Poor fish welfare represents a social cost of USD$4.67 billion, derived from the willingness of European and Canadian consumers to pay a price premium (approximately 14%) for higher welfare standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000112#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Diverting forage fish from direct human consumption in West Africa to the FMFO industry causes socio-economic losses; a case study of Norway's fish oil imports from Mauritania in 2018 showed a loss of USD$37.5 million to Mauritania in 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000112#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For the top ten global salmon producers, the combined cost of mortalities and lice treatment since 2013 is estimated at USD$7.1 billion, which is 12% of their total revenues over that period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000112#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon dioxide emissions","life cycle assessment","biodiversity loss","food security"],"geography_discussed":["Mauritania","Peru","Brazil","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic cost estimation","environmental impact assessment","social impact analysis","contingent valuation"]},{"id":"chanmar-000030","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000030","title":"ATRAPADOS","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2020-12","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ATRAPADOS_Informe.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that Spanish supermarkets are failing to address the sustainability of their aquaculture supply chains, with none setting targets to eliminate wild fish from feed. It highlights the ecological damage caused by the production of Fish Meal and Fish Oil (FMFO) in regions like Peru and West Africa and criticizes the industry's reliance on certifications as a substitute for genuine sustainability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000030#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"None of the ten largest Spanish supermarket distributors have established a clear objective or deadline to reduce or eliminate the use of wild fish in aquaculture feeds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000030#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The aquaculture industry is heavily dependent on Fish Meal and Fish Oil (FMFO), with approximately 15 million tonnes of wild fish used annually for this purpose, representing nearly 20% of total global catches.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000030#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The production of FMFO in Peru and West Africa is linked to severe issues, including the overfishing of juveniles, corruption in fishing quotas, and the diversion of fish that could otherwise address human malnutrition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000030#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Spanish supermarkets are lagging behind their counterparts in the UK and Germany, where some retailers have already implemented policies for sustainable feed or invested in FMFO alternatives like algal oil.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000030#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a lack of transparency in Spanish retail, noting that while production methods (farmed vs wild) are often labeled, information regarding the specific feed used or the origin of the feed is almost entirely absent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000030#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The production of farmed salmon is highlighted as particularly inefficient, with only 28 out of every 100 grams of protein in the salmon's feed reaching the final consumer's plate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000030#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that current marine certifications, such as MSC, ASC, and MarinTrust, are insufficient to guarantee sustainability and may act as a 'smoke screen' for unsustainable practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000030#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Industrial fishing for krill in the Southern Ocean is increasing and is identified as a threat to penguins and the broader Antarctic ecosystem, despite being marketed as a sustainable FMFO alternative.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000030#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","food security","ocean acidification","climate change"],"geography_discussed":["Peru","West Africa","Norway","Mauritania","United Kingdom","Germany","India","Vietnam","The Gambia","Antarctic Peninsula"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["corporate assessment","supply chain analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000065","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000065","title":"Dirty Fashion: Crunch time","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2020-12","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM-EX-SUMMARY-DIRTY-FASHION-CRUNCH-TIME-NOV-2020.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds a significant divide in the fashion industry's approach to sustainable viscose, with a small group of 'frontrunners' making progress while the majority of brands—particularly US and luxury labels—remain inactive. While over 50% of global viscose production is now aligned or committed to EU Best Available Techniques (BAT) standards, the authors argue that voluntary commitments are insufficient and call for mandatory EU legislation on human rights and environmental due diligence to ensure a sector-wide transformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000065#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A significant portion of the fashion industry has failed to commit to sustainable viscose production; 75% of the 100 brands contacted have made few or no commitments to eliminate 'dirty viscose'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000065#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a notable geographic and market disparity in engagement, with US brands and luxury labels lagging behind. 90% of contacted US companies fell into the bottom two performance categories, and luxury brands such as Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Prada, and Versace were among the lowest-ranked.