{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["nigeria"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":1072,"relation":"eq"},"page":29,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=nigeria&page=29","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=nigeria&page=30","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-001745","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001745","title":"Local Content Policies in the Mining Sector: Stimulating direct local employment","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-10","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/local-content-policies-mining-direct-local-employment.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines policies and strategies used by governments to promote direct local employment in the mining sector. It outlines a five-step process for developing local employment policies and categorizes interventions into regulatory 'stick'-based approaches and facilitative 'carrot'-based incentives. The document emphasizes the importance of matching labour supply with industry demand, promoting gender equity and Indigenous participation, and preparing for technological shifts such as automation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001745#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Governments implement local employment policies in mining to achieve several strategic goals: responding to political pressure for job creation, securing a \"social licence to operate\" for projects, increasing national tax revenues, developing the national labour force's skills, promoting gender equality and social inclusion, and maximizing fiscal revenues by reducing company operational costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001745#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The report proposes a five-step framework for developing local employment policies: 1) assessing mining's role in national development, 2) evaluating labour force supply against industry demand, 3) setting local content goals and defining \"local,\" 4) formulating a mix of regulatory and facilitative strategies, and 5) monitoring, evaluating, and forecasting.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001745#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Regulatory approaches to local employment are mandatory and rely on compliance mechanisms, such as financial sanctions or loss of licences. Common regulatory tools include mandated minimum percentages of local employees (quotas), required training of local workers, succession or localization plans, visa restrictions on foreign workers, and mandated reporting standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001745#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Facilitative approaches use incentives to encourage local hiring. These include giving preference in the bidding process to companies with strong local employment strategies, using non-binding provisions that local people be hired \"to the extent feasible,\" providing fiscal incentives like tax deductions or subsidized financing, and offering government support for the creation of education and training facilities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001745#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The definition of \"local\" varies by country: some define it as any citizen resident in the country (e.g., Nigeria, Ghana, Angola, Indonesia), while others prioritize those in communities immediately surrounding the site (e.g., Philippines, Papua New Guinea) or specific ethnic and social subgroups (e.g., Indigenous peoples in Canada and Australia).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001745#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Women are significantly under-represented in the global extractives workforce, estimated at only 10 per cent. Effective gender equity policies must go beyond recruitment to address workplace culture, including anti-discrimination and anti-harassment mechanisms and flexible working conditions to accommodate family responsibilities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001745#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The report highlights that the mining sector's contribution to direct employment is relatively small, typically around 1–2 per cent of a country's total direct employment, though this can increase to 3–15 per cent when indirect and induced employment are included.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001745#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Technological trends, particularly automation, are expected to impact the number and types of jobs available in the future. This may lead to a decline in the overall number of jobs and a shift in the skills required, necessitating that governments and industry prepare alternative livelihood projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001745#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","economic diversification","sustainable development"],"geography_discussed":["Canada","Chile","South Africa","Ghana","Australia","Papua New Guinea","Nigeria","Angola","Indonesia","Philippines","Kazakhstan","Norway","Malaysia","Qatar","Afghanistan","Tanzania","Brazil","Botswana","Zambia","Azerbaijan","Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","framework development"]},{"id":"iisd-001798","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001798","title":"Developing and Negotiating Based on a Model Investment Treaty","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2018-10","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/model-investment-treaty-webinar-note.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This briefing note provides background for an IISD webinar on the development and negotiation of model bilateral investment treaties (BITs). It examines why countries are revising their investment governance frameworks, the shift toward more transparent consultation processes, and the substantive changes in new-generation models aimed at protecting the right to regulate and promoting sustainable development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001798#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A surge in investment treaty arbitrations that peaked in 2015 has led many states to reconsider international investment governance. Responses include the termination of bilateral investment treaties (BITs), the exclusion of investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanisms, or the denunciation of the ICSID Convention.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001798#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"High-income, capital-exporting nations like Canada and the Netherlands are reviewing their model treaties. The Netherlands is the second most popular home state for ISDS claims after the United States, with 17.5 per cent of total claims made by allegedly Dutch investors despite the country being party to only 3 per cent of all investment treaties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001798#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Canada's 2004 model foreign investment promotion and protection agreement (FIPA) was primarily used for BITs with developing countries, specifically mineral-rich African nations. Since 2004, Canada has concluded 20 BITs and nine free trade agreements (FTAs) with 25 developing country partners, and Canadian companies have filed 45 lawsuits against governments, with one award against a developing country reaching USD 1.2 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001798#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Emerging economies are leading the creation of new-generation models. India adopted a comprehensive new model in 2016 after facing claims based on its 1993 model. Nigeria adopted a new model in 2016 to balance investor rights with sustainable development goals and the right to regulate, which served as the basis for the 2016 Nigeria–Morocco BIT.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001798#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Brazil has avoided traditional BITs, instead developing Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements (CFIA). These agreements protect only foreign direct investment, exclude protection against indirect expropriation, and replace ISDS with centralized mechanisms for grievances and state-to-state cooperation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001798#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Modern model BITs generally aim to achieve three goals: refining protection language to prevent broad arbitral interpretations that hinder public policy; integrating sustainable development elements such as human rights and environmental obligations; and limiting ISDS in favor of alternative dispute resolution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001798#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a trend toward more transparent and consultative processes for developing model treaties. Examples include Canada's public consultation, the Netherlands posting draft texts online, and India using the MyGov.in online platform. However, some consultations are criticized for focusing only on technical issues rather than fundamental questions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001798#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable development","environmental sustainability","right to regulate"],"geography_discussed":["Canada","Netherlands","India","Nigeria","Brazil","Africa","Morocco","Norway"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","legal analysis"]},{"id":"issafri-001087","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-001087","title":"The reintegration enigma","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-10","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/car13.