{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["uganda"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":967,"relation":"eq"},"page":23,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=uganda&page=23","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=uganda&page=24","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"saiia-000028","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-000028","title":"Commodity prices and investment prospects for African countries in a brave new world","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2017-02-03","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/research/commodity-prices-and-investment-prospects-for-african-countries-in-a-brave-new-world/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper argues that African countries should pivot away from fossil fuels and nuclear energy toward minerals and metals essential for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, such as copper and platinum. It highlights a decline in mineral exploration in Africa, particularly South Africa, and warns against the 'resource curse' associated with oil wealth. The author contends that the falling cost of renewables and the rise of smart technologies make fossil fuel investments risky, urging African policymakers to align industrial policies with the demand for green energy minerals to avoid premature de-industrialisation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000028#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Investment in the exploration of metals and minerals in Africa is seeing a sharp decline, with South Africa being particularly affected, despite some predicted recoveries in commodity prices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000028#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"World Bank forecasts suggest crude oil prices will rise from an average of $43/bbl in 2016 to $60/bbl by 2018, which may incentivize economic diversification but risks empowering repressive elites in oil-wealthy African nations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000028#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Copper and platinum are identified as more attractive investments than oil and coal; platinum prices specifically may rise if fuel cell technology gains traction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000028#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The economic case for coal-fired power is weakening as the cost of solar PV fell by 66% between 2009 and 2016, and in South Africa, new wind and solar are cheaper per KWh than new coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000028#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Fourth Industrial Revolution is driving demand for minerals and metals needed for smart, decentralized energy and smartphones, with solar panels requiring at least 16 different minerals, metals, or rare earth elements and wind turbines requiring at least 13.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000028#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel","renewable energy","solar energy","wind power","climate change mitigation","Paris Agreement","energy transition","critical minerals","nuclear power","economic diversity"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Nigeria","Angola","Uganda","Tanzania","Mozambique","United States","Russia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"issafri-001634","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-001634","title":"Reviving the AU’s maritime strategy","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2017-02","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/policybrief96.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The African Union (AU) has developed comprehensive maritime strategies, most notably the 2050 Africa’s Integrated Maritime Strategy (2050 AIMS), but implementation has stalled due to a lack of resources, expertise, and a clear conceptual definition of the 'blue economy'. The document highlights the failure of the 2050 AIMS Strategic Task Force (STF) to meet quorum or produce a road map, and the marginalisation of the interdepartmental task force within the Office of the Legal Counsel. To resolve this, the author recommends establishing a dedicated AU department of maritime affairs—potentially within the Department of Trade and Industry or Transport—and convening a conference in 2017 to align the AU's vision of the blue economy with Agenda 2063.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001634#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The African Union is currently failing to implement its maritime strategies because of a deficiency in expertise and resources, risking the marginalisation of maritime security efforts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001634#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical lack of consensus on the definition of the 'blue economy' across AU documents, including the 2050 AIMS, Agenda 2063, and the Lomé Charter, which hinders coordinated action among the 54 African states.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001634#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 2050 AIMS Strategic Task Force (STF), intended to be the 'lynchpin' for the maritime strategy, has been unsuccessful, failing to hold official meetings or reach quorum since its July 2015 meeting.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001634#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The interdepartmental task force for 2050 AIMS has suffered from a loss of institutional memory and expertise due to staff departures in 2016 and a lack of sufficient resources while located in the Office of the Legal Counsel.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001634#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The author recommends establishing a specialised maritime office or department within the AU Commission, suggesting it be placed in the Department of Trade and Industry or Transport to better leverage the economic potential of the blue economy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001634#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Lomé Charter is viewed as a missed opportunity because it prioritised security-centric provisions over economic maritime development and left key explanatory text in unpublished annexes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001634#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["blue economy","sustainable development","water transport"],"geography_discussed":["Togo","Uganda","Malawi"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","institutional assessment"]},{"id":"issafri-001635","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-001635","title":"Beyond rhetoric: Engaging Africa’s youth in democratic governance","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2017-02","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/policybrief99.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the African Union's (AU) efforts to integrate youth into democratic governance, highlighting the African Governance Architecture-Youth Engagement Strategy (AGA-YES) and the African Youth Charter. It argues that despite these frameworks, young people remain largely alienated and marginalised, facing significant barriers such as unemployment and restrictive legislation. The brief details findings from 2016 regional consultations, noting that youth often lack knowledge of the AU human rights system and face systemic hurdles like prohibitive age requirements for political office. It recommends that member states domesticate AU shared values, repeal discriminatory laws, and move beyond tokenistic engagement to harness the potential of Africa's youth demographic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001635#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Africa possesses the youngest population globally, with approximately 65% of the total population under the age of 35. This demographic is described as a \"double-edged sword\" because it can either drive innovation and economic growth or, if poorly managed, fuel instability and violent conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001635#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant disconnect between the AU's normative frameworks—such as the African Youth Charter and the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance—and the actual experience of youth. The document asserts that binding and non-binding frameworks often fail to practically realise their promises.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001635#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Unemployment is a critical barrier to youth engagement and a driver of conflict; research indicates that 50% of young people who join rebel movements cite unemployment as their primary motivation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001635#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regional consultations in 2016 revealed that many young people have limited understanding of the African human rights system and lack the institutional mechanisms necessary for effective participation in governance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001635#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Youth face specific legal and structural hurdles to political participation, including prohibitive age requirements for voting and running for office, as well as high fees for elective candidates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001635#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The African Union has implemented programmatic initiatives to increase youth professional experience, such as the AU Youth Volunteer Corps (AU-YVC), which has seen over 150 participants, with approximately 50% being retained within AU Commission departments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001635#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Youth-led movements in specific countries demonstrate the potential for transformational governance, such as the #NotTooYoungToRun campaign in Nigeria and the Fees Must Fall and Rhodes Must Fall movements in South Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001635#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["human rights","public policy"],"geography_discussed":["Tunisia","Burkina Faso","Ethiopia","Burundi","South Africa","Mali","South Sudan","Central African Republic","Nigeria","Egypt","Algeria","Cameroon","Tunis","Kampala","Windhoek","Accra","Uganda","Namibia","Ghana"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","institutional assessment"]},{"id":"saiia-000835","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-000835","title":"CAN THE APRM BE AN EFFECTIVE TOOL TO MONITOR AGENDA 2063 AND THE SDGs?","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2017-02","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Occasional-Paper-251.