{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["nigeria"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":1072,"relation":"eq"},"page":20,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=nigeria&page=20","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=nigeria&page=21","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-000289","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000289","title":"From Land Degradation to Land Restoration","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2022-01-11","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/deep-dive/land-degradation-land-restoration","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This research paper by the International Institute for Sustainable Development examines the evolution of international land governance, focusing on the transition from top-down desertification efforts to the concept of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN). It details the drivers of land degradation, the role of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the socio-economic barriers—such as land tenure and gender inequality—that hinder restoration efforts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000289#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Land degradation is a global crisis affecting 25% of the total land area, with 3.2 billion people directly impacted. Scientists warn that 24 billion tons of fertile soil are lost annually, primarily due to unsustainable agriculture, and if current trends persist, 95% of Earth's land areas could be degraded by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000289#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The World Bank estimates that global land degradation results in an annual economic cost of USD 85.8 trillion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000289#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"International land governance shifted from the ineffective, top-down approach of the 1977 Plan of Action to Combat Desertification (PACD) to the community-based, bottom-up approach adopted by the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in 1994.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000289#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) is a state where the quality and amount of land resources necessary for ecosystem functions, services, and food security remain stable or increase. It is integrated into the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as SDG target 15.3, and 128 countries have committed to setting LDN targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000289#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Gender inequality significantly hinders land restoration; in over half of the world's countries, laws or customs restrict women's access to or ownership of land. Globally, women's share as agricultural land holders is estimated at 12.8%, ranging from 0.8% in Saudi Arabia to 51% in Cabo Verde.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000289#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Great Green Wall initiative, launched by the African Union in 2007, aims to restore 100 million hectares of degraded land, sequester 250 million tons of carbon, and create 10 million green jobs by 2030 across more than 20 African countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000289#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Effective LDN implementation is obstructed by several systemic challenges: insecure land tenure, which prevents the adoption of sustainable practices; lack of national coordination and scientific data; and insufficient funding from traditional sources and national budgets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000289#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["land degradation","desertification","land restoration","sustainable land management","carbon sequestration","food security"],"geography_discussed":["Tanzania","West Africa","United States","Sahel","Saudi Arabia","Cape Verde","Senegal","Nigeria","Eritrea","Niger","Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","historical analysis"]},{"id":"afripo-000172","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/afripo-000172","title":"AI in Africa","publisher":{"name":"Africa Policy Research Institute","organization":"africa-policy-research-institute"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://afripoli.org/uploads/publications/AI_in_Africa.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"This policy brief by the Africa Policy Research Institute examines the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Africa, highlighting the tension between the continent's central role in the AI supply chain and the dominance of foreign technologies. It analyzes emerging national AI strategies in Egypt, Mauritius, and Rwanda, and discusses risks associated with biometric surveillance, precarious digital labor, and the limitations of adopting European regulatory frameworks like the GDPR and the EU AI Act.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000172#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Africa is integral to the global AI supply chain, particularly in the early production phases involving natural resources, labor, and skills, yet the economic benefits are primarily captured by Chinese and Global North 'Big Tech' companies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000172#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The adoption of AI-driven digital ID and biometric systems in Africa has led to significant human rights and ethical concerns, including the predatory use of personal data for financial offers in South Africa and the use of facial recognition for political surveillance in Uganda.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000172#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The AI economy has created new forms of precarious labor in Africa, specifically 'click work' (micro digital labor) and gig economies. In Kenya's Dadaab refugee camp, residents are employed in low-paid, often distressing data labeling tasks for global platforms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000172#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"China is the primary exporter of AI technologies to Africa, largely through the Belt and Road Initiative and the Digital Silk Road Initiative, with 40 of 54 African countries signing agreements by May 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000172#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Several African nations have established national AI strategies: Mauritius (2018) focused on socio-economic growth in sectors like healthcare and fintech; Egypt (2021) focused on national developmental priorities across four pillars; and Rwanda (expected 2022) focusing on enablers, accelerators, and safeguards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000172#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a growing trend toward data localization in Africa, such as in Kenya and South Africa, to ensure economic benefit and local access, though some critics argue this may facilitate government surveillance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000172#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The EU's GDPR and AI Act provide a starting point for human rights protections but may be ill-suited for Africa due to structural differences, high technical costs for local start-ups, and a failure to address socio-economic rights and the digital gender divide.