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report examines the challenges of reintegrating Boko Haram deserters in the Lake Chad Basin, advocating for a shift from purely military responses to a comprehensive 'desertion, de-incentivisation, rehabilitation and reintegration' (DDRR) framework. It emphasizes the need for regional coordination, community-sensitive approaches, and the demobilization of local vigilante groups to ensure sustainable interim stabilisation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001087#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Since August 2016, waves of Boko Haram members have deserted the group due to military successes by the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), internal rivalry between the Shekau and al-Barnawi factions, and individual disillusionment or fear of death.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001087#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The report argues that a narrow focus on de-radicalisation is insufficient for reintegration because not all deserters are radicalised, and measuring individual commitment to de-radicalisation is difficult.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001087#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Current post-desertion interventions are largely national and limited to detention, encampment, and processing via judicial channels, de-radicalisation, or return to communities. The report notes that Niger is currently the only country in the region performing the sorting process systematically.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001087#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a critical need to demobilise and demilitarise community auto-defence or vigilante groups. While they provide a first line of defence, they sometimes operate as predatory forces or are complicit in human-rights violations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001087#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Effective DDRR requires a multi-level approach that integrates security and development. This includes 'interim stabilisation'—combined humanitarian and security interventions to reduce immediate threats while addressing root causes in areas still under threat of attack.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001087#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The report highlights the risk of 'stragglers'—individuals who falsely claim to be Boko Haram members to access food, shelter, and clothing in ex-combatant holding areas, reflecting the dire socio-economic conditions of the region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001087#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The report recommends that the Lake Chad Basin Commission lead the development of a regional strategic framework for rehabilitation and integration, supported by the African Union, to prevent opportunistic enrolment and harmonise national approaches.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001087#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","ecological conditions","food insecurity"],"geography_discussed":["Diffa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","security assessment"]},{"id":"foei-000069","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000069","title":"Nous devons réclamer un nouveau système énergétique international qui convienne aux gens et à la planète","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"statement","language":"fr","date_published":"2018-09-20","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/fr/nous-devons-reclamer-un-nouveau-systeme-energetique-international-qui-convienne-aux-gens-et-a-la-planete/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"A statement by Friends of the Earth International calling for a radical systemic overhaul of global energy, food, political, and economic systems to prevent global warming from exceeding 1.5 degrees Celsius. The document argues that current incremental measures and 'false solutions' are insufficient and that a transition to decentralized, people-led renewable energy is necessary to achieve climate justice.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000069#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The document warns of a 'Hothouse Earth' scenario where, even if temperature increases are stabilized at 2 degrees, the planet could pass a point of no return, leading to the sudden release of carbon and methane from forests, permafrost, and oceans, rendering parts of the Earth uninhabitable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000069#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Current energy trends contradict climate goals, with over 1,600 new coal plants planned or under installation across 62 countries, and a projected 58% increase in European gas imports due to new conventional gas plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000069#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The organization rejects 'false solutions' and risky, untested technologies such as Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), which it claims distract from real solutions and may cause further environmental catastrophes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000069#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Large hydroelectric dams are categorized as polluting energies because they contribute to land grabbing, undermine food sovereignty, and emit nearly one billion tons of greenhouse gases annually from rotting vegetation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000069#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Climate injustice is highlighted by the fact that 10% of the global population is responsible for 50% of emissions, while the poorest 50% are responsible for only 10%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000069#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"A just transition requires developed Northern countries to reduce emissions to zero as quickly as possible, stop new fossil fuel projects, and provide significant financial transfers to Southern countries to fund their sustainable development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000069#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The document advocates for a decentralized energy system based on community control of clean sources like wind and solar, citing successful examples in Scotland, Denmark, Palestine, and Ireland.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000069#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","climate justice","fossil fuels","renewable energy","systemic change","hydroelectric power","beccs"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Bangladesh","Mozambique","Nigeria","Togo","Argentina","Colombia","South Africa","United Kingdom","Ghana","Paraguay","Chile","Honduras","Netherlands","Scotland","Denmark","Palestine","Ireland","Australia","France","Bulgaria","United States","Canada","Victoria","New York","Europe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy Statement","Advocacy"]},{"id":"foei-000201","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000201","title":"Tenemos que exigir un nuevo sistema energético internacional que beneficie a los pueblos y el planeta","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"statement","language":"es","date_published":"2018-09-20","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/es/tenemos-que-exigir-un-nuevo-sistema-energetico-internacional-que-beneficie-a-los-pueblos-y-el-planeta/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"A statement by Friends of the Earth International calling for a radical systemic change in global energy, food, political, and economic systems to limit global warming to 1.5°C and achieve climate justice.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000201#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The document warns that exceeding a 1.5°C temperature increase poses severe risks and that current commitments under the Paris Agreement could lead to a 4°C increase, potentially triggering irreversible tipping points where forests, permafrost, and oceans release stored carbon and methane.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000201#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Despite climate risks, the document notes that over 1,600 new coal-fired power plants are planned or under construction across 62 countries, and the European Union is projected to increase its gas import capacity by 58%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000201#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The organization identifies 'dirty energy' as including not only fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas, fracking, oil sands) but also nuclear energy and large-scale hydroelectric projects, the latter of which are cited for causing land grabbing and emitting approximately one billion tons of greenhouse gases annually through decaying vegetation in reservoirs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000201#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Friends of the Earth International rejects 'false solutions'—unproven, profit-driven technological fixes—such as Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), which it claims are dangerous distractions from real solutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000201#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The document advocates for energy sovereignty through decentralized, community-led energy systems based on clean sources like wind and solar, citing successful examples in Scotland, Denmark, Palestine, and Ireland.