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document explores the potential for the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) to monitor Agenda 2063 and the SDGs, noting strong normative and thematic alignment. However, it identifies critical barriers, including administrative weaknesses, lack of funding, and slow review cycles, which currently render the APRM incapable of the extensive monitoring required. The authors suggest that for the APRM to succeed, it must undergo substantial reform, improve the frequency of its reviews, and enhance its data-gathering capabilities through ICT and partnerships.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000835#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The APRM, Agenda 2063, and the SDGs share a compatible normative framework, all rejecting authoritarian development in favor of a democratic, participatory governance model.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000835#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is significant thematic overlap between the three initiatives, particularly regarding poverty, food security, health, education, gender equality, and environmental protection.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000835#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The APRM is currently unable to meet the time-bound reporting requirements of the SDGs and Agenda 2063 due to its slow pace of conducting reviews.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000835#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The APRM faces severe financial challenges, with many member states failing to pay annual subscriptions and a reliance on declining foreign donor funding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000835#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Administrative and leadership failures have hindered the APRM, including a seven-year period without a permanent CEO and allegations of maladministration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000835#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The APRM's current review outputs, specifically the Country Review Reports (CRRs), are too voluminous and lack the user-friendly narratives or quantitative indicators needed for effective monitoring.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000835#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Political commitment to the APRM is inconsistent, with some countries controlling review outcomes and others showing a loss of interest after initial reviews.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000835#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The APRM's commitment to broad participation by non-state actors is a key strength that could support the 'people-centred' goals of Agenda 2063 and the SDGs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000835#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To become an effective monitoring tool, the APRM needs to transition from large-scale base reviews to more frequent, theme-specific 'Development Reviews' supported by ICT.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000835#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Sustainable Development Goals","governance","climate change","environmental protection","renewable energy","food security"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","South Africa","Uganda","Algeria","Ghana","Rwanda","Angola","Ethiopia","Zambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","institutional analysis"]},{"id":"saiia-000960","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-000960","title":"EMERGING TRENDS IN AFRICA’S ELECTORAL PROCESSES","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2017-01","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Policy-Briefing-158.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The document analyzes electoral trends in Africa between 2015 and early 2016, identifying four negative trends: constitutional alterations to extend term limits, manipulation of electoral calendars, harassment of opposition candidates, and low voter turnout. It highlights a gap between the existence of continental democratic frameworks, such as the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (ACDEG), and the political will of governing elites to implement them. The authors recommend structural reforms, respect for electoral calendars, and the adoption of social media codes of conduct to protect freedom of expression.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000960#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a rising trend of states attempting to modify their constitutions to extend presidential or prime ministerial tenures. While countries like Cameroon, Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Djibouti, Gabon, Guinea, Namibia, Rwanda, Togo, and Uganda successfully amended their constitutions to alter or remove two-term limits, attempts in Burkina Faso, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, and Zambia failed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000960#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electoral calendars are being manipulated to benefit incumbent parties, which undermines the impartiality of Election Management Bodies (EMBs). In Congo-Brazzaville, the 2016 elections were called hastily, which the opposition claimed gave the ruling party an unfair advantage due to its proximity to state funds and apparatus.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000960#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ruling parties are increasingly using state security agencies to harass opposition candidates and restricting digital communication during elections. Examples include the repeated arrest and house arrest of Dr Kizza Besigye in Uganda, and the shutdown of social media or internet access on election days in Burundi, Chad, Uganda, and Congo-Brazzaville.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000960#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Voter turnout in Africa is significantly lower than global averages, reflecting citizen apathy and distrust. In 2015, presidential and parliamentary elections in Africa averaged under 60% turnout, compared to global averages of 67% and 65% respectively. Specific examples include Zambia, where only 32.36% of registered voters voted in the presidential election, and Nigeria, where only 43.65% of accredited citizens voted.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000960#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Low participation among women, youth, and marginalized groups is driven by systemic exclusion from political party nomination processes, corruption, and a lack of information.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000960#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the existence of comprehensive frameworks like the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (ACDEG) and the OAU/AU Declaration on the Principles Governing Democratic Elections in Africa, the primary obstacle to democratic progress is the lack of political will among the governing elite to implement these laws.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000960#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Burkina Faso","Tanzania","Zambia","Benin","Cape Verde","Nigeria","Burundi","Chad","Republic of the Congo","Equatorial Guinea","Uganda","Cameroon","Djibouti","Gabon","Guinea","Namibia","Rwanda","Togo","Malawi","Niger","The Gambia","Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"cdkn-000540","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cdkn-000540","title":"Integrated governance, finance and transparency for delivering climate goals","publisher":{"name":"Climate and Development Knowledge Network","organization":"climate-and-development-knowledge-network"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017","source_url":"https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/files/Conference-Report-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Global NDC Conference 2017 brought together over 250 participants from 80 countries to exchange best practices on advancing low-carbon resilient development. The report identifies integrated governance, multi-dimensional financing strategies, and the Enhanced Transparency Framework as the three pillars necessary for the successful implementation of NDCs. Key recommendations include the need for high-level leadership to break down sectoral silos, the translation of NDCs into bankable project pipelines to attract private investment, and the institutionalization of data systems to build trust and accountability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000540#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Effective NDC implementation requires a reconfiguration of governance systems to be inclusive and integrated, necessitating high-level leadership to coordinate multi-sectoral and multi-level processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000540#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Long-term strategies (LTSs) are essential to ensure that near-term NDC actions do not lead to the 'lock in' of ineffective strategies and to facilitate deeper decarbonization.