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000172#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Egypt","Rwanda","Mauritius","Kenya","Nigeria","Namibia","South Africa","Uganda"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"cdkn-000630","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cdkn-000630","title":"FICHE RÉGIONALE AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST","publisher":{"name":"Climate and Development Knowledge Network","organization":"climate-and-development-knowledge-network"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"fr","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/2022-04/IPCC%20Regional%20Factsheet%202_West%20Africa%E2%80%93FR_web.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This fact sheet, based on the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, details the observed and projected impacts of climate change in West Africa. It highlights significant increases in temperature, extreme weather events, and sea-level rise, which threaten human health, food security, biodiversity, and economic stability. The document emphasizes the region's high vulnerability despite its low contribution to global emissions and calls for transformative adaptation and increased financial and research investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000630#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"West Africa has experienced warming that exceeds the global average, with annual and seasonal temperatures increasing by 1 to 3°C since the mid-1970s, particularly in the Sahara and Sahel regions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000630#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Climate change has significantly altered precipitation patterns in West Africa since the mid-1990s, leading to a more humid environment characterized by fewer but more intense rainfall events, which has increased the frequency of floods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000630#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Human health in West Africa is under threat from rising temperatures and extreme weather, which increase the transmission of infectious diseases and cause higher mortality rates from cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses, particularly in Burkina Faso and Ghana.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000630#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Agricultural productivity in Africa has decreased by nearly 34% since the 1960s, with West Africa seeing specific declines in maize and wheat yields. Future warming above 2°C is projected to reduce basic crop yields across most of Africa regardless of adaptation efforts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000630#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Coastal cities in West Africa face severe risks from sea-level rise; by 2050, projected damages in Lagos are estimated between 3.7 and 9.4 billion USD, and in Abidjan between 14.3 and 49.6 billion USD.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000630#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Climate-induced migration is prevalent in West Africa, with projections suggesting up to 50 million internal migrants by 2050 if global warming reaches 2.5°C.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000630#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Economic growth in West African countries has been negatively impacted by climate change; between 1991 and 2010, the average GDP per capita for African countries was 13.6% lower than it would have been without anthropogenic climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000630#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Biodiversity in West Africa is at risk, with the Sahara and Sahel being particularly threatened. At 2°C of warming, 36% of African freshwater fish species face local population declines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000630#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a critical lack of climate research funding and data in Africa; from 1990 to 2019, Africa received only 3.8% of global climatological research funding, with 78% of that amount allocated to institutions in the North.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000630#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Effective adaptation in West Africa requires transformative approaches, including ecosystem-based adaptation, drought-tolerant crop varieties, and integrated water resource management, but is severely limited by a lack of financing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000630#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","energy transition","adaptation","biodiversity loss","food security","sea-level rise","economic impact","migration"],"geography_discussed":["Lagos","Nigeria","Sahara","Sahel","Burkina Faso","Ghana","Abidjan","Benin","Mali","Mauritania","Guinea-Bissau","The Gambia","Guinea","Ivory Coast"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment","risk projection","adaptation strategy"]},{"id":"cdkn-000631","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cdkn-000631","title":"FACTSHEET WEST AFRICA","publisher":{"name":"Climate and Development Knowledge Network","organization":"climate-and-development-knowledge-network"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/IPCC%20Regional%20Factsheet%202_West%20Africa_web.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"This factsheet summarizes the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report for West Africa, detailing how the region is warming faster than the global average. It highlights severe risks to food security, human health (specifically heat-related mortality and diarrhoeal diseases), and biodiversity. The report emphasizes that while adaptation options like ecosystem-based solutions exist, they are severely hindered by a lack of finance and critical data gaps in climate research.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000631#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"West Africa has experienced warming that exceeds the global average, with average annual and seasonal surface temperatures increasing by 1–3°C since the mid-1970s. The most significant increases have occurred in the Sahara and Sahel regions. Additionally, heatwaves have become hotter and longer, and the probability of marine heatwaves around most of Africa has doubled.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000631#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Climate change is negatively impacting food systems in West Africa through reduced crop productivity and threats to livestock and fisheries. Maize and wheat yields in sub-Saharan Africa decreased by 5.8% and 2.3% respectively from 1974–2008. Future projections at 1.5°C global warming suggest a 9% decline in maize yields and a decline in sorghum yields. Furthermore, marine fisheries catch potential is projected to decline by more than 30% at 2°C of global warming.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000631#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Human health in West Africa is under significant threat from rising temperatures and extreme weather. Heat-related deaths are projected to increase sharply above 1.5°C, reaching 50–180 additional deaths per 100,000 people annually at 2.5°C. There is also a projected increase of 20,000–30,000 additional diarrhoeal deaths in children under 15 by mid-century for 1.5°C to 2°C warming, with West Africa being especially affected.