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000201#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The statement emphasizes a climate justice framework where the Global North, responsible for the majority of emissions, must reduce emissions to zero as quickly as possible, stop financing fossil fuel extraction in the Global South, and provide significant financial flows to the Global South for a just transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000201#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","climate justice","fossil fuels","energy sovereignty","renewable energy","global north-south divide"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Bangladesh","Mozambique","Nigeria","Togo","Argentina","Colombia","South Africa","United Kingdom","Ghana","Paraguay","Chile","Honduras","Netherlands","Scotland","Denmark","Palestine","Ireland","Australia","France","Bulgaria","United States","Canada","Victoria","New York","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy Statement","Advocacy"]},{"id":"rmi-000316","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/rmi-000316","title":"Reliable and Affordable Electricity for Nigeria: Growing the Minigrid Market","publisher":{"name":"RMI","organization":"rmi"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2018-08-28","source_url":"https://rmi.org/resources/reliable-and-affordable-electricity-for-nigeria-growing-the-minigrid-market/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This executive summary outlines recommendations for investors and donor partners to scale the minigrid market in Nigeria, highlighting the country's emergence as a global hub for minigrid development through innovative models and a demonstrated business case.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000316#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"To accelerate the growth of the minigrid market in Nigeria, the document recommends that investors and donor partners support the affordability and viability of finance, provide operational subsidies and partial grants that allow developers to retain ownership, establish a minigrid finance consortium to distribute investment risk, and coordinate demand stimulation across sectors, including agricultural programs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000316#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Nigeria is currently becoming a global center for minigrid development due to the testing of innovative models and a proven business case.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000316#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","minigrids","renewable energy finance"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy recommendations"]},{"id":"issafri-001049","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-001049","title":"Getting to Africa’s demographic dividend","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-08","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/ar13-2.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"This report analyzes the conditions necessary for African states to achieve a demographic dividend, noting that most are currently several decades away due to high youth dependency and slow fertility declines. It argues that while global growth is slowing due to aging populations, Africa's expanding working-age population offers a comparative advantage if coupled with investments in contraception, female education, and basic infrastructure. The report warns that without these interventions and significant job creation, Africa will continue to diverge from global averages in income and health.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001049#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Low- and lower-middle-income African states are currently several decades away from achieving a demographic dividend. The continent's transition from high to low birth and death rates is significantly slower than in other global regions, with most states expected to benefit from a dividend only by mid-century or later.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001049#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Africa's current economic growth is insufficient to eliminate extreme poverty by 2030. To meet the SDG goal of eliminating extreme poverty by 2030, Africa would need an annual average GDP growth rate of 20% by 2023 (at current inequality levels) or 12% if inequality were significantly reduced.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001049#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"While the global ratio of working-age population to dependents peaked in 2012 and is declining, Africa's ratio is still growing and is forecast to peak shortly after 2070. This gives Africa a comparative advantage as the only region where the working-age population relative to dependents will expand beyond 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001049#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"High youth dependency ratios in sub-Saharan Africa structurally limit the ability of states to raise incomes rapidly enough to reduce poverty. This is compounded by factors such as the inability to industrialise, corruption, and governance quality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001049#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"A demographic window of opportunity typically requires a fertility rate of 2.8 children per woman or lower. Sub-Saharan Africa's current fertility rate is estimated at 4.8 children per woman and is likely to reach the 2.8 threshold only around 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001049#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The report models a scenario to advance Africa's demographic dividend which suggests that by 2063, the continent would have 418 million fewer people and a GDP (in purchasing power terms) that is US$1.7 trillion larger than the current trajectory.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001049#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"To accelerate the demographic transition, the report recommends three primary interventions: the accelerated roll-out of modern contraception, eliminating gender inequality in education (specifically boosting female enrolment and graduation rates), and investing in basic infrastructure like clean water and improved sanitation to reduce infant and female mortality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001049#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Labour productivity in Africa is currently lower than global counterparts due to low education levels and a high disease burden. However, the report suggests that the fourth industrial revolution and digital opportunities could potentially reverse this gap.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001049#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa","North Africa","South Africa","Mozambique","Ethiopia","Accra","Addis Ababa","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Niger","Egypt","Mauritius","Seychelles","Tunisia","Morocco","Libya","Algeria","Botswana","Nigeria","Somalia","Mali","Chad","Angola","Burundi","Uganda","The Gambia","Burkina Faso"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"issafri-001649","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-001649","title":"Peace & Security Council Report","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-08","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/psc-105.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The August 2018 Peace & Security Council Report by the Institute for Security Studies examines several African Union (AU) challenges, including the shift in the AU's approach to Western Sahara, tensions over LGBTI rights and the independence of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, institutional friction between the AU and the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the need for non-military stabilisation strategies in the Lake Chad basin to combat Boko Haram.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001649#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The African Union (AU) decided at its 31st summit in Nouakchott to limit its peace efforts in Western Sahara to support a United Nations (UN) led process. This decision is a reversal of a January 2018 decision that called for joint AU and UN facilitated talks for a referendum. The AU will now engage through a troika of heads of state (outgoing, current, and incoming AU chairpersons) and the AU Commission chairperson, effectively limiting the Peace and Security Council's (PSC) involvement to the level of heads of state.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001649#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The AU's decision to limit the PSC's role in Western Sahara may set a precedent that allows other member states to bypass the PSC's ambassadorial-level deliberations in favor of UN processes. This could undermine the PSC's relevance and working methods, as summits for heads of state occur infrequently and may lack binding decisions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001649#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The AU Executive Council has pressured the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) to withdraw the observer status of the Coalition of African Lesbians (CAL) by 31 December 2018. This conflict highlights tensions between the ACHPR's mandate to protect human rights and the views of AU member states, many of whom view homosexuality as 'un-African'. As of May 2017, 32 of 54 African countries criminalise homosexual practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001649#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The ACHPR faces challenges to its functional independence, as AU member states have provided little of its budget, leaving it dependent on external donors. Member states have also warned the commission to ensure confidentiality and due diligence before reporting allegations against states, reflecting unease with reports critical of governments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001649#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Friction exists between the AU and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) regarding institutional reforms and the post-Cotonou negotiations with the European Union (EU). SADC opposes the AU's preference for a new relationship with Europe negotiated solely through the AU Commission, instead favoring the maintenance of the ACP (Africa, Caribbean and Pacific) negotiating team. SADC also expressed concerns that some AU reform decisions were made at retreats without proper consultation with the Executive Council and Permanent Representatives Committee.