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000540#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Attracting investment for NDCs is a complex challenge where the public sector must use policy and regulatory incentives to create bankable project pipelines that attract private finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000540#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"National Climate Funds (NCFs) serve as a unique tool for countries to collect, blend, and coordinate climate finance to deliver national policy objectives and create co-benefits like job creation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000540#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Integrating NDCs into national budgets is critical for systemic response, though this requires significant capacity building for line ministries to implement climate-responsive budgeting.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000540#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) is described as the 'backbone' of the Paris Agreement, essential for building trust, tracking NDC progress, and informing the global stock-take.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000540#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Harmonizing project-level mitigation activities with national emissions inventories is a key requirement for increasing the efficiency and transparency of NDCs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000540#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Corporate climate reporting is an increasing trend that allows businesses to benchmark risk reduction and provides governments with data to enable climate-friendly capital allocation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000540#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Nationally Determined Contributions","climate finance","Low carbon development","climate change mitigation","climate change adaptation","Sustainable Development Goals","Private sector engagement","measurement, reporting, and verification","climate bond"],"geography_discussed":["Germany","Kenya","Philippines","Costa Rica","Egypt","Vietnam","Trinidad and Tobago","Mexico","People's Republic of China","Ecuador","South Africa","Argentina","Uganda","Zimbabwe","Dominican Republic","Chile","Colombia","Mongolia","Brazil","Jordan","Thailand","Bangladesh","Bhutan","Lebanon","Peru","Cambodia","Pakistan","Georgia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["conference report","best practice exchange"]},{"id":"cdkn-000685","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cdkn-000685","title":"Mainstreaming climate compatible development","publisher":{"name":"Climate and Development Knowledge Network","organization":"climate-and-development-knowledge-network"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017","source_url":"https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/files/Mainstreaming-climate-compatible-development-web-final.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that climate action must be integrated into macroeconomic planning and sectoral policies to achieve 'triple wins' for mitigation, adaptation, and poverty eradication. It highlights the necessity of political leadership, cross-government coordination, and the use of 'knowledge brokers' to translate scientific data into actionable policy. The report emphasizes that while international finance is a catalyst, domestic resource mobilisation and the removal of fossil fuel subsidies are critical for long-term sustainability. Case studies from Asia, Africa, and Latin America illustrate the importance of gender-sensitive approaches, participatory planning, and the role of non-state actors in scaling up local innovations to national levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Climate compatible development is defined as an approach that aims at \"minimising the harm caused by climate impacts, while maximising the many human development opportunities presented by a low-emissions, more resilient, future.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Paris Agreement's bottom-up process of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) is insufficient on its own, as collective pledges do not meet the emissions cuts needed for a 2-degree or 1.5-degree world, with the world potentially heading for a rise of 2.9 to 3.4\fC this century.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective climate action requires 'triple wins' that simultaneously address climate mitigation, climate adaptation, and poverty eradication, ensuring that mitigation efforts do not displace the urgent development needs of the poor.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The cost of inaction on climate change can be vastly higher than the cost of adaptation; in Uganda, the cost of inaction is estimated at US$3.1\u00135.9 billion per year by 2025, which is 24 to 46 times greater than the proposed adaptation budget of approximately US$406 million over five years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Strong political leadership is essential for mainstreaming climate action; for example, in Rwanda, President Paul Kagame's support facilitated the involvement of powerful ministries like the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Knowledge brokers are critical for translating complex scientific data from bodies like the IPCC into accessible information that empowers decision-makers and communities to act.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender-sensitive approaches to climate planning lead to more sustainable and effective outcomes by recognizing that men and women suffer and adapt differently to climate challenges.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investment for climate compatible development must reach the trillions of US dollars, far exceeding the US$100 billion annual target set for developing countries by 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant financing gap for the diffusion of small-scale, decentralized technological innovations, particularly in least developed countries in Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The removal of fossil fuel subsidies, which totaled approximately US$490 billion in 2014, is necessary to eliminate perverse incentives and create price signals for low-carbon investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Scaling up successful pilot projects requires rigorous documentation of quantitative results, such as 'killer statistics' on lives and assets saved, to convince policy-makers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Domestic climate legislation serves as a critical link between national action and international agreements, providing a framework that can lock in long-term commitments despite political turnover.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-12","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-state actors, including cities, businesses, and civil society, are essential for implementing the Paris Agreement and closing the emissions gap, potentially cutting several gigatonnes of emissions by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000685#insight-13","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Low carbon development","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","poverty reduction","climate finance","Nationally Determined Contributions","fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy","Climate-smart agriculture","disaster risk reduction","loss and damage","sustainable development","urban resilience"],"geography_discussed":["Asia","Africa","Latin America and the Caribbean","Rwanda","Ethiopia","Nepal","Uganda","Bangladesh","Colombia","Peru","Kenya","India","Indonesia","Tanzania","Barbados","People's Republic of China","Bolivia","Fiji","El Salvador","Thailand","Vietnam","Zambia","Mongolia","Mexico"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["programmatic review","case study analysis","policy synthesis"]},{"id":"cdkn-000750","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cdkn-000750","title":"Reporting for Results-based REDD+","publisher":{"name":"Climate and Development Knowledge Network","organization":"climate-and-development-knowledge-network"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017","source_url":"https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/files/RRR-Brochure-August-2017-WEB.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Reporting for Results-based REDD+ (RRR+) project is a joint initiative by the Coalition for Rainforest Nations (CfRN) and the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) running from 2017 to 2019. It aims to help 21 tropical and subtropical forest countries develop the technical and institutional capacity to create accurate greenhouse gas inventories for the agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sectors. This capacity is essential for countries to submit reports to the UNFCCC and unlock results-based REDD+ payments. The project provides tailored training based on IPCC methods, supports the submission of National Communications and Biennial Update Reports, and promotes gender equality in natural resource management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000750#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The RRR+ project is a three-year effort (2017-2019) targeting 21 tropical and subtropical forest countries to improve their ability to measure greenhouse gas emissions reductions and the enhancement of carbon stocks within the agriculture, forest, and other land use (AFOLU) sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000750#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Accurate reporting is a prerequisite for receiving results-based REDD+ finance; countries must submit greenhouse gas inventories to the UNFCCC to access these payments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000750#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project addresses critical gaps in developing countries, specifically the lack of data accumulation systems and the technical capacity to analyse and report emissions from land use.