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000631#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Climate change has caused substantial economic losses and GDP reductions in West African countries. Between 1991 and 2010, African countries' GDP per capita was on average 13.6% lower than it would have been without human-induced climate change. Specific infrastructure damages include US$ 850 million from rainfall/surface water flooding and US$ 555 million from riverine floods in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, and Togo in 2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000631#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"West Africa faces severe data constraints and funding inequities that hinder climate research and adaptation. From 1990–2019, Africa received only 3.8% of global climate-related research funding, with 78% of that funding going to EU and North American institutions rather than African ones. Climate literacy in West Africa is also low, averaging 37% (ranging from 25% to 49%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000631#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Adaptation strategies for West Africa include ecosystem-based solutions, gender-sensitive approaches, and the use of indigenous knowledge. However, the ability to implement these is constrained by a lack of finance. There is a risk of 'maladaptation' when short-term gains are prioritized over long-term impacts, such as when bioenergy production displaces subsistence farming or biodiversity-rich areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000631#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Lagos","Nigeria","Sahara","Sahel","Burkina Faso","Ghana","Lake Volta","Freetown","Sierra Leone","Benin","Ivory Coast","Senegal","Togo","Djenné","Mali","Lake Sanké","Tiébélé","Akan","Oualata","Mauritania","Niamey","Kano","Dakar","Guinea-Bissau","Liberia","Niger","Guinea","The Gambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"fsdafri-000069","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000069","title":"Impact Report 2022","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/23.03.07-Impact-Report-Final.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The FSD Africa Impact Report 2022 details the agency's efforts to transform financial markets in Africa, specifically through its 2021–2025 green strategy. The report highlights the mobilization of £1.9 billion in long-term capital for sectors like housing and energy, the issuance of pioneering gender bonds, and the development of climate-resilient financial infrastructure to address the continent's vulnerability to climate change and economic shocks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"FSD Africa has facilitated the flow of approximately £1.9 billion into key development sectors, including energy, housing, and the MSME sector, contributing to the creation or sustainment of roughly 67,200 full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs. Of these jobs, 59% were held by women and 12% were green jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Under its 2021–2025 green strategy, FSD Africa has committed £52 million to green programmes as of 2022, with a target to increase this commitment to £122 million by 2025. The agency aims for 70% of its portfolio to be green by 2025 and intends to catalyse £1.6 billion in additional funding for green programmes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"FSD Africa supported the issuance of the first gender bonds in Africa to finance women entrepreneurs. In Morocco, Banque Centrale Populaire (BCP) raised £15.9 million in 2021, and in Tanzania, NMB Bank raised £25.2 million in March 2022, which was oversubscribed by 297%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"In Nigeria, FSD Africa's Green Bond Programme has supported six issuers, catalysing £122 million for climate change purposes. This funding supported projects in agriculture irrigation, afforestation, renewable energy, and hydro and solar power infrastructure, creating over 5,000 green jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"To address climate risks in East Africa, FSD Africa is establishing a joint underwriting facility with Kenyan insurers to cover early-stage drilling risks for geothermal projects. This initiative is expected to provide emissions-free electricity to over 30 million people and prevent over 3 million tonnes of CO2eq emissions annually in Ethiopia and Kenya.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"FSD Africa is piloting the Taskforce for Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) framework to help financial institutions manage nature-related risks. As part of this effort, the African Natural Capital Alliance (ANCA) was created in June 2022 with nine leading financial institutions and Ghana’s Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology & Innovation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"In response to Covid-19, FSD Africa invested nearly £15 million across five initiatives. This included the Emergency Jobs Protection Facility in Ethiopia, which supported 24 factories in four industrial parks, enabling 92% of participating factories to retain 80% or more of their pre-Facility workforce.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"FSD Africa invested £7.2 million in the Blue Orchard Covid-19 Emerging & Frontier Markets MSME Support Fund, which reached 10 microfinance institutions (MFIs) and supported 42,900 MSMEs in countries including Botswana, Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Tanzania.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The agency's investment in MFS Africa, totaling £2.8 million between 2018 and 2019, facilitated £1.1 billion in transactions and reduced remittance costs by 0.25%. By June 2021, the service had reached 2.3 million senders and 4.7 million recipients.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000069#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["green finance","climate resilience","carbon markets","natural capital","green bonds","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","Nigeria","Ghana","Morocco","Tanzania","Ethiopia","Rwanda","Zambia","Zimbabwe","Botswana","Burkina Faso","Namibia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment","strategic review"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000183","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000183","title":"FSD Africa Impact Report","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Impact-Report-Flyer.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The FSD Africa Impact Report (2022) is an executive summary detailing the organization's performance under a strategy revised in early 2021. It highlights efforts to transform African financial markets through green bonds, local currency bond funds, climate resilience ventures, and natural capital initiatives, while also reporting on gender inclusivity and COVID-19 response measures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000183#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"FSD Africa has expanded its green financing commitment from £23 million in 2020 to approximately £52 million in 2022, with a target to exceed £122 million by 2025. The organization aims for 70% of its portfolio to be green.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000183#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Kenya Green Bond Programme, launched in 2017, has facilitated green bonds across 20 African countries. Specific impacts include $80.58 million in green capital and 5,265 jobs in Kenya, and $146.33 million in climate change capital and 45,000 jobs in Nigeria.