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000065#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major viscose manufacturers representing over 50% of global production have aligned or pledged to align with EU Best Available Techniques (BAT) by 2022 or 2023. These include Aditya Birla Group, Lenzing, Sateri, and Asia Pacific Rayon (APR).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000065#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transparency remains a critical issue in the sector; most manufacturers do not systematically report progress toward EU BAT, and third-party audit reports, such as Higg FEM verification, are not made public.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000065#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite manufacturing commitments, some producers continue to pose risks to biodiversity. Asia Pacific Rayon (APR) and Sateri have been linked to sourcing from cleared forested peatlands in Kalimantan and ancient or endangered forests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000065#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report concludes that voluntary industry initiatives are insufficient for a total transformation and urges the European Commission to implement mandatory human rights and environmental due-diligence legislation for viscose imports and production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000065#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Global supply chain governance","deforestation","human rights"],"geography_discussed":["India","Indonesia","People's Republic of China","Austria","Thailand","Germany","Kalimantan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["industry assessment","policy recommendation"]},{"id":"chanmar-000084","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000084","title":"Dirty Fashion: Crunch time","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-12","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM-WEB-DIRTY-FASHION-CRUNCH-TIME-DEC-2020-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while some industry frontrunners and major producers have aligned with EU Best Available Techniques (BAT) for closed-loop manufacturing, a significant majority of fashion brands—particularly US and luxury labels—lack transparent policies or commitments. It argues that voluntary initiatives are insufficient to drive sector-wide change and calls for mandatory EU legislation on due diligence and environmental standards to eliminate pollution and deforestation in the viscose supply chain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000084#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A significant portion of the fashion industry remains inactive regarding responsible viscose production; 75% of the 100 brands contacted have made \"few or no commitments to stamp out dirty viscose.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000084#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a notable geographic and sectoral divide in engagement, with 90% of US companies landing in the bottom two categories of the assessment, and luxury brands such as Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Prada, and Versace showing a \"complete lack of engagement, commitments and even transparency.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000084#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major viscose producers representing over 50% of global production—including Aditya Birla Group, Asia Pacific Rayon (APR), Lenzing, Sateri, and Tangshan Sanyou—have either aligned or committed to align with EU Best Available Techniques (BAT) within two to three years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000084#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sateri and Asia Pacific Rayon (APR), both owned by Royal Golden Eagle Group, are linked to high risks of sourcing from ancient and endangered forests, including deforestation of forested peatlands in Kalimantan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000084#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transparency regarding the implementation of EU BAT remains low among producers; only ENKA and APR disclose facility-level performance against EU BAT or BREF values on their websites.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000084#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that voluntary measures are ineffective for sector-wide change and urges the European Commission to implement mandatory human rights and environmental due-diligence legislation for the textile industry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000084#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Circular technologies for viscose, such as using pre- and post-consumer waste, are currently implemented at too low a scale to be transformative, and fibre-to-fibre recycling is not yet practiced globally.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000084#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","Global supply chain governance","circular economy"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","Indonesia","Kalimantan","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["industry assessment","policy recommendation","corporate benchmarking"]},{"id":"chanmar-000035","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000035","title":"FUTTER BEI DIE FISCHE","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"de","date_published":"2020-11-30","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Bericht_Futter_bei_die_Fische_Screen_RZ_DS.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates seven German retailers (ALDI Nord, ALDI Süd, EDEKA, KAUFLAND, LIDL, REWE, and METRO AG) on their use of wild fish in aquaculture feed. It finds that none of the companies met even half of the sustainability criteria, with METRO AG performing the worst. The document argues for the 'decoupling' of aquaculture from wild fisheries to protect marine ecosystems and food security, suggesting alternatives like algae oil, insects, and the farming of non-predatory species such as carp and mussels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000035#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The global aquaculture industry is heavily dependent on wild fish, with approximately 20 million tonnes of wild fish processed annually into fishmeal and fish oil, representing nearly 20% of the total global catch.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000035#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Of the wild fish processed into fishmeal and fish oil, nearly 80% is fed to farmed fish, which puts significant pressure on wild fish stocks rather than relieving them.