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000750#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project's technical training is designed to make specialists proficient in the methods endorsed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), enabling the production of more robust inventories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000750#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Beyond financial incentives, forest conservation and restoration are identified as cost-effective climate mitigation tools that help countries meet their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and improve climate adaptation, such as curbing flooding and erosion via forested watersheds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000750#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project supports the official UNFCCC reporting process, specifically assisting countries with their National Communication and Biennial Update Report cycles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000750#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation","greenhouse gas inventory","climate finance","deforestation","reforestation","afforestation","Nationally Determined Contributions","United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","climate change adaptation","gender equality"],"geography_discussed":["Guyana","Kenya","Panama","Belize","Dominican Republic","Dominica","Cameroon","Republic of the Congo","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Liberia","Ghana","Gabon","Saint Lucia","Fiji","Papua New Guinea","Vanuatu","Pakistan","Mozambique","Uganda","Vietnam","Tanzania"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["project description","capacity building framework"]},{"id":"issafri-001599","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-001599","title":"Freedom of movement","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2017","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/policy-brief111.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the gap between Africa's formal legal commitments to freedom of movement and the actual practice of migration governance. While the African Union and various Regional Economic Communities have established frameworks to promote labour mobility and economic integration, implementation remains inconsistent. West Africa is highlighted as the most advanced model, whereas Southern Africa is noted for a securitised approach to migration. The brief argues that aligning regional policies and improving communication on the net benefits of migration are essential for unlocking the continent's development potential.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001599#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Africa possesses the necessary legal instruments and policies for continental migration governance, but the primary obstacle is the practical implementation of these frameworks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001599#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The African Union's approach to migration is centered on a comprehensive management strategy to drive economic development, supported by the 1991 Abuja Treaty, the Migration Policy Framework for Africa (MPFA), and the African Common Position on Migration and Development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001599#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Joint Labour Migration Programme (JLMP), adopted in January 2015, is a specific AU-led initiative supported by the ILO, IOM, and UNECA aimed at promoting decent work and inclusive development through better labour migration governance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001599#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"ECOWAS is identified as the most successful regional model for freedom of movement in Africa, utilizing a common passport for its 15 member states and an exemplary approach to labour migration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001599#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Southern Africa, migration governance is often hindered by a 'securitised' approach, particularly in South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia, where countries prioritize controlling migrant flows over harnessing the economic benefits of regional integration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001599#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) is described as the least integrated region on the continent, with stalled efforts toward regional integration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001599#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While some progress exists in East Africa through the EAC's common market policies and tripartite visa arrangements between Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda, tensions with other members like Tanzania can fragment regional integration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001599#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["economic development"],"geography_discussed":["World","West Africa","East Africa","Southern Africa","North Africa","Nigeria","Kenya","Uganda","Ethiopia","South Sudan","Rwanda","Tanzania","Botswana","Namibia","South Africa","Morocco","Libya","Benin","Ghana","Senegal","Seychelles"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment"]},{"id":"napglob-000149","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/napglob-000149","title":"FINANCING NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN PROCESSES","publisher":{"name":"NAP Global Network","organization":"nap-global-network"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2017","source_url":"https://napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/napgn-en-2017-financing-nap-processes-contributing-to-the-achievement-of-ndc-goals.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines a framework for financing National Adaptation Plan (NAP) processes, distinguishing between the development phase (planning and coordination) and the implementation phase (execution of adaptation actions). It identifies domestic public revenues, bilateral providers, multilateral funds, and private sector actors as key funding sources. The guide emphasizes the need for a dedicated financing strategy to bridge funding gaps and align national priorities with available financial instruments, while highlighting the critical role of senior-level political commitment and the integration of adaptation costs into national budgeting cycles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000149#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The NAP process is divided into two distinct phases with vastly different financial requirements: a development phase focused on initiation and coordination, and an implementation phase involving the execution of prioritized adaptation actions, where costs are \"significantly higher than those related to the development phase\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000149#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Domestic public finance is essential for the long-term sustainability of the NAP process, particularly for covering ongoing operating costs and investing in public goods such as health and education. Integrating these costs into national budget cycles, such as the Medium-term expenditure framework (MTEF), provides a predictable funding stream.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000149#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Bilateral providers offer flexible funding through grants, loans, and technical assistance. While a limited number of providers support the development phase, there are significant opportunities for funding the implementation of specific actions through government-to-government negotiations or targeted climate funds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000149#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Multilateral funds, particularly the Green Climate Fund (GCF), are major sources of finance. The GCF provides a Readiness and Preparatory Support Programme for the development phase, with funding up to US$3 million for formulating NAPs, and a project preparation facility offering grants up to US$1.5 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000149#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Multilateral development banks (MDBs) primarily provide loans rather than grants and are most effective for large-scale infrastructure projects in sectors such as water, energy, and transport. In 2014, MDBs provided an estimated US$4.521 billion in adaptation financing to developing countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000149#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private sector finance is almost exclusively relevant to the implementation phase. Mobilizing this finance requires governments to build a clear business case for adaptation and create a supportive investment environment through non-financial incentives and economic signals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000149#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are identified as a viable mechanism for large-scale resilient infrastructure and natural resource management, though they are complex to design and require high up-front contracting costs and specific institutional capacities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000149#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A robust NAP financing strategy should consist of three main building blocks: identifying the financing gap, determining suitable financing options and instruments, and identifying operational next steps to improve access to funding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000149#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["national adaptation plan","Nationally Determined Contributions","climate finance","Private sector engagement","public–private partnership","Climate risk assessment","capacity building"],"geography_discussed":["Togo","Indonesia","Grenada","Uganda","Ethiopia","Cambodia","Kenya","Brazil","Mali","Philippines"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["guidance","strategic framework"]},{"id":"napglob-000319","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/napglob-000319","title":"Financiamiento para procesos de Planes Nacionales de Adaptación (PNAD): Contribuir al logro de los objetivos de adaptación de la contribución nacional (CDN)","publisher":{"name":"NAP Global Network","organization":"nap-global-network"},"document_type":"guide","language":"es","date_published":"2017","source_url":"https://napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/napgn-es-2017-financing-nap-processes-contributing-to-the-achievement-of-ndc-goals.