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000183#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The African Local Currency Bond Fund, established with KfW, has invested $0.25 billion across 50 bonds in sub-Saharan Africa. As of June 2022, it reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 1.5 million TCO2e and enabled 4.7 million customers to access basic services via renewable energy investments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000183#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"FSD Africa is addressing nature-related financial risks by piloting the Taskforce for Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) framework with Oliver Wyman and launching the African Natural Capital Alliance (ANCA) in June 2022. Additionally, it granted $480,000 to the Rabo Foundation/ACORN for sustainable farming transitions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000183#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"In response to COVID-19, FSD Africa invested nearly £15 million in five initiatives. This included a £5.3 million Emergency Jobs Protection Facility in Ethiopia that supported 24 factories, and a £7.2 million investment in the Blue Orchard Covid-19 Emerging & Frontier Markets MSME Support Fund, which helped approximately 42,900 MSMEs in countries including Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, and Burkina Faso.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000183#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["green bonds","climate resilience","natural capital","renewable energy","agroforestry","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","Nigeria","Mauritius","Morocco","Ethiopia","Tanzania","Botswana","Burkina Faso"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Impact Report","Executive Summary"]},{"id":"glorespar-000069","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glorespar-000069","title":"COP27 Resilience Hub Synthesis Report","publisher":{"name":"Global Resilience Partnership","organization":"global-resilience-partnership"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://www.globalresiliencepartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/cop27-rh-synthesis-report.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The COP27 Resilience Hub Synthesis Report outlines the outcomes and key messages from the Resilience Hub at COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh. The Hub serves as a physical and virtual space to mobilise ambition and investment for climate resilience, acting as the home for the UN-backed Race to Resilience campaign. The report synthesises findings across nine thematic areas and four regional hubs, emphasizing the need for locally-led adaptation, increased and diversified finance, and the integration of arts and culture into resilience strategies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000069#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Scaling action on adaptation and resilience is a necessary prerequisite to reduce the scale of Loss and Damage. Failure to close the adaptation funding gap—which is currently five to ten times lower than the actual need for developing countries—will result in increased avoidable losses and damages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000069#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a critical need to shift the quality and accessibility of adaptation finance to support locally-led adaptation (LLA). Currently, only about 10% of funds reach the local level, and there is a call for at least 25% of adaptation financing to be delivered to the front lines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000069#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Financial instruments are diversifying, with a growing role for the private sector, insurers, and asset managers. Debt-for-nature swaps are identified as a tool to provide fiscal space for debt-laden developing countries to invest in renewable energy and conservation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000069#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Arts, culture, and heritage are essential for resilience as they foster empathy and hold irreplaceable knowledge. The report argues that culture should be viewed as the essence of societal beliefs and values rather than mere 'decoration'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000069#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Urban resilience is hindered by a lack of investment, with only 9% of urban climate investments currently flowing to adaptation projects. The report highlights that nearly 1 billion people live in urban slums and informal settlements, making them highly vulnerable to climate hazards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000069#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Resilient infrastructure requires a shift from focusing solely on physical condition to considering service continuity, life-cycle costs, and nature-based solutions (NbS). NbS are noted to be up to 50% cheaper than traditional 'grey' infrastructure and provide better value for money when co-benefits are included.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000069#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Extreme heat is identified as a significant risk multiplier for public health and infrastructure. The 'Cool Capital Stack' is a $750 million investment pipeline designed to unlock funding for cooling solutions and protect people from extreme heat.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000069#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Coastal communities face systemic risks from sea level rise and ocean acidification, which threaten social cohesion and can lead to displacement. The report emphasizes the need for gender-mainstreaming in blue food systems, as women are disproportionately affected but are key to solutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000069#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The 'one-country one-plan' approach is proposed to integrate disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation plans, allowing countries to identify aggregated funding and avoid 'risk blind adaptation' which leads to maladaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000069#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["adaptation","resilience","climate finance","locally-led adaptation","loss and damage","nature-based solutions","urban resilience","blue economy"],"geography_discussed":["Solomon Islands","Bangladesh","Africa","South Asia","Asia Pacific","Latin America and the Caribbean","Pakistan","Barbados","France","Brazil","Indonesia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Belize","Norway","Vanuatu","Fiji","Nepal","Jamaica","Philippines","Kenya","Ghana","Tunisia","Australia","Sierra Leone","Rwanda","Greece","Mexico","Wales","Iraq","Benin","Malaysia","Tanzania","Uganda","Seychelles","Nigeria","Mozambique"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Synthesis","Qualitative Analysis","Survey"]},{"id":"issafri-001124","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-001124","title":"Africa’s positioning in global climate change negotiations","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/cop27.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report by the Institute for Security Studies analyzes the challenges and opportunities for African nations in global climate change negotiations leading up to COP 27. It examines the structural weaknesses in African diplomacy, the complexities of balancing diverse national interests, and the influence of developed nations on climate policy and trade.