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001649#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Combatting Boko Haram in the Lake Chad basin requires a regional stabilisation strategy that addresses root causes such as poverty, marginalisation, and environmental pressures, as military force alone has been insufficient. In the Far North Province of Cameroon, 74.3% of the population lives below the poverty line. Additionally, 90% of Lake Chad's water surface area has dried up, increasing resource conflicts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001649#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a lack of a common regional approach to the amnesty and de-radicalisation of Boko Haram defectors. Nigeria uses a 16-week vocational programme via Operation Safe Corridor, while Cameroon employs traditional ceremonies involving the Quran. These divergent programmes fail to account for the fluid citizenship of border communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001649#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"UN Special Envoy Nicholas Haysom notes that while a power-sharing deal was signed in South Sudan on 5 August 2018, sustainability depends on political will, financial transparency, and inclusive engagement. He highlights a 'security gap' in the current agreements and warns that the conflict has taken on an ethnic character, leading to more cruel destruction of communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001649#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Morocco","Algeria","South Africa","Libya","Democratic Republic of the Congo","South Sudan","Cameroon","Zimbabwe","Burundi","Nigeria","Uganda","Namibia","Lesotho","Madagascar","Comoros","Niger","Chad","Benin","Sudan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"clibonds-000774","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-000774","title":"Green Bonds – A Bridge to the SDGs","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2018-07","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/Green-Bonds-A-Bridge-to-the-SDGs.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This briefing by the Climate Bonds Initiative explores the synergies between green bonds and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), arguing that climate mitigation and adaptation are essential for achieving the 2030 Agenda. It identifies six specific SDGs that benefit directly from green bond investment and emphasizes the need for climate risk disclosure across all thematic bond labels to ensure long-term sustainability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000774#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Green bonds provide direct benefits to six of the seventeen UN Sustainable Development Goals: Clean water and sanitation (SDG6), Clean energy (SDG7), Sustainable industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG9), Sustainable cities and communities (SDG11), Climate Action (SDG13), and Life on land (SDG15).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000774#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Between 2007 and June 2018, the allocation of green bond proceeds was dominated by Energy at 40%, followed by Buildings at 24%, Transport at 15%, Water at 11%, Waste at 4%, Adaptation at 3%, and Land Use at 3%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000774#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Climate action is a crosscutting theme that impacts all SDGs; the UN states that the successful implementation of the SDGs depends on urgent action to combat climate change and minimize disruptions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000774#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a need for a 'climate risk lens' and standardized disclosure across all thematic bonds—including social, ESG, and sustainability bonds—to prevent short-term social gains from being undermined by a lack of low-carbon alignment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000774#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"To meet the SDGs and global climate targets, green bond issuance must scale significantly, with Mission 2020 targeting USD 1 trillion of annual green bond issuance by 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000774#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate mitigation","climate adaptation","green bonds","sustainable finance","sdgs"],"geography_discussed":["Australia","Cape Town","Nigeria","India","Lithuania","Brazil","Poland","Indonesia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","policy briefing"]},{"id":"clibonds-000782","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-000782","title":"Green Bonds Policy: Highlights from Q1-Q2 2018","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2018-07","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/Green-Bonds-Policy-Highlights-from-Q1-Q2-2018.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This briefing by the Climate Bonds Initiative outlines key public sector green bond policy developments from the first half of 2018, focusing on sovereign issuance, national guidelines, financial incentives, and the role of central banks in supporting the energy transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000782#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Sovereign green bond issuance grew in the first half of 2018. Poland issued a second green bond in February for EUR 1bn (USD 1.2bn) for energy, transport, and land use. Indonesia issued the first sovereign green sukuk for USD 1.25bn in February. Belgium issued a EUR 4.5bn (USD 5.5bn) bond in February, allocating 85% of proceeds to rail. Lithuania became the first Baltic country to issue a sovereign green bond in April for EUR 20m (USD 25m). France increased its total green OAT issuance to EUR 14.8bn after a EUR 4bn tap in June 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000782#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Several Latin American countries launched national green bond guidelines in early 2018. Peru's Lima Stock Exchange (BVL) published a Green Bonds Guide in March, emphasizing third-party verification. Chile launched a \"Green and Social Bond Segment\" and related Guidelines in April, aligning with the Climate Bond Standard and other international principles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000782#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Governments are using targeted incentives to lower entry barriers for green bond issuers. Hong Kong introduced a three-year \"Green Bond Grant Scheme\" providing subsidies up to HKD 800,000 (USD 102,000) for external reviews for bonds at least HKD 500m (USD 63.7m) in size.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000782#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The European Commission is developing a comprehensive sustainable finance framework. In March 2018, it announced an Action Plan, followed by the June launch of a Technical Expert Group (TEG). The TEG is tasked with creating an EU taxonomy for sustainable finance (with climate mitigation due Q1 2019 and adaptation due Q2 2019) and an EU green bond label planned for Q3 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000782#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Luxembourg enacted the first law globally allowing renewable energy assets to be included in covered bond cover pools. The Renewable Energy Covered Bonds (RECB) draft bill, published in January 2018, entered into force on July 1st. Eligible assets include wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass, among others, based on EU Directive 2009/28.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000782#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Central banks are integrating green finance into their operations to manage climate risks. The People’s Bank of China (PBoC) now accepts green bonds and loans as collateral for its Medium-Term Lending Facility (MLF) and includes green credit in its Macro-Prudential Assessment (MPA) scoring system. Additionally, the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) held its first meeting in January 2018 to focus on supervision, macrofinancial issues, and mainstreaming green finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000782#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Various governments have initiated consultations to establish green finance strategies. Sweden's Green Bond Investigation Commission published a report in January 2018 recommending sovereign issuance and incentives. The UK's Green Finance Taskforce recommended a sovereign green bond and the government subsequently launched the Green Finance Institute (GFI) in London in June 2018. Canada established an Expert Panel on Sustainable Finance to consult the business community.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000782#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["green bonds","sovereign bonds","sustainable finance","eu taxonomy","central bank policy"],"geography_discussed":["Poland","France","Fiji","Nigeria","Indonesia","Belgium","Lithuania","Hong Kong","Kenya","Austria","South Korea","Canada","Peru","Mexico","Chile","European Union","Egypt","Luxembourg","People's Republic of China","Sweden","United Kingdom","India","Brazil","Qatar"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy summary","market update"]},{"id":"iisd-001558","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001558","title":"Local content policies","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2018-07","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/igf-guidance-for-governments-local-content.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This guide by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) provides a strategic framework for governments to design and implement local content policies in the mining sector. It outlines a four-step process—aligning with national objectives, taking stock of capabilities, crafting specific policies, and establishing monitoring mechanisms—to ensure mining investments contribute to sustainable, inclusive economic development and diversification.