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000035#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"An evaluation of seven German retailers using 13 indicators revealed that no company fulfilled even half of the conditions for sustainable aquaculture supply chains.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000035#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"KAUFLAND ranked highest in the assessment, being the only retailer to offer salmon fed with algae oil instead of fish oil in its own-brand range since February 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000035#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"METRO AG ranked lowest, fulfilling only 10% of the indicators and failing to respond to the study's survey.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000035#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies significant social and ecological damage caused by the fishmeal and fish oil industry in Gambia, India, and Vietnam, including threats to local food security.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000035#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Gambia, research showed that fish processed in a single fishmeal and fish oil factory accounted for approximately 40% of the country's total reported fish catch in 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000035#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of soy as a protein substitute in aquaculture feed contributes to deforestation in South America, particularly Brazil, where an estimated 1,800 square kilometers of tropical forest are destroyed annually for soy used in animal feed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000035#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that existing certifications, such as the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) and MarinTrust (formerly IFFO), are insufficient to guarantee sustainability as non-sustainable practices were observed in certified operations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000035#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sustainable alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil include algae oil, insect-based proteins, and plant-based substitutes from rapeseed, corn, or wheat.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000035#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends promoting the consumption of 'fried fish' (non-predatory fish) like carp, tilapia, and catfish, as well as mussels, which require little to no fishmeal in their diet.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000035#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","food security","Global supply chain governance","deforestation","biodiversity loss"],"geography_discussed":["The Gambia","India","Vietnam","Brazil","World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["corporate benchmarking","supply chain analysis","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000057","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000057","title":"Where do brands stand on viscose ?","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-11-18","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM-BRANDS-TABLE-2020-VISCOSE-NOV-2020-VERS-02-compressed.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates a wide range of fashion brands on their viscose sourcing, focusing on whether they disclose their suppliers and adopt closed-loop manufacturing systems. While some brands like C&A, M&S, and H&M have signed the Changing Markets Roadmap and disclosed specific factory addresses, many others lack viscose-specific policies, fail to disclose fibre manufacturers, or focus solely on wood pulp sourcing rather than the chemical impacts of fibre manufacturing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000057#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Several brands have signed the Changing Markets Roadmap and committed to transitioning to closed-loop manufacturing systems by 2023-25, including M&S, Reformation, and Sainsbury's.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000057#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"C&A provides high levels of transparency by disclosing its full factory list and addresses for viscose suppliers, including entities in Germany, India, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Austria, and the Czech Republic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000057#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Many brands rely heavily on a small number of dominant suppliers, specifically Lenzing and Aditya Birla, often citing them as their primary or 'preferred' sources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000057#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant number of brands lack a public, viscose-specific sourcing policy or fail to address the environmental impacts of the fibre manufacturing stage, focusing instead on wood pulp sourcing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000057#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of the ZDHC Manufacturing Restricted Substance List (MRSL) is a common chemical management tool among the assessed brands, though some only use a Restricted Substances List (RSL).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000057#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Some brands have set specific targets for 'sustainable' or 'responsible' viscose, such as Esprit aiming for 100% sustainable fibres by 2023 and New Look aiming for 100% traceable and sustainable viscose by 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000057#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Several luxury brands under the LVMH group (including Dior, Fendi, and Louis Vuitton) claim to have responsible sourcing policies for viscose covering water management, yet these are not mentioned on their websites or in LVMH's 2019 sustainability report.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000057#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transparency regarding the actual factories producing viscose remains low for many brands, with several disclosing only the name of the parent supplier group rather than specific manufacturing sites.