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001124#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"African countries face significant complexities in climate negotiations, including the divide between developed and developing nations regarding 'common but differentiated responsibility' and the internal diversity of African economies, which range from emerging economies to least developed countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001124#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Despite having a voice in negotiations, African countries often lack actual influence, remaining 'policy recipients and not formulators' as developed nations implement unilateral policies, such as the EU's carbon border adjustment mechanism, which may force African countries to bear the costs of decarbonization.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001124#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a critical disconnect between climate diplomacy and trade policy; while the WTO governs the diffusion of climate-friendly technologies and trade-related climate measures, very few African countries have a voice at the WTO, and those that do often prioritize individual economic interests over collective African positions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001124#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"African climate diplomacy is hampered by internal distrust, particularly regarding the influence of a 'trio' consisting of South Africa, Egypt, and Nigeria when they speak for the continent, as well as a lack of coordination between the African Union Commission (AUC), the African Ministerial Council on the Environment (AMCEN), and the African Group of Negotiators (AGN).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001124#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"National governance structures in many African countries marginalize climate issues, with environment ministries typically holding less power and fewer resources than finance or trade ministries, leading to a lack of domestic implementation of climate commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001124#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The report identifies a gap in the participation of non-state actors, noting that African businesses, financial institutions, and labor unions are underrepresented at global events; as of December 2017, organizations from African states accounted for only 9.3% of admitted observer organizations to the UNFCCC.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001124#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The African Union's Agenda 2063 lacks a dedicated flagship project for climate change or the environment, and the report forecasts that delivering the agenda under current trajectories could increase Africa's contribution to global carbon emissions from 9% to 12% by 2043 and nearly 30% by 2063.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001124#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"International donors are accused of using aid and climate finance to influence African countries for their own gains, exemplified by the UK's Prosperity Fund requiring 'secondary benefits' for the UK and the imposition of net-zero targets as a condition for the Development Bank of Southern Africa's re-accreditation to the Green Climate Fund.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001124#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"To improve agency for COP 27 and beyond, the report proposes a 'pyramid of climate resilience capacity' focusing on four building blocks: augmenting the knowledge base, developing sectoral agency, building an innovation pipeline, and facilitating a multi-stakeholder African climate change dialogue.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001124#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","just transition","adaptation","mitigation","trade and climate","climate security"],"geography_discussed":["Egypt","South Africa","Kenya","Niger","Tunisia","Ethiopia","Rwanda","Nigeria","Morocco","Mali","Senegal","Equatorial Guinea","Ivory Coast","Zambia","Tanzania"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy Analysis","Diplomatic Review","Institutional Assessment"]},{"id":"issafri-001540","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-001540","title":"Understanding Africa’s climate and human security risks","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/pb170.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This policy brief by the Institute for Security Studies examines the intersection of climate change and human security in Africa. It argues that climate change acts as a 'threat multiplier' that interacts with existing socio-economic and political vulnerabilities to drive instability. The document advocates for a shift in climate governance from a focus on emissions and environmental risk to a development-led investment approach that builds economic resilience and social stability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001540#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Climate change does not cause security risks in isolation; rather, it acts as a threat multiplier where climate-related stressors interact with existing governance deficits, poor development, and a lack of basic infrastructure to marginalise communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001540#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Water security is a primary pathway for climate security risks in Africa. The interaction of climate-driven water scarcity with factors like pollution, inefficient use, and governance failures can lead to socio-economic instability and conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001540#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"In the Lake Chad Basin, a 90% decrease in the lake's size since the 1960s—caused by climate change, drought, and poor water management—has intensified competition for resources and increased farmer-pastoralist conflicts among the 30 million people dependent on the lake.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001540#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"While climate change can increase the risk of armed conflict—with research suggesting a 0.5% temperature increase raises the risk by 10% to 20%—caution is needed to avoid simplistic causality. Political, economic, and historical contexts must be considered alongside biophysical impacts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001540#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Climate action and the energy transition offer opportunities for economic diversification and job growth. Investing in climate-friendly technologies and weatherproofing key sectors like agriculture and tourism can build systemic resilience against shocks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001540#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a critical need for African nations to transition from making pledges and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to actual implementation to promote social resilience and economic diversification.