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001558#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Local content policies are highly context-specific, and the document warns that the history of their practice often yields more cautionary tales than best practices. Success depends on a country's unique resource endowments, local skill sets, infrastructure, and investment environment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001558#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The guide identifies five primary objectives for local content policies: increasing the procurement of local goods and services, increasing the hiring of local workers, fostering spillover benefits into non-mining sectors (horizontal linkages), increasing local processing of minerals (beneficiation/downstream linkages), and building the capacity of national mining firms and state-owned enterprises.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001558#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Local procurement policies can be implemented through demand-side measures, such as mandated target percentages or targeted lists of goods, and supply-side measures, such as Supplier Development Programs (SDPs) and access to finance. The document notes that demand-side policies alone may increase operational costs if local suppliers cannot meet quality or price standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001558#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Local employment policies range from regulatory 'stick' approaches—such as mandated employment quotas and visa restrictions—to facilitative 'carrot' approaches, including fiscal incentives and support for training facilities. The guide emphasizes that quotas are only effective when accompanied by supply-side strategies to raise skill levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001558#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Horizontal linkages can be achieved through infrastructure-led channels (e.g., shared use of roads, rail, and power) or capabilities-led channels (e.g., transferring mining-sector technology and skills to other industries). Infrastructure-led linkages are noted as being less dependent on initial skills and capabilities than other forms of linkages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001558#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Downstream linkages (beneficiation) aim for diversification within the mining sector. The guide warns that these are complex and risky, as the ability to remain competitive depends on factors like energy costs and global value chain dynamics rather than just the proximity to raw materials.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001558#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"To foster national mining firms, governments may use joint venture requirements, stimulate R&D and technology transfer, or create state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The document highlights that SOEs must be insulated from political interference to achieve commercial success.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001558#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Automation and robotics are expected to reduce the number of low- and medium-skilled jobs in mining, which will decrease domestic procurement spending on employee-linked items like food and housing. This technological evolution may necessitate a shift toward hypothecated taxes or shared infrastructure to compensate for lost employment benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001558#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Local content policies may conflict with international trade and investment laws, specifically WTO rules on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) and bilateral investment treaties that prohibit performance requirements, such as mandatory local content or joint venture requirements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001558#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Effective implementation requires a four-step process: 1) Ensuring fit with national development objectives; 2) Taking stock of the sectoral context and gaps; 3) Crafting the policies; and 4) Establishing independent monitoring, review, and enforcement mechanisms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001558#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","economic diversification","sustainable development"],"geography_discussed":["Canada","Mongolia","Australia","Zambia","Kazakhstan","South Africa","Ghana","Botswana","Mozambique","Angola","Brazil","Chile","Nigeria","Tanzania","Philippines","Norway","Malaysia","Indonesia","Afghanistan","Senegal","Mali","Sweden","Finland","Libya","Kenya","People's Republic of China","United Kingdom","Saudi Arabia","Mexico"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy guide","strategic framework"]},{"id":"clibonds-000005","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-000005","title":"Green Bonds: A Bridge to SDGs - Focus on SDG 6, 7, 9, 11, 13 & 15","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2018-06-20","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/news-events/blog/green-bonds-bridge-sdgs-focus-sdg-6-7-9-11-13-15","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This briefing by the Climate Bonds Initiative explores the synergies between green bonds and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), arguing that climate mitigation and adaptation are essential for achieving the 2030 Agenda. It identifies six specific SDGs that benefit most directly from green bond investment and emphasizes the need for climate risk disclosure across all thematic bond labels to ensure long-term sustainability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000005#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Green bonds provide direct benefits to six specific UN Sustainable Development Goals: Clean water and sanitation (SDG6), Clean energy (SDG7), Sustainable industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG9), Sustainable cities and communities (SDG11), Climate Action (SDG13), and Life on land (SDG15).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000005#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Clean energy (SDG7) is the largest segment of the green bond market at 40%, followed by low carbon buildings at 24% and low carbon transport at 15%. Clean water and sanitation (SDG6) accounts for 11% of issuance, while sustainable forestry and agriculture (SDG15) represents 3%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000005#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Climate action is a crosscutting theme essential to all SDGs; the UN states that urgent action to combat climate change is integral to the successful implementation of the SDGs, and achieving them is nearly impossible if global temperatures rise above 2°C.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000005#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a critical need for climate risk disclosure across all thematic bonds—including social, sustainability, ESG, and SDG bonds—to prevent short-term social gains from undermining long-term low-carbon goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000005#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"To meet the full set of SDGs, green bond issuance must scale from millions to trillions, with 'Mission 2020' targeting USD 1 trillion of annual green bond issuance by 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000005#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate mitigation","climate adaptation","green bonds","sustainable development goals (sdgs)","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Cape Town","Nigeria","India","Lithuania","Poland","Indonesia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Market Analysis","Policy Briefing"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000056","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000056","title":"Market barriers to remittances in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-06","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/2018.08.03_Volume-2_Market-barriers-to-remittances-in-sub-Saharan-Africa-scoping-study_Cenfri-FSDA.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report identifies and ranks the supply-side market barriers that increase the cost and limit the access of formal remittance services in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It analyzes the remittance value chain across the first, middle, and last miles, categorizing impediments into business case, regulatory, infrastructure, and consumer-related barriers. The study finds that SSA is the most expensive region globally for remittances, with an average cost of 9.4%, driven by a combination of rigid KYC requirements, a persistent preference for cash, and underdeveloped payment infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000056#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Sub-Saharan Africa is the most expensive region globally for sending remittances, with an average cost of 9.4% of the transaction value, compared to a global average of 7.1%. In certain corridors, such as transfers from Nigeria to Benin, Mali, or Togo, fees can reach 22% of the transfer value.