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines a comprehensive framework for financing National Adaptation Plan (NAP) processes, distinguishing between the lower-cost 'development phase' (planning and coordination) and the high-cost 'implementation phase' (execution of adaptation actions). It identifies four primary funding streams: national public finance (budgets, fiscal instruments, and national climate funds), bilateral providers (grants and technical assistance), multilateral funds (such as the Green Climate Fund and Adaptation Fund), and the private sector (through direct investment and public-private partnerships). The guide emphasizes the necessity of a tailored financing strategy that identifies funding gaps, determines appropriate financial instruments, and establishes operational steps to align national adaptation priorities with available resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000319#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The NAP process is divided into two distinct financial phases: a development phase focused on initiation, coordination, and maintenance, and an implementation phase for the execution of prioritized adaptation actions. The funding requirements for the implementation phase are significantly higher than those for the development phase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000319#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"National public finances are essential for the sustainable operation of the NAP process, providing predictable funding for coordination and the provision of public goods such as institutional strengthening and health and education sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000319#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governments can generate additional revenue or redistribute existing funds for adaptation using fiscal instruments, including taxes, levies, bonds (such as diaspora bonds), debt-for-climate swaps, and the reform of fossil fuel subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000319#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Bilateral providers are a flexible source of funding, often providing grant-based technical assistance for the development phase and financial support for project execution through bilateral development banks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000319#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Multilateral funds, particularly the Green Climate Fund (GCF), are critical for both phases; the GCF provides a Readiness and Preparatory Support Programme for development and grants, loans, and guarantees for implementation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000319#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private sector financing is almost exclusively relevant to the implementation phase, driven by business continuity risk management, new market opportunities, and regulatory compliance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000319#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are identified as a viable mechanism for large-scale infrastructure projects, such as water treatment plants or resilient transport, by sharing risks between the public and private sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000319#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A successful NAP financing strategy must consist of three pillars: identifying the funding gap by comparing total estimated costs with available resources, determining appropriate financing options and instruments, and defining operational next steps to improve access to funds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000319#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["national adaptation plan","Nationally Determined Contributions","climate finance","public–private partnership","Green Climate Fund","Adaptation Fund","climate risk management","capacity building"],"geography_discussed":["Togo","Indonesia","Grenada","Uganda","Ethiopia","Cambodia","Kenya","Philippines","Brazil","Mali","Chad","Senegal","Rwanda"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy guidance","financial analysis"]},{"id":"napglob-000353","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/napglob-000353","title":"Financer les processus de plans nationaux d’adaptation (PNA) : Favoriser l’atteinte des objectifs d’adaptation des contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN)","publisher":{"name":"NAP Global Network","organization":"nap-global-network"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"fr","date_published":"2017","source_url":"https://napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/napgn-fr-2017-financing-nap-processes-contributing-to-the-achievement-of-ndc-goals.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines a strategic framework for financing National Adaptation Plan (NAP) processes, distinguishing between the 'elaboration phase' (planning and coordination) and the 'execution phase' (implementation of priority measures). It identifies four primary funding streams: domestic public revenues, bilateral providers, multilateral funds, and the private sector. While elaboration is typically funded by public and bilateral grants, the more costly execution phase requires a diversified mix of public and private capital. The brief recommends that countries develop a dedicated NAP financing strategy that identifies funding gaps, determines appropriate financial instruments, and defines operational steps to improve access to resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000353#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The NAP process is divided into two distinct financial phases: the elaboration phase, covering initiation and coordination, and the execution phase, which involves the actual implementation of priority adaptation measures. The execution phase requires significantly higher funding than the elaboration phase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000353#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Domestic public funding is essential for the sustainable maintenance of the NAP process, particularly for operational costs and public goods like institutional capacity building. It can be accessed through annual budgets or Medium-Term Expenditure Frameworks (MTEF).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000353#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governments can use fiscal instruments to generate new revenue or redistribute existing funds for adaptation. Examples include carbon taxes, 'diaspora bonds', debt-for-climate swaps, and the reform of fossil fuel subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000353#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Bilateral providers are a flexible source of funding, often providing grant-based technical assistance for the elaboration phase and a wider range of instruments (including loans and budget support) for the execution phase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000353#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Multilateral funds, including those under the UNFCCC, provide critical support. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a major source, offering a Readiness Programme for elaboration (up to US$3 million for formulation and US$1 million for institutional capacity) and funding for the execution of priority measures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000353#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Other specialized multilateral sources include the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) and the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), both managed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), and the Adaptation Fund (AF), which has a funding ceiling of US$10 million per eligible country.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000353#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) primarily fund the execution phase through loans, focusing on large-scale infrastructure in sectors such as water, energy, transport, and food production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000353#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private sector investment is almost exclusively relevant to the execution phase. Governments can mobilize this by improving the general investment climate and creating specific 'business cases' for adaptation to reduce perceived risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000353#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are identified as a viable tool for large-scale execution projects, such as resilient infrastructure and natural resource management, though they require high institutional capacity to manage complex contracts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000353#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A robust NAP financing strategy should consist of three core elements: identifying the funding gap (comparing total estimated costs against available resources), determining financing options (matching needs to instruments), and identifying operational next steps (such as capacity building or proposal preparation).