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001540#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate security","human security","water security","energy transition","just transition","economic diversification","adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["Chad Basin","Nigeria","Somalia","Cameroon","Chad","Niger"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy Analysis","Risk Assessment"]},{"id":"seforall-000010","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000010","title":"Lower-middle-income population at risk in 2022","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/chilling-prospects-2022/lower-middle-income-population-at-risk","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report chapter analyzes the growth of the lower-middle-income population in high-impact countries in 2022, highlighting the risks associated with their potential purchase of inefficient cooling devices and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on income levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000010#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2022, the lower-middle-income population in high-impact countries grew by 108.8 million, reaching a total of 2.39 billion people. This group is defined as those living outside of rural and urban poverty but on less than USD 10.01 per day. There is a concern that this group may purchase affordable but inefficient air conditioners or refrigerators, which could lead to a significant rise in energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000010#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic reversed a previous downward trend in the lower-middle-income population, returning levels to those seen in 2018. In 2021, the pandemic caused an estimated 165 million additional people globally to live on less than USD 5.50 per day, with 82 million in South Asia and 15 million in Sub-Saharan Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000010#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"India, China, and Indonesia had the highest absolute numbers of lower-middle-income populations, with India seeing an increase of approximately 45.2 million people. The most significant relative increases were found in Papua New Guinea (19.2%), Iran (13.4%), and Sudan (9.6%). Conversely, Mozambique experienced the largest reduction in this population segment, decreasing by approximately 18.2%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000010#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Asia and the Middle East contain the vast majority of the lower-middle-income population in high-impact countries, accounting for 81% of the global total (1.94 billion people). This regional population grew by nearly 100 million in the last year and 158 million since 2020. The highest proportional increases occurred in Iran (13.4%), Sri Lanka (9.6%), and Iraq (8.7%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000010#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"In Africa, 31 high-impact countries represent about 15% of the global lower-middle-income population, totaling 361.1 million people in 2022. Egypt and Nigeria have the largest populations in this group, while Algeria, Morocco, and Sudan each have over 20 million. In contrast, the lower-middle-income population is below 3% in the Congo (DR), Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, and Somalia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000010#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"In Latin America and the Caribbean, the lower-middle-income population grew by 6.6 million to reach 88 million in 2022, representing 3.7% of the global total. Brazil saw the largest absolute increase with approximately 5 million more people, while Argentina and Peru increased by 400,000 and 130,000 people respectively. Paraguay's lower-middle-income population decreased by 3%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000010#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy consumption","greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions","cooling","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["India","People's Republic of China","Indonesia","Papua New Guinea","Iran","Sudan","Mozambique","Asia","Middle East","Africa","Egypt","Nigeria","Algeria","Morocco","Congo (DR)","Guinea-Bissau","Somalia","Sri Lanka","Iraq","Yemen","Myanmar","Latin America","Caribbean","Brazil","Argentina","Peru","Paraguay"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["demographic analysis","economic analysis"]},{"id":"seforall-000021","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000021","title":"Urban poor at risk in 2022","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/chilling-prospects-2022/urban-poor-at-risk","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report section analyzes the increasing vulnerability of the urban poor to extreme heat across 54 high-impact countries in 2022, highlighting a rise in the population at high risk due to lack of access to cooling.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000021#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2022, the number of urban poor at high risk due to lack of cooling access in 54 high-impact countries rose to 796.5 million people, an increase of 24.8 million over the previous year. Since 2018, this population has grown by 93.2 million people, driven by factors such as fast-growing urbanization and challenges related to electricity access and housing quality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000021#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The urban poor face high risks not only from a lack of cooling technology but also from poor housing quality that fails to protect against extreme heat, insufficient income to operate fans, and unreliable electricity that leads to food spoilage and nutritional risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000021#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"India, China, and Nigeria are the three countries with the highest absolute numbers of urban poor. India saw the largest absolute increase of 10.5 million people (6 percent) between 2021 and 2022. In terms of relative proportional increases, Yemen (10 percent) and Myanmar (7 percent) experienced the highest growth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000021#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Asia and the Middle East contain the majority of the global urban poor at high risk, with 512.3 million people across 16 high-impact countries, representing 64 percent of the global total. In Yemen, 74 percent of all urban residents are at high risk.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000021#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"In Africa, the urban poor at risk grew by 7.8 million to reach 238.3 million in 2022, accounting for 30 percent of the global at-risk urban poor population. Nigeria contributed 45 percent of this regional increase, adding 3.5 million people.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000021#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Latin America and the Caribbean saw its first decrease in the number of urban poor at risk since tracking began, with a total reduction of over 420,000 people. This was primarily driven by a reduction of approximately 800,000 people in Brazil.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000021#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["urbanization","extreme heat","cooling access","energy poverty","urban poor"],"geography_discussed":["India","People's Republic of China","Nigeria","Yemen","Myanmar","Papua New Guinea","Laos","Timor-Leste","Brazil","Philippines","Asia","Middle East","Africa","Latin America and the Caribbean","Angola","Ivory Coast","Mozambique","Sudan","Chad","Malawi","Somalia","Bolivia","Dominican Republic","Paraguay","Peru"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Population Trend Analysis","Regional Risk Assessment"]},{"id":"seforall-000083","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000083","title":"Cooling for health services","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/chilling-prospects-2022/health-services","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report examines the critical role of sustainable cooling and electricity in health services, focusing on vaccine cold chains, the management of temperature-sensitive medical products, and the need for temperature regulation in hospitals and clinics to improve patient care and resilience against heat stress.