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000057#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Global supply chain governance","forest conservation","water management"],"geography_discussed":["Germany","India","People's Republic of China","Thailand","Indonesia","Austria","United Kingdom","Czech Republic"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["corporate accountability","supply chain audit"]},{"id":"chanmar-000150","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000150","title":"The Hidden Cost of Farmed Salmon","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2020-11","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/FeedbackCM-MarketBrief-MOWI.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing examines the environmental and social impacts of Mowi, the world's largest salmon producer and a key supplier to Sainsbury's. It highlights the unsustainable use of wild-caught fish in aquafeed, high fish mortality rates, frequent escapes, and the use of antibiotics and chemicals, arguing that these practices contradict Sainsbury's sustainability claims.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000150#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Mowi's aquafeed production relies heavily on wild-caught fish, which the authors describe as an inefficient use of marine resources. In 2019, Mowi used an estimated 880,000 tonnes of wild fish to produce 436,000 tonnes of farmed salmon, a volume of wild fish exceeding Canada's total fisheries capture of 720,000 tonnes in 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000150#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mowi's sourcing of fish oil from Mauritania and Peru raises sustainability concerns. In 2019, 24.2% of Mowi's fish oil came from round and flat sardinella from Mauritania, where no fisheries are currently MarinTrust-certified and the species is considered overfished. Additionally, 40.2% of its fish oil was sourced from Peruvian and Chilean anchovy, a fishery plagued by corruption and the overfishing of juvenile fish.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000150#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mowi has experienced significant fish mortality across its global operations. In 2019, the company's mortality rate was calculated at 12.26%, which is more than double the 5% mortality rate allowed on Red Tractor certified chicken farms. Specific incidents include the death of 2.6 million salmon at its Northern Harvest Sea Farms subsidiary in Canada in 2019 due to warm water temperatures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000150#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The company has a poor record regarding fish escapes, which can lead to interbreeding with wild populations. In 2018, Mowi reported 783,323 escaped fish, significantly more than other benchmarked companies. Notable incidents include 52,000 escapes from the Austvika farm in Norway in 2018 and 690,000 escapes from the Punta Redonda farm in Chile in 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000150#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mowi's use of antibiotics and chemicals is highlighted as problematic. Antibiotic use increased between 2018 and 2019 from 40 to 44 grams of active substance per tonne produced. In Scotland, Mowi used 19.6 tonnes of formaldehyde between April and December 2019, a substance classified as a carcinogen by the EU since 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000150#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The briefing argues that the MarinTrust certification standard is flawed due to corporate interference and vested interests, as members of the governing body include representatives from the world's largest fishmeal and fish oil producers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000150#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","biodiversity loss","water pollution","food security","climate change"],"geography_discussed":["Norway","Canada","Mauritania","Peru","Ireland","Faroe Islands"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain analysis","corporate accountability assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000338","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000338","title":"What Lies Beneath: Uncovering the truth about Peru’s colossal fishmeal and fish oil industry","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2020-11","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/What_Lies_Beneath_Executive_Summary_ENGLISH.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report exposes systemic issues in Peru's fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) industry, the world's largest, highlighting the overfishing of juvenile anchovies, corruption in quota setting, and the failure of sustainability certifications like MarinTrust. It details how major producers, such as TASA and Austral Group, supply global aquafeed giants (including Skretting and BioMar) that provide feed for salmon sold to major European retailers. Additionally, the document reports severe health and safety violations during the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, where companies allegedly covered up widespread infections among workers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Peru is the global leader in fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) production, accounting for one-third of global output and exporting over 1 million tonnes annually. The Peruvian anchovy (anchoveta) fishery is the largest single-species fishery in the world, with 6,053,201 metric tonnes of anchovy destined for FMFO landed in 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The industry is characterized by unsustainable practices and corruption, including the overfishing of juvenile fish, underreporting of catches, and the diversion of fish intended for human consumption to FMFO production. There are concerns that the anchoveta fishery could collapse, similar to the 1972 El Niño event, due to risk factors and climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major Peruvian FMFO producers TASA and Austral Group, which together generated nearly one-third of Peru's fishmeal (32%) and fish oil (29%) exports in 2019, are linked to European aquafeed and aquaculture giants. TASA supplies companies such as EWOS/Cargill, Skretting, and BioMar, which in turn supply the world's largest fish-farming companies and retailers like Aldi, Marks & Spencer, and REWE.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Norwegian salmon producers Mowi and Lerøy rely heavily on Peruvian sources; in 2019, Mowi sourced 40.2% of its fish oil from Peruvian and Chilean waters, while Lerøy sourced 26.4% from Peru.