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000353#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["national adaptation plan","Nationally Determined Contributions","climate finance","private investment","public–private partnership","capacity building","climate risk management","climate bond"],"geography_discussed":["Togo","Indonesia","Grenada","Uganda","Ethiopia","Cambodia","Kenya","Mali","Brazil","Philippines"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy guidance","financial analysis"]},{"id":"cdkn-000588","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cdkn-000588","title":"The Global Goal for Adaptation under the Paris Agreement: Putting ideas into action","publisher":{"name":"Climate and Development Knowledge Network","organization":"climate-and-development-knowledge-network"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2016-11","source_url":"http://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-adaptation-goals-paper.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper examines the alignment between the African Group of Negotiators' (AGN) vision for a Global Goal for Adaptation (GGA) and the provisions of the Paris Agreement. It argues that while the Agreement establishes a GGA and recognizes the link between mitigation and adaptation, significant technical and political work is required to operationalise it. Key recommendations include establishing minimum information requirements for adaptation components of Nationally Determined Contributions (a-NDCs) to enable the aggregation of data for the global stocktake, and developing sector-specific risk metrics to track progress. The authors emphasize the need for 'material parity' between mitigation and adaptation, ensuring that adaptation support is adequate, transparent, and based on scientific temperature scenarios.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000588#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The African Group of Negotiators (AGN) proposed a Global Goal for Adaptation (GGA) to ensure an adequate adaptation response in the face of insufficient mitigation ambition, seeking 'material parity between mitigation and adaptation'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000588#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The AGN's GGA proposal consists of four primary elements: adaptation planning, the communication of adaptation costs and needs, the recognition of adaptation efforts by developing countries, and the tracking of progress.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000588#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Developing countries often fund adaptation from domestic budgets, which the AGN argues should be recognized as contributions to global climate action. For example, between 2008 and 2011, Ethiopia spent USD 440 million of its domestic expenditure on climate action, with 87% (USD 382.8 million) dedicated to adaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000588#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A critical gap in the operationalisation of the GGA is the lack of agreed minimum information requirements for the adaptation component of Nationally Determined Contributions (a-NDCs), which hindered the UNFCCC secretariat's ability to aggregate data in its 2015 synthesis report.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000588#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors propose a hybrid approach to assess the adequacy of adaptation support: a bottom-up approach based on aggregated costs from a-NDCs and a top-down approach based on IPCC special reports on temperature scenarios.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000588#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To track the GGA, the paper suggests using sector-specific risk-based metrics (covering populations, infrastructure, and economy) and measuring the comprehensiveness of national planning regimes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000588#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The paper argues that the Ad hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement (APA) must provide political guidance and a standing agenda item to ensure the coherence of adaptation provisions and define minimum reporting requirements by COP 22.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000588#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Global Goal on Adaptation","Paris Agreement","climate change adaptation","climate finance","Nationally Determined Contributions","Global stocktake","climate resilience","transparency"],"geography_discussed":["Ethiopia","Uganda","Marrakech"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","recommendations"]},{"id":"foei-000534","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000534","title":"DIRTY ENERGY IN AFRICA","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2016-11","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/DIRTY-ENERGY-IN-AFRICA-EN-FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the impacts of coal, oil, gas, and megadams across Africa, highlighting how these 'dirty energy' sources drive climate change and cause severe social and health crises. It details specific cases, such as South Africa's coal reliance, Uganda's oil expansion, and Mozambique's megadams, while warning against the 'extreme energy' frontier of fracking and tar sands. The briefing concludes that African governments must reject these outdated pathways in favor of decentralized, sustainable energy systems supported by climate finance from developed nations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000534#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Sub-Saharan Africa is the most 'electricity poor' region globally, with over 620 million people lacking electricity access and nearly 730 million relying on unhealthy cooking fuels like biomass.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000534#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Africa is heavily dependent on coal, which provides almost 90% of its electricity and 77% of its primary energy needs, leading to severe respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in communities near power plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000534#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The African Development Bank was the second largest regional donor for coal projects globally between 2007 and 2013, providing US$2.8 billion, which risks locking African countries into outdated technologies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000534#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Uganda is expanding oil production with the goal of producing crude oil by 2020/2021, potentially exploiting up to 6.5 billion barrels in the Albertine Graben, which threatens high biodiversity including mountain gorillas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000534#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Megadams in Africa, such as the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa dam in Mozambique, often fail to reduce energy poverty; 85% of Mphanda Nkuwa's projected 1,300 MW capacity is intended for export, primarily to South Africa's Eskom.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000534#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nigeria is pursuing 'extreme energy' through bitumen (tar sands) extraction in Ondo state, with a Joint Operating Agreement targeting 10,000 barrels daily, which may cause topsoil removal and make farming impossible.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000534#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Maghreb region is heavily linked to EU energy policies, with Algeria supplying about 84% of its liquefied natural gas (LNG) to Europe, while Morocco's Ouarzazate solar plant has been criticized for 'green land grabbing' of 3,000 hectares.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000534#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal","petroleum","natural gas","nuclear power","biomass","carbon capture and storage","shale gas","hydraulic fracturing","oil sands","solar energy","energy access","climate finance","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Niger","Malawi","Mozambique","Madagascar","Zimbabwe","Ghana","Nigeria","Uganda","Algeria","Tunisia","Morocco","Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy briefing","case study","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"foei-000535","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000535","title":"ENERGÍA SUCIA EN ÁFRICA","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2016-11","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/DIRTY-ENERGY-IN-AFRICA-ES-FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the impacts of 'dirty energy' (coal, oil, gas, nuclear, industrial biomass, mega-dams, and waste incineration) across Africa. It highlights how these technologies drive climate change, cause severe health and environmental damage, and often benefit elites and multinational corporations over local populations. The report provides case studies on coal in South Africa, oil in Nigeria and Uganda, mega-dams in Mozambique, and the risks of 'extreme energy' like fracking and bitumen extraction in the Maghreb and Nigeria. It concludes by calling for 'energy sovereignty' and a just transition to decentralized, renewable energy systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000535#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Sub-Saharan Africa is the most electricity-poor region globally, with over 620 million people lacking access to electricity and nearly 730 million relying on unhealthy fuels like biomass for cooking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000535#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Africa is heavily dependent on coal, which provides nearly 90% of its electricity and 77% of its primary energy needs. This reliance has led to severe health crises, with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases causing over half of all deaths in communities near power plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000535#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Maghreb region, particularly Algeria, is closely tied to European energy policies, with Algeria serving as the second largest external supplier of natural gas to Europe. In Morocco, the Ouarzazate solar plant has been criticized as 'green land grabbing' for acquiring 3,000 hectares of community and grazing lands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000535#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Uganda is expanding oil production with goals to start crude oil production by 2020/2021, potentially exploiting up to 6.5 billion barrels in the Albertine Graben. This threatens the region's biodiversity, as Uganda is the second most biodiverse country in Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000535#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mega-dams in Africa, such as the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa dam in Mozambique, often fail to reduce energy poverty and instead cause mass displacement and environmental damage. The Mphanda Nkuwa project is estimated to cost over $2.3 billion and may displace 1,400 households.