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000056#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering/Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) requirements are the most frequently cited barriers at the first and last mile. Rigid enforcement and a lack of a risk-based approach lead to the exclusion of consumers who lack official documentation and increase compliance costs for providers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000056#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"A persistent consumer preference for cash creates significant operational costs for Remittance Service Providers (RSPs). This reliance necessitates expensive agent management and cash logistics, particularly in rural areas where cash reticulation is difficult due to poor infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000056#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The formal remittance market in SSA suffers from a lack of competition, often because licenses are restricted to banks. This forces non-bank RSPs into costly partnerships with banks, who may de-prioritize remittance business or engage in anti-competitive behavior to protect their own service lines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000056#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Middle-mile operations are hampered by regulatory inconsistency and uncertainty across different jurisdictions. The lack of harmonized AML/CFT standards and gaps in legislation lead to institutional de-risking, where banks terminate relationships with partners to avoid potential fines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000056#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Underdeveloped national payment systems and a lack of interoperability increase costs in the middle mile. Many countries lack national or regional switches, forcing RSPs to switch abroad, and the use of outdated legacy IT systems causes transaction delays and integration difficulties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000056#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Informal money transfer services (IMTSs) compete effectively with formal providers by offering lower costs, better foreign exchange rates, and more flexible documentation requirements. This is particularly prevalent in corridors where formal providers have exited due to de-risking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000056#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Infrastructure deficits, specifically unstable electricity and unreliable mobile networks in rural areas, undermine trust in digital remittance services and increase the cost of doing business for RSPs who must invest in backup power.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000056#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a significant gap in the availability of remittance data. Balance-of-payments reporting is not standardized across SSA countries, and the high volume of informal flows masks the true size of the market, hindering the ability of RSPs to build business cases for underserved corridors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000056#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Nigeria","Benin","Mali","Togo","Uganda","Ethiopia","Ivory Coast","Somalia","Kenya","Tanzania","Zambia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Ghana"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","barrier analysis"]},{"id":"issafri-001043","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-001043","title":"Practical pathways to peace","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-06","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/ar-10.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"This report by the Institute for Security Studies compares peacebuilding and inclusivity efforts in Liberia and South Sudan to provide practical recommendations for the United Nations and other international actors on sustaining peace.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001043#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Liberia's mediation process successfully utilized a power-sharing model that included warring factions, political parties, and civil society. To prevent these actors from dominating future politics, appointees in the National Transitional Government of Liberia (NTGL) were prohibited from contesting the 2005 elections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001043#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"In contrast to Liberia, South Sudan's mediation efforts were overly focused on the two primary conflict parties and failed to address the incentives of these actors. This narrow focus, combined with a lack of resources and a failure to include other armed groups in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), contributed to political fragmentation and a relapse into conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001043#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Liberia's Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) process was comprehensive, resulting in the complete disbanding of the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) and the demobilisation of over 101,000 people between December 2003 and October 2004, including 22,300 women and 11,700 children. However, high unemployment (approximately 75%) hindered long-term reintegration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001043#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"South Sudan's DDR and Security Sector Reform (SSR) processes were largely ineffective. Only 13% of combatants entered the DDR programme, and the South Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) continued to grow due to amnesty packages for militias and recruitment driven by fears of border conflict with Sudan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001043#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"State-building in South Sudan was hampered by a technical approach that prioritised central state institutions in Juba and failed to distinguish between the SPLM ruling party and state institutions. In Liberia, while inclusive national frameworks like 'Liberia Rising 2030' were established, the country still struggles with finalizing constitutional reform.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001043#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The effectiveness of regional organisations depends on their internal unity. ECOWAS eventually provided a unified response to Liberia's conflict by institutionalising frameworks for democracy and good governance. Conversely, IGAD's efforts in South Sudan were undermined by the competing interests of member states, including Ethiopia, Uganda, Sudan, Egypt, and Kenya.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001043#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Ethiopia","Sudan","Uganda","Egypt","Kenya","Ivory Coast","Burkina Faso","Nigeria","Guinea","Senegal","Sierra Leone","Monrovia","Addis Ababa","Juba"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"saiia-000846","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-000846","title":"CAN THE AFRICAN CONTINENTAL FREE TRADE AREA OFFER A NEW BEGINNING FOR TRADE IN AFRICA?","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2018-06","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Occasional-Paper-280.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"This research paper examines the establishment and potential implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), signed on 21 March 2018. It analyzes the projected economic gains, the challenges posed by varying levels of national development, and the political and technical hurdles that may impede the creation of a continent-wide free trade area.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000846#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The AfCFTA aims to address critically low intra-African trade, which has averaged between 12% and 14% of the continent's total trade basket over the last 20 years. This low level of trade is attributed to a continued dependency on raw materials and low industrialization, with 60% of African countries relying on a maximum of five commodities for their exports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000846#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Successful implementation of the AfCFTA is projected to increase total African exports by 4% ($25.3 billion) and result in a 52% ($34.6 billion) increase in intra-African trade compared to a baseline of no trade reforms by 2022. Trade in industrial goods specifically is expected to grow by 53% between 2010 and 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000846#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Significant implementation hurdles include poor infrastructure, non-tariff barriers (NTBs), lengthy customs procedures, and the contentious issue of the free movement of persons. The latter is particularly difficult due to high domestic unemployment and securitization narratives, as evidenced by only 30 countries signing the Free Movement of Persons, Right to Residence and Right to Establishment agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000846#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"To accommodate less-developed countries (LDCs), the AfCFTA includes special and differential treatment (SDT) applied on a case-by-case basis and allows LDCs an extended implementation period of 13 to 15 years. This is intended to prevent trade liberalization from harming smaller economies that rely heavily on tariff revenues.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000846#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Political commitment varies among major economies; Nigeria did not sign the framework agreement or the Kigali Declaration, citing the need to protect national interests and avoid becoming a 'dumping ground' for finished goods. South Africa initially abstained from the framework agreement due to domestic parliamentary procedures but later signaled it would begin adoption processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000846#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The AfCFTA faces a 'spaghetti bowl' of overlapping memberships in various Regional Economic Communities (RECs). While the AfCFTA recognizes eight AU-mandated RECs as building blocks, past attempts to reconcile these memberships, such as the Tripartite Free Trade Area (TFTA), resulted in a new FTA rather than the consolidation of the RECs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000846#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a notable lack of focus on 21st-century trade issues such as e-commerce and digitalization. Negotiators have shown reluctance to develop a continent-wide approach to e-commerce, with some AU members viewing such discussions as premature given their current development levels and lack of technical resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000846#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Tariff liberalization remains contentious; while most countries accepted a 90% rate, seven countries—Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Malawi, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Sudan, and Zambia—requested a lower rate of 85%, which was granted on the condition they reach 90% within five years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000846#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Nigeria","Rwanda","Ethiopia","Ghana","Kenya","Egypt","Mauritius"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"saiia-001088","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-001088","title":"CARRYING FORWARD THE MOMENTUM OF THE 2017 AFRICAN UNION YEAR OF YOUTH","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2018-06","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Policy-Insights-60.