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The MarinTrust Global Standard for Responsible Supply is described as fatally flawed for certifying companies involved in underreporting catches, overfishing juveniles, and corruption scandals. Furthermore, between 2012 and 2018, an annual mismatch of 46,000 tonnes of 'phantom' fishmeal was identified, where exports exceeded production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"During the 2020 fishing season, FMFO companies TASA and Austral Group allegedly violated health and safety protocols, leading to widespread Covid-19 infections. At TASA's Vegueta plant, 76% of workers represented by the SINTETASA union were infected, and 48% of the workforce at the Samanco plant were infected. TASA is also accused of failing to report at least two cases to the Peruvian Ministry of Health.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","climate change","supply chain","food security"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","Chimbote","Norway","Chile"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping","environmental impact assessment","social impact assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000339","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000339","title":"Escondido en la profundidad: destapando la verdad sobre la descomunal industria peruana del pienso y aceite de pescado","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"es","date_published":"2020-11","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/What_Lies_Beneath_Executive_Summary_SPANISH.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report exposes the Peruvian fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) industry as unsustainable, citing widespread corruption, overfishing of juvenile anchovies, and poor worker safety during the Covid-19 pandemic. It maps the supply chain from Peruvian producers like TASA and Austral Group to major European feed companies (e.g., Skretting, BioMar) and retailers (e.g., Aldi, Tesco, Sainsbury), arguing that sustainability certifications like MarinTrust are ineffective 'greenwashing'. The document calls for the global aquaculture sector to phase out FMFO by 2025 to protect marine ecosystems, particularly the Humboldt Current.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Peru is the world's largest producer of fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO), accounting for one-third of global production and exporting over one million tonnes annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Peruvian anchovy fishery is the largest single-species fishery globally; in 2018, 6,053,201 metric tonnes of anchovy were landed for FMFO, an 88% increase from the previous year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major Peruvian FMFO producers TASA and Austral Group are linked to unsustainable practices, including the overfishing of juvenile anchovies and the under-reporting of catches.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report maps a supply chain where FMFO from TASA is sold to European feed giants such as EWOS/Cargill, Skretting, and BioMar, which then supply major retailers including Aldi, Marks & Spencer, and REWE.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Norwegian salmon giant Mowi obtained 40.2% of its fish oil from Peruvian and Chilean anchovies in 2019, and is a sole supplier to the UK retailer Sainsbury.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The MarinTrust certification is described as flawed for certifying companies involved in corruption, under-reporting catches, and overfishing juveniles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 2012 and 2018, there was an annual discrepancy of approximately 46,000 tonnes of 'ghost' fishmeal, where recorded exports exceeded production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"During the 2020 fishing season, FMFO companies TASA and Austral Group allegedly violated health protocols, leading to widespread Covid-19 infections; at TASA's Vegueta plant, 76% of unionized workers were infected, and 48% at the Samanco plant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","Global supply chain governance","climate change"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","Chimbote","Chile"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping","environmental assessment","social impact assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000340","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000340","title":"What Lies Beneath: Uncovering the truth about Peru’s colossal fishmeal and fish oil industry","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-11","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/What_Lies_Beneath_full_report.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Peru is the world's largest producer of fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO), primarily using anchoveta to supply global aquaculture. The report argues that the industry is plagued by systemic corruption, including the underreporting of catches and the illegal harvesting of juvenile fish. It highlights a 'phantom fishmeal' gap where exports consistently exceed reported production. The document also details severe environmental degradation in Chimbote and the diversion of fish intended for human consumption to animal feed. Furthermore, it exposes how major producers like TASA and Austral Group violated health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic. The report concludes that certification bodies like MarinTrust provide 'greenwash' for unsustainable practices and calls for a phase-out of FMFO in aquaculture.