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000083#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Sustainable cold chains are essential for the delivery of immunization programmes, as vaccines are highly temperature sensitive; exposure above 8°C for prolonged periods, any exposure above 20°C, or accidental freezing can destroy them. It is estimated that 1.5 million deaths could be avoided annually through improved vaccine coverage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000083#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There are significant gaps in cold chain infrastructure in low-income regions. A 2014 survey of 57 Gavi-eligible countries found that up to 90 percent of health facilities lacked reliable cold chain equipment, and 20 percent had no cold chain equipment at all.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000083#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine, which must be stored between 2°C and 8°C, has made cold chains a critical component of malaria response in Sub-Saharan Africa, where 260,000 children die from the disease annually. In pilot countries, the vaccine resulted in a 30 percent reduction in deadly malaria.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000083#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Electricity access is a prerequisite for health facility cooling. In 2018, nearly 59 percent of over 121,000 health care facilities analyzed across 46 low- and middle-income countries lacked reliable electricity. Solar PV and battery storage are identified as cost-effective solutions for 50,000 off-grid facilities in Sub-Saharan Africa, potentially reducing patient travel time by an average of 50 minutes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000083#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Energy-efficient cooling technology can significantly reduce power requirements. Super-efficient refrigerators require only 10 percent of the power capacity needed by conventional vaccine refrigerators, allowing health centres to support more medical devices with the same energy system.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000083#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Passive and nature-based cooling solutions can reduce the need for energy-intensive air conditioning. Examples include the Friendship Hospital Shyamnagar in Bangladesh, which uses cross-ventilation and shading to limit air-conditioning to operating and delivery rooms, and Changi General Hospital in Singapore, which used a roof garden and water features to save USD 800,000 in annual energy and water costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000083#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for ultra-cold chain (UCC) capacity for vaccines like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, which initially required storage between -20°C and -70°C. In Bangladesh, UNICEF delivered 26 large freezers through COVAX, increasing UCC capacity by the equivalent of nearly 9 million vaccines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000083#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable cooling","health services","cold chain","energy transition","renewable energy","energy efficiency"],"geography_discussed":["Bangladesh","sub-Saharan Africa","India","Gujarat","Singapore","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Tanzania","Nigeria","Mozambique"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy Analysis","Case Study","Technical Assessment"]},{"id":"seforall-000085","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000085","title":"Cooling for food, nutrition and agriculture","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/chilling-prospects-2022/food-nutrition-and-agriculture#:~:text=Solutions%20for%20food%2C%20nutrition%20and%20agriculture,-The%20lack%20of&text=These%20could%20include%20specific%20agricultural,through%20an%20integrated%20energy%20plan.","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report examines the critical role of sustainable cooling and cold chains in reducing global food loss, improving nutrition, and supporting agricultural economies, particularly in low-income and high-impact countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000085#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Food loss and waste have significant economic and environmental costs, with annual economic losses estimated at nearly USD 1 trillion. If food loss and waste were a country, it would be the third largest carbon emitter globally, producing over 3 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000085#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"A lack of sustainable cold chains, including refrigeration and freezers, is directly responsible for the annual loss of 526 million tonnes of food production. This deficiency contributes to a 15 percent reduction in the income of smallholder farmers and prevents the feeding of an estimated 950 million people.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000085#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Global food loss trends from 2010 to 2019 show an average annual increase of 3 percent, reaching 1.2 billion tonnes in 2019. This loss is primarily concentrated in Asia, South America, and Africa, with Asia holding the highest share at 48 percent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000085#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Among 54 high-impact countries for cooling access, more than 50 percent of perishable food losses occur in China, followed by India (17 percent), Pakistan (7 percent), and Brazil (6 percent). Per-capita losses are highest in the Dominican Republic and Peru, both exceeding 60 kg per person.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000085#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Energy efficiency in food production varies widely among high-impact countries, ranging from 0.1 to 27.4 kg of food produced per kilowatt hour. Eight of the top 10 most energy-inefficient countries are located in Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000085#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Implementing cooling efficiency improvements, sustainable energy technology, and Kigali-compliant refrigerants could reduce current food losses by 55 percent and decrease cold chain emissions by 55 percent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000085#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Addressing cooling gaps presents a USD 270 billion investment opportunity in supply chain infrastructure and efficiency. Proposed solutions include National Cooling Action Plans (NCAP), Cooling as a Service (CaaS) models, and Community Cooling Hubs to help small-scale producers access technology.