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000535#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nigeria is considering the exploitation of bitumen (oil sands), with reserves estimated at 38 billion barrels, the sixth largest in the world. This 'extreme energy' extraction is expected to cause environmental degradation similar to that seen in Canada, potentially removing all vegetation and making agriculture impossible.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000535#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal","petroleum","natural gas","nuclear power","incineration","climate change","energy transition","carbon capture and storage","hydraulic fracturing","oil sands","climate justice","renewable energy","land grabbing","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Niger","Malawi","Mozambique","Madagascar","Zimbabwe","Ghana","Nigeria","Uganda","Algeria","Tunisia","Morocco","Canada","Maghreb"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","environmental impact analysis","socio-economic analysis"]},{"id":"foei-000549","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000549","title":"L’énergie polluante en Afrique","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2016-11","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/energie-polluante-en-afrique.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the impacts of 'polluting energy'—including fossil fuels, industrial biomass, and large dams—across Africa. It highlights how these systems often benefit elites and corporations while leaving local populations to face health crises, land grabbing, and climate vulnerability. Specific case studies focus on South Africa's coal dependency, oil extraction in Nigeria and Uganda, the influence of European energy policies in the Maghreb, and the social and environmental costs of large dams in Mozambique. The report concludes that African nations must avoid 'locking in' obsolete polluting technologies and instead pursue energy sovereignty through decentralized renewables.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000549#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The report defines 'polluting energy' broadly, encompassing not only coal, oil, gas, and nuclear power, but also industrial biomass, industrial biofuels, large hydroelectric dams, and waste-to-energy incineration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000549#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sub-Saharan Africa is identified as the most electricity-poor region globally, with over 620 million people lacking access to electricity and nearly 730 million relying on harmful cooking fuels like biomass.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000549#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Africa's energy system is heavily dependent on coal, which provides nearly 90% of its electricity production and 77% of its primary energy needs, leading to severe respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in communities near power plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000549#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Maghreb region, energy policies are heavily influenced by European interests, with Algeria exporting nearly 84% of its liquefied natural gas (LNG) to Europe via pipelines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000549#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report warns against 'extreme' energy resources such as shale gas and oil sands, noting that transforming oil sands into oil emits two to three times more greenhouse gases than conventional oil production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000549#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Large dams in Africa are criticized for causing forced displacements and failing to reduce energy poverty; for example, the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa dam in Mozambique is expected to displace nearly 1,400 households, with 85% of its electricity intended for export.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000549#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nigeria is facing pressure to exploit its bitumen (oil sands) reserves, estimated at nearly 38 billion barrels, which the report suggests could lead to the destruction of arable land and severe environmental degradation similar to that seen in Canada.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000549#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Uganda's expansion into oil production in the Albertine Graben region threatens one of the continent's most exceptional biodiversity areas, which hosts half of Africa's bird species.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000549#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal","petroleum","natural gas","shale gas","hydraulic fracturing","oil sands","renewable energy","climate finance","greenhouse gas emissions","carbon capture and storage","energy transition","energy poverty","land grabbing"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Algeria","Tunisia","Morocco","Nigeria","Uganda","Mozambique","Canada","Niger","Malawi","Madagascar","Zimbabwe","Ghana","Togo","Angola","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Ethiopia","Republic of the Congo","Maghreb"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002295","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002295","title":"Trends in Adaptation Planning: Observations from a recent stock-taking review","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2016-11","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/trends-adaptation-planning-observations-review.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document analyzes adaptation efforts in 15 countries across Africa and Asia, highlighting a universal prioritization of the agricultural sector and significant gaps in subnational planning and monitoring systems. While national-level policy frameworks are advancing, the review identifies a persistent lack of adaptation programming in health, forestry, and fisheries, and notes that progress is driven more by political leadership and donor priorities than by development status or climate risk levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002295#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Adaptation priorities are consistent across the 15 reviewed countries, with the agricultural sector identified as a priority by all surveyed nations. Common actions include providing drought-tolerant seeds, expanding irrigation, and improving weather forecasts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002295#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gap between identified priorities and actual programming; while health, forestry, and fisheries are frequently prioritized, they receive low levels of adaptation programming. Additionally, few projects focus primarily on the differentiated gender impacts of climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002295#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Progress in adaptation planning varies by country and is primarily driven by senior government leadership and the priorities of development assistance agencies, rather than by a country's human development status or its level of climate risk.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002295#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Adaptation planning and mainstreaming at the subnational level are limited across all surveyed countries, regardless of the history of decentralization. This lack of capacity hinders the implementation of commitments under the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002295#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Most reviewed countries lack systems to monitor and evaluate progress toward adaptation goals, with only a few exceptions such as Kenya and Bangladesh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002295#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The nature of adaptation projects has evolved from creating an 'enabling environment' (research and policy formation) seen in earlier reviews to a greater focus on implementing specific adaptation actions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002295#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","agriculture","water management","disaster risk reduction","public health","forestry","climate finance","national adaptation plan","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Africa","Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["stock-taking review","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000532","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000532","title":"How Small Businesses Can Support Climate-Resilient Value Chains: Lessons from Uganda","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2016-10-26","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/brief/how-small-businesses-can-support-climate-resilient-value-chains-lessons-uganda","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing highlights how small businesses, specifically domestic seed companies, support climate risk management (CRM) in developing countries. It recommends that these companies improve decision-making regarding seed choices, increase knowledge of climate-resilient varieties, and strengthen distribution and quality control systems. Additionally, it suggests that development practitioners support these efforts through infrastructure improvements, capacity building on climate risk integration, and facilitating access to climate finance, while researchers should investigate small businesses as climate knowledge brokers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000532#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Small businesses in developing countries contribute to climate risk management (CRM) by creating new products and services that mitigate the negative effects of climate change for their clients and suppliers, with domestic seed companies' investments in quality seeds serving as a primary example.