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000340#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Peru is the global leader in fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) production, accounting for one-third of global production and exporting over 1 million tonnes annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000340#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major Peruvian FMFO producers, including TASA, Austral Group, Diamante, CFG Investment-Copeinca, Exalmar, and Hayduk, have systematically overfished juvenile anchovies since 2016, exceeding the 10% legal limit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000340#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a pattern of collusion between the Peruvian Marine Research Institute (IMARPE) and industry executives to inflate anchovy biomass data to justify higher fishing quotas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000340#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant quantities of anchovy intended for direct human consumption are illegally diverted to FMFO production, contributing to food security issues in Peru where 13.1% of children under five suffer from chronic malnutrition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000340#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The city of Chimbote is described as one of the most polluted places on earth due to FMFO production, with air quality so poor in 2019 that residents were advised not to be outdoors on 212 days of the year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000340#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"During the 2020 fishing season, FMFO companies TASA and Austral Group violated safety protocols, leading to widespread Covid-19 infections; at TASA's Vegueta plant, 76% of union-represented workers were infected.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000340#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report maps supply chain links showing that Peruvian FMFO is sourced by major European aquafeed companies such as BioMar, EWOS/Cargill, and Skretting, which in turn supply global salmon producers like Mowi and Lerøy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000340#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The MarinTrust certification is characterized as 'corporate greenwash' because it certifies companies involved in underreporting catches, overfishing juveniles, and corruption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000340#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","climate change","El Niño southern oscillation","food security","water pollution","air pollution"],"geography_discussed":["Chimbote","Norway","Denmark","People's Republic of China","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain analysis","environmental assessment","social impact assessment","policy critique"]},{"id":"chanmar-000097","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000097","title":"Talking Trash: the corporate playbook of false solutions to the plastic crisis","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2020-10-29","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CMF-Letter-CommissionerSinkevicius.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The Changing Markets Foundation warns that global plastic production is set to double by 2030 and could account for 15% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The organization argues that industry lobbying is undermining the EU's Single-Use Plastic Directive through attempts to exempt bio-based plastics, viscose, and cellophane, and by jeopardizing deposit return systems. The letter calls for legislative measures to end overpackaging, prevent greenwashing, and reject 'false solutions' like chemical recycling and incineration in favor of reuse and mechanical recycling.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000097#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global plastic production is projected to double by 2030, and if current rates continue, it will be responsible for 15% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000097#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Industry actors, including consumer brands and trade associations, are using lobbying tactics to weaken the Single-Use Plastic Directive, specifically by seeking exemptions for bio-based, biodegradable, viscose, and cellophane plastics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000097#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Brands, retailers, and producer responsibility organisations (PROs) in EU member states are lobbying against the implementation of deposit return systems (DRS), despite these being identified as the only viable way to achieve a 90%+ collection rate for beverage bottles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000097#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Changing Markets Foundation identifies incineration, waste-to-energy, plastic-to-fuel, and chemical recycling as 'false solutions' that do not contribute substantively to a circular economy and undermine reuse and mechanical recycling.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000097#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["plastic pollution","single-use plastic","greenhouse gas emissions","circular economy","waste-to-energy","incineration","greenwashing"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","Belgium"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"chanmar-000098","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000098","title":"Talking Trash: the corporate playbook of false solutions to the plastic crisis","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2020-10-29","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CMF-Letter-PresidentVonderLeyen.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Changing Markets Foundation warns that global plastic production is set to double by 2030 and could account for 15% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The organization argues that industry lobbying is currently undermining the EU's Single-Use Plastic Directive through attempts to exempt bio-based plastics, viscose, and cellophane from the definition of single-use plastics. It further highlights efforts by brands and producer responsibility organisations to jeopardize deposit return systems (DRS), which the author claims are the only viable way to achieve 90%+ collection of beverage bottles. The letter calls for the EU to move beyond voluntary commitments and implement robust measures against overpackaging, greenwashing, and 'false solutions' like chemical recycling and incineration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000098#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global plastic production is projected to double by 2030, and if current rates continue, it will be responsible for 15% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000098#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Industry actors are attempting to weaken the Single-Use Plastic Directive by seeking exemptions for bio-based, biodegradable plastics, viscose, and cellophane.