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This policy brief evaluates the African Union's (AU) 2017 theme, 'Harnessing the Demographic Dividend Through Investments in Youth.' While acknowledging the existence of frameworks like the African Youth Charter and initiatives such as the YouthConnekt Africa Summit, the authors argue that significant gaps remain in the implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of youth policies. The paper emphasizes that the AU lacks the power to enforce policies on member states, making the domestication of regional instruments into national law essential for meaningful youth empowerment and political inclusion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001088#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Africa possesses a 'youth bulge,' with approximately 65% of its total population aged between 18 and 35 years. This demographic is characterized as a large cohort that is often unemployed or underemployed due to deficiencies in education, skills, and formal work opportunities, as well as low participation in policy processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001088#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The African Youth Charter (AYC), adopted in 2009, serves as the most comprehensive AU youth policy framework. However, its effectiveness is hindered by slow domestication into national legislation by member states and a lack of updated data on African youth from the AU Youth Division since 2011.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001088#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"A critical limitation of the African Union is its inability to enforce policies on member states, as proposed policies are not legally binding. Consequently, the success of AU themes and frameworks depends entirely on the willingness of individual member states to domesticate and implement them.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001088#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Rwanda is highlighted as a success story in youth policy through the YouthConnekt initiative, launched in 2012. This program has provided opportunities for over 4 million young people (ages 16-34) in job creation, ICT innovation, and skills development, contributing to a decline in youth unemployment from 2014 to 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001088#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Youth-led movements in several countries have demonstrated the capacity of young people to demand accountability and influence governance. Examples include South Africa's 'Fees Must Fall' movement in 2016, the 'Gambia has Decided' campaign for a peaceful transfer of power, and Nigeria's 'Not Too Young To Run' campaign, which successfully lowered the presidential age requirement from 40 to 30.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001088#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a systemic lack of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) regarding youth policies. The authors note a 'total absence' of M&E to measure the progress of the Youth Decade plan, and argue that without such data, policymakers cannot assess the impact of their initiatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001088#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"While the AU has allocated 1% of its budget to the African Youth Fund, the authors argue that youth participation remains tokenistic because young people are not involved in the budgetary process or the budget vote.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001088#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","The Gambia","Nigeria","Kenya","Rwanda","Uganda"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy_evaluation"]},{"id":"seforall-000072","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000072","title":"Levers of Change: How Global Trends Impact Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Access to Sustainable Energy","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-05-01","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/publications/levers-of-change-how-global-trends-impact-gender-equality-and-social-inclusion-in","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This scoping report examines how global trends—including energy decentralization, affordability, mobile payments, women's entrepreneurship, urbanization, and humanitarian settings—affect gender equality and social inclusion in sustainable energy access, with specific analysis of five countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000072#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Several global trends influence the achievement of gender equality in energy access, specifically the decentralization and affordability of energy services, mobile payments, women's entrepreneurship, urbanization, and humanitarian settings.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000072#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Women in low- and middle-income countries face systemic barriers to accessing energy trends; they are 10 percent less likely than men to own a mobile phone, and many poor women lack access to the formal financial systems and consumer finance required to afford clean cooking stoves or solar home systems, despite these being the lowest-cost options in Sub-Saharan Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000072#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"National outcomes vary based on policy and infrastructure: Tanzania has strong gender policies and a mobile money system supporting off-grid solar; Bangladesh uses government subsidies and loans to target universal electricity access by 2030; and Nigeria's pay-as-you-go solar market is hindered by a banking sector that limits rural access to mobile money.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000072#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable energy","gender equality","energy access","social inclusion"],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Scoping Report"]},{"id":"saiia-000971","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-000971","title":"THE AFRICAN DEMOCRACY CHARTER AT 11: AVERTING DEMOCRATIC DECONSOLIDATION","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2018-05","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Policy-Briefing-172.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"This policy briefing by the South African Institute of International Affairs evaluates the progress of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance eleven years after its inception. The author argues that while there are normative commitments to democratic consolidation, many African states remain trapped in an 'electoral fallacy' where regular elections occur but democratic governance is not entrenched across institutions. The document identifies internal and external pressures—including the rise of authoritarian models and the prioritization of counter-terrorism over democratic norms—that contribute to democratic deconsolidation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000971#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"African democratic processes are largely stagnant, with many states stuck in a transitional phase and only a few achieving consolidation. This is characterized as an 'electoral fallacy' where elections are held, but the democratic franchise is not deeply embedded in political and social institutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000971#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance has faced challenges in implementation, including a delay in its entry into force until 15 February 2012 and low ratification rates, with only 24 of 39 signatories having ratified the instrument.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000971#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Several factors contribute to the erosion of democracy in Africa, including the rise of election-related violence, the closing of civil society spaces, and the emergence of semi-authoritarian 'strongman' leadership as a perceived guarantor of stability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000971#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"External influences are hindering democratic consolidation. Western actors prioritizing counter-terrorism have reinforced a 'security-first doctrine' that supports less democratic states, while powers like China, Russia, and Turkey provide transactional diplomacy that does not require respect for human rights or free elections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000971#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The African Union (AU) and certain Regional Economic Communities (RECs) have shown capacity to enforce democratic norms. ECOWAS successfully intervened to restore democracy in The Gambia and Côte d’Ivoire, and the AU has applied Article 30 to suspend members following unconstitutional changes of government in Mali, Egypt, and Burkina Faso.