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000532#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To better support CRM, domestic seed companies should focus on improving informed decision-making regarding seed selection, raising awareness about the benefits of climate-resilient seeds, and enhancing the production, distribution, and quality control of these products through partnerships and standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000532#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Development practitioners can support climate-resilient value chains by improving infrastructure, information, and markets, building the capacity of small businesses to integrate climate risks and weather information into decision-making, and assisting these businesses in accessing climate finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000532#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate risk management","climate finance","climate change adaptation","food security"],"geography_discussed":["Eastern Region"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy recommendations","case study analysis"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000051","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000051","title":"East Africa Crowdfunding Landscape Study","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2016-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/16-11-07-Crowdfunding_Report-final-1-compressed.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the crowdfunding ecosystem in East Africa, noting a strong growth trend driven primarily by international donation- and lending-based platforms. While Kenya leads the region in activity, the study highlights significant regulatory uncertainty and a lack of investment-ready MSMEs as barriers to equity-based crowdfunding. It compares these findings with South Africa's more mature native ecosystem and the UK's highly institutionalized market, suggesting that mobile money integration is a key area of innovation for the region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000051#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Crowdfunding activity in East Africa is growing rapidly, with total flows in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda reaching $37.2 million in 2015 and an estimated $103.0 million for 2016, a projected increase of 177%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000051#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The growth in East African crowdfunding is primarily driven by an 'outside-in' pattern, where donors and lenders from developed nations in the global North fund campaigns in the region, particularly in healthcare, education, and food and agriculture.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000051#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Kenya is the most active crowdfunding market in East Africa, raising $22.0 million in 2015 and projected to raise $46.7 million in 2016, supported by its advanced economy and leadership in mobile money and internet connectivity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000051#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regulatory uncertainty and a lack of investment-ready projects have stifled the development of equity- and for-profit lending-based crowdfunding in East Africa, as platforms often struggle with onerous registration and advertising constraints.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000051#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Native East African platforms are innovating through mobile money integration, allowing users to create and manage campaigns via feature phones, which addresses the region's low internet penetration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000051#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Africa possesses a more mature crowdfunding ecosystem than East Africa, characterized by ten native platforms and a stronger e-commerce foundation that supports rewards-based crowdfunding, despite raising less total money than Kenya and Uganda in 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000051#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United Kingdom represents the most developed global ecosystem, where crowdfunding has become institutionalized with banks referring SMEs to P2P platforms and a regulatory approach by the FCA that allowed the industry to develop before tailoring rules.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000051#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Crowdfunding is being utilized to address energy needs in East Africa through solar energy projects, with platforms like Trine and SunFunder providing loans and accredited investor contributions to entrepreneurs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000051#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["solar energy","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","United Kingdom"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["landscape study","comparative analysis","market forecast"]},{"id":"iisd-001327","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001327","title":"Ending Hunger: What would it cost?","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2016-10","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/ending-hunger-what-would-it-cost.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report estimates that ending world hunger by 2030 will require an average of USD 11 billion in additional annual public spending, with USD 4 billion provided by donors and USD 7 billion by poor countries. This investment is projected to trigger an additional USD 5 billion in annual private investment. The analysis focuses on three intervention categories: social safety nets, farm support, and rural development. Using a sample of seven African countries to extrapolate global costs, the report identifies that Africa, particularly Central and South East Africa, will require the highest level of support, with some countries depending on donors for over 90 per cent of their budgets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001327#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"To achieve the goal of ending hunger by 2030, an average of USD 11 billion in additional annual public spending is required. Of this, USD 4 billion must come from donors and USD 7 billion from poor countries. This represents a 45 per cent increase over the current annual donor spending of USD 8.6 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001327#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The additional public spending required to end hunger is expected to stimulate an average of USD 5 billion in additional private investment every year until 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001327#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report's cost analysis focuses on three specific intervention categories: social safety nets (cash transfers and food stamps), farm support (subsidies, R&D, and technology), and rural development (infrastructure and market access). These categories account for 84 per cent of current donor spending on food and nutrition security.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001327#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In a 'business-as-usual' scenario (BAU) considering current economic growth and donor contributions, 600 million people are estimated to remain hungry by 2030, compared to 800 million in 2015. Without any further growth or donor contributions, the number of hungry people is projected to exceed 1 billion by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001327#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of seven representative African countries (Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia) shows an average additional cost of USD 1 billion per year to end hunger, with USD 400 million coming from donors. This is expected to trigger USD 2.8 billion in private agricultural investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001327#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Donor dependency varies significantly by country income levels. For example, Malawi is projected to depend on donors for 90 per cent of its public budget in 2030, while Nigeria is expected to depend on donors for less than 10 per cent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001327#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Africa requires the highest level of support, particularly Central and South East Africa. Some countries, including South Sudan, Eritrea, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, will depend on donor support for more than 90 per cent of their public budgets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001327#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["food security","agriculture","climate finance","Sustainable Development Goals","poverty reduction"],"geography_discussed":["Africa","Ghana","Malawi","Nigeria","Senegal","Tanzania","Uganda","Zambia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","South Sudan","Eritrea","People's Republic of China"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic modelling","cost estimation","policy analysis"]}]}