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000098#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Brands, retailers, and producer responsibility organisations (PROs) are lobbying against deposit return systems (DRS), despite these systems being identified as the only viable method to reach a 90%+ collection rate for beverage bottles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000098#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document identifies incineration, waste-to-energy, plastic-to-fuel, and chemical recycling as 'false solutions' that do not contribute substantively to a circular economy and undermine mechanical recycling and reuse.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000098#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["plastic pollution","single-use plastic","greenhouse gas emissions","circular economy","waste-to-energy","incineration","greenwashing"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","Belgium","World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy advocacy","lobbying analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000099","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000099","title":"Talking Trash: the corporate playbook of false solutions to the plastic crisis","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2020-10-29","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CMF-Letter-VicePresidentTimmermans.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Changing Markets Foundation warns that global plastic production is set to double by 2030 and could account for 15% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The letter argues that industry lobbying is currently undermining the EU's Single-Use Plastic Directive by seeking exemptions for bio-based, biodegradable, viscose, and cellophane plastics, and by jeopardising the implementation of deposit return systems (DRS). The foundation calls for the EU to reject voluntary corporate commitments in favour of mandatory measures to end overpackaging, regulate green claims, and clarify that incineration and chemical recycling are not substantive contributions to a circular economy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000099#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global plastic production is projected to double by 2030, and if current rates continue, it will be responsible for 15% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000099#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Industry actors, including consumer brands, retailers, and trade associations, are using lobbying tactics to weaken the EU's Single-Use Plastic Directive, specifically by attempting to exempt bio-based, biodegradable, viscose, and cellophane plastics from the definition of single-use plastics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000099#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Brands, retailers, and producer responsibility organisations (PROs) are lobbying against deposit return systems (DRS) in EU member states, despite DRS being identified as the only viable method to achieve beverage bottle collection rates of over 90%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000099#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Changing Markets Foundation argues that voluntary corporate commitments are insufficient, noting that some studies suggest plastic pollution rates will only decrease by up to 7.7% even with policies like the Single-Use Plastic Directive.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000099#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document identifies incineration, waste-to-energy, plastic-to-fuel, and chemical recycling as 'false solutions' that do not contribute substantively to a circular economy and instead undermine mechanical recycling and reuse.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000099#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["plastic pollution","single-use plastic","greenhouse gas emissions","circular economy","waste management","waste-to-energy","greenwashing"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","Belgium"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","corporate lobbying assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000302","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000302","title":"Microsoft Word - Companies Letter_CocaCola.docx","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2020-10-29","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/TalkingTrash_Letter_CocaCola.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Changing Markets Foundation accuses Coca-Cola of having a 'worrying track-record of broken promises' regarding plastic and of undermining deposit return legislation in Kenya, China, and Georgia (USA). The letter demands that Coca-Cola publicly support deposit return systems globally, increase transparency regarding its 2.9 million tonnes of annual plastic use, and adopt ambitious reuse targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000302#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Coca-Cola is identified as having the largest plastic footprint of any company globally, using 2.9 million tonnes of plastic annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000302#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Changing Markets Foundation asserts that Coca-Cola has a history of failing to meet its plastic-related pledges, citing a failed 1990 commitment to use 25% recycled content in bottles and claiming most subsequent pledges have been 'broken, significantly reinterpreted, delayed or ignored'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000302#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite supporting deposit return systems in Western Europe, Coca-Cola and its franchises have reportedly attempted to undermine similar legislation in China, Kenya, and the U.S. state of Georgia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000302#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The foundation urges Coca-Cola to distance itself from producer responsibility organisations that oppose deposit return systems, specifically naming Ecoembes in Spain, ARA in Austria, and EKO-KOM in the Czech Republic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000302#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["plastic pollution","circular economy","waste management","single-use plastic","recycling"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","People's Republic of China","Georgia","Austria","Czech Republic","Spain","India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["corporate critique","policy advocacy"]}]}