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000971#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Domestic grassroots movements have played a role in pushing for democratisation, such as the 2013 uprisings in Burkina Faso against Blaise Compaoré and the 'Y’en marre' movement in Senegal that opposed the third-term candidacy of Abdoulaye Wade.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000971#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Nigeria","Kenya","Ivory Coast","Mauritania","Chad","Niger","Sudan","Libya","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Tanzania","Ethiopia","Zimbabwe","The Gambia","Ghana","Burundi","Burkina Faso","Senegal","Mali","Egypt"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"issafri-001679","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-001679","title":"Peace & Security Council Report","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-04","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/psc101.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report from the Institute for Security Studies provides a retrospective of the African Union Peace and Security Council (PSC) for the term April 2016 to March 2018, analyzes the role of South Africa and Nigeria in continental initiatives like the AfCFTA, and features an interview with Morocco's Minister of Foreign Affairs regarding its entry into the PSC.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001679#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The outgoing Peace and Security Council (PSC) experienced a decline in bold crisis management decisions between April 2016 and March 2018, which the report attributes to a January 2016 decision to reject the deployment of a protection force to Burundi. This event is noted to have tarnished the authority of the PSC ambassadors in Addis Ababa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001679#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Between April 2016 and March 2018, 36% of PSC meetings focused on ongoing crisis and conflict situations. Eastern African crises were the most prominent, accounting for an average of 41% of these meetings, followed by Central Africa (28%) and West Africa (22%). Specific conflicts that dominated proceedings included South Sudan, Somalia, Darfur, the Central African Republic (CAR), and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001679#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The PSC's decision-making remained stable in volume, with 64 decisions in Year One and 62 in Year Two. However, only 34 out of 126 statements actually contained the word 'decides', suggesting a limited number of outcomes that indicated a specific political or policy course of action.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001679#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The PSC primarily acted as a provider of political support for regional initiatives rather than leading crisis management. The report highlights a failure to address burgeoning crises, citing the 2017 ousting of Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe as an example of a situation the PSC barely addressed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001679#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"South Africa and Nigeria are described as crucial for the success of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) due to their economic and diplomatic strength. Despite this, neither country signed the agreement at the March 21 summit in Kigali. Nigeria's absence was attributed to the need for further consultation with local stakeholders and concerns from private-sector organizations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001679#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Morocco, joining the PSC in April 2018, advocates for a comprehensive reform of the council to make it more intergovernmental and efficient. Morocco's vision emphasizes the interdependence of security, regional integration, and development, and it aims to share expertise in peacekeeping, mediation, and the fight against terrorism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001679#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The African Agenda on Migration, presented at the 30th AU Summit in January 2018, proposes an Afro-centred vision to make migration a choice rather than a necessity. Key recommendations include the creation of an African Observatory for Migration and the appointment of an AU Special Envoy for Migration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001679#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Burundi","South Sudan","Somalia","Central African Republic","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Darfur","Libya","Western Sahara","The Gambia","Guinea-Bissau","Lesotho","Zimbabwe","South Africa","Nigeria","Rwanda","Morocco","Sudan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["retrospective","policy analysis","interview"]},{"id":"saiia-000606","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-000606","title":"PEER PRESSURE AND PEER LEARNING IN MULTI-STAKEHOLDER INITIATIVES","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-04","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2018-MSI-Peer-Review_Peer-pressure-and-peer-learning-in-multi-stakeholder-initiatives.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report analyzes the effectiveness of peer learning and peer pressure within three Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives (MSIs): the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM), the Open Government Partnership (OGP), and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). It evaluates how these initiatives use mutual dialogue, best practices, and sanctions to improve governance, transparency, and accountability among member states.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000606#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) is identified as the least successful of the three MSIs in promoting peer learning and pressure. While it has structures for peer review, the Forum of Heads of State and Government Participating in the APRM (APR Forum) is characterized by poor high-level attendance and a tendency for leaders to praise each other rather than provide constructive criticism. Furthermore, the APRM failed to use peer pressure to prevent crises in Kenya, South Africa, and Mozambique despite early warnings.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000606#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Peer learning in the APRM is hindered by the poor quality and dissemination of 'Best Practices.' These are often presented as brief summaries in Country Review Reports (CRRs) without explaining how they contribute to goals, making them difficult for other members to replicate. Additionally, there are no official forums for members within the same Regional Economic Communities (RECs) to discuss these practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000606#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Open Government Partnership (OGP) effectively integrates peer learning through structured activities such as the Peer Learning and Support Subcommittee, bilateral exchanges, and thematic working groups. It uses a competitive element, such as awarding 'stars' for transformative commitments and hosting annual Open Government Awards, to encourage innovation and compliance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000606#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The OGP utilizes a 'Response Policy' adopted in 2014 to exercise peer pressure and protect civil society space. This policy allows the OGP to declare a member's status as 'inactive,' which serves as a 'naming and shaming' sanction. This was applied to Azerbaijan on May 4, 2016, due to the restrictive treatment of civil society organizations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000606#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) promotes transparency in the oil, gas, and mining sectors through a global Standard and the use of Multi-Stakeholder Groups (MSGs). It emphasizes peer learning over formal training, encouraging member states to lead discussions on best practices. For example, a pilot project on beneficial ownership involving countries like the DRC, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Zambia led 27 countries to eventually adopt the practice.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000606#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The EITI employs the most rigorous enforcement mechanisms of the three MSIs, including temporary suspension and delisting. Suspension may occur due to political instability, missing deadlines, or inadequate progress, while delisting revokes membership entirely. As of February 23, 2018, countries suspended included the Central African Republic, Honduras, Iraq, Kyrgyz Republic, Solomon Islands, and Tajikistan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000606#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"All three MSIs face challenges regarding the genuine involvement of civil society. The EITI specifically struggles with 'open-washing,' where governments create a façade of consultation while excluding critical organizations or failing to incorporate their input. In Azerbaijan, the EITI suspended the country in March 2017 due to a lack of satisfactory civil society engagement, leading the government to withdraw the following day.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000606#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Kenya","Mozambique","Azerbaijan","Liberia","Nigeria","Ethiopia","Equatorial Guinea","Ghana","Rwanda","Brazil","Indonesia","Mexico","Norway","Philippines","United Kingdom","United States","Georgia","Sierra Leone","Tanzania","Ukraine","Honduras","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Central African Republic","Iraq","Kyrgyzstan","Solomon Islands","Tajikistan","Hungary","Turkey","Egypt","Mauritania"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative_analysis","policy_evaluation"]}]}