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000085#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["cold chain","food loss and waste","sustainable cooling","energy efficiency","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Asia","South America","Africa","North America","People's Republic of China","India","Pakistan","Brazil","Egypt","Nigeria","Cameroon","Dominican Republic","Peru","Angola","Mali","Papua New Guinea","Argentina","Iran"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Trend Analysis","Economic Assessment","Policy Recommendation"]},{"id":"seforall-000099","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000099","title":"Rural poor at risk in 2022","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/chilling-prospects-2022/rural-poor-at-risk","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report section analyzes the growth of the rural poor population lacking access to cooling across 54 high-impact countries in 2022, highlighting the role of the COVID-19 pandemic in increasing extreme poverty despite improvements in electricity access.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000099#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2022, the rural poor population across 54 high-impact countries grew by 3.9 million, reaching a total of 370.8 million people. This increase was primarily driven by the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, which outweighed the benefits of declining electricity access gaps.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000099#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The rural population living on less than USD 1.90 per day in the 54 high-impact countries rose by 10 percent compared to pre-pandemic levels and by over 2 percent since 2020. Globally, the World Bank estimates the pandemic pushed 97 million more people into extreme poverty, totaling 711 million, with 478 million in Sub-Saharan Africa and over 140 million in South Asia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000099#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"India, Nigeria, and Bangladesh have the highest absolute numbers of rural poor at risk. India's rural poor population increased by 5.2 million. Since 2018, the largest proportional increases occurred in Argentina (82%), Pakistan (21.8%), and Iraq (20.9%), while Bolivia (-46.5%) and Indonesia (-42.3%) saw the most significant reductions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000099#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Africa hosts half of the global rural poor population, with eight of the top 10 countries most affected located there. In Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Malawi, Mozambique, and Somalia, more than 75% of rural dwellers are at high risk due to lack of cooling access.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000099#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"In Asia and the Middle East, the rural poor at risk increased by 4.3 million in the last year, with India hosting 133.3 million rural poor (36% of the global total). In Latin America and the Caribbean, the rural poor population declined by an average of 6% across six high-impact countries, with Brazil accounting for 82% of the region's rural poor (3.6 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000099#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","cooling","extreme poverty","rural development"],"geography_discussed":["India","Nigeria","Bangladesh","Egypt","Sri Lanka","Argentina","Pakistan","Iraq","Bolivia","Indonesia","Africa","Angola","Guinea-Bissau","Malawi","Mozambique","Somalia","Asia","Middle East","Yemen","Timor-Leste","Latin America and the Caribbean","Brazil","Peru"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["regional analysis","trend analysis"]},{"id":"wwfza-000154","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwfza-000154","title":"SOUTH AFRICA MAINSTREAMING THE INFORMAL WASTE SECTOR TOWARDS AN INCLUSIVE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN AFRICAN CITIES","publisher":{"name":"WWF South Africa","organization":"wwf-south-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://wwfafrica.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_mainstreaming_the_informal_waste_sector_2022.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report by WWF South Africa examines the role of the informal waste sector in African cities, advocating for an \"inclusive circular economy\" that integrates reclaimers into formal waste management systems. It analyzes the operational status, socio-economic challenges, and policy landscapes of reclaimers in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Uganda, arguing that their inclusion is essential for sustainable urban waste management and poverty alleviation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000154#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"African cities face a critical waste crisis due to a linear \"take-make-waste\" economic model, with over 90% of the 180 million tonnes of municipal solid waste generated in Africa in 2017 being inadequately managed, resulting in uncontrolled landfills or environmental leakage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000154#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Informal reclaimers provide a vital but under-compensated service by diverting recyclable materials from waste streams into the recycling value chain, effectively subsidizing the financial and physical burdens of inefficient formal municipal waste systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000154#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Reclaimers operate under hazardous conditions with high exposure to toxic substances and health risks. In Kenya and Nigeria, 78% of surveyed dump site reclaimers suffered from chronic health problems, including respiratory ailments and malaria.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000154#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The income of reclaimers is highly volatile and subject to market fluctuations, such as oil prices affecting the value of recycled plastics. In South Africa, PET prices varied significantly by city, with Cape Town reclaimers receiving R2/kg and Johannesburg reclaimers receiving R6,50/kg in December 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000154#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The report identifies a significant lack of comprehensive data on the informal waste sector. Estimated numbers of reclaimers include over 90,000 in South Africa, 7,788 to 10,000 in Accra, and between 25,000 and 30,000 in Lagos.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000154#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Organizing into networks, such as the African Reclaimers Organisation (ARO) and the South African Waste Pickers Association (SAWPA), allows reclaimers to advocate for recognition, bypass exploitative middlemen, and engage with formal stakeholders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000154#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"South Africa is highlighted as a leader in policy frameworks for reclaimer integration, specifically through the 2020 Waste Picker Integration Guideline and EPR regulations that mandate collection service fee payments to registered reclaimers starting in November 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000154#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"In other African nations, integration is less advanced: Ghana's informal sector is often viewed as a \"nuisance,\" and Uganda lacks a formal policy framework to support reclaimer integration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000154#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"A truly inclusive circular economy requires involving reclaimers in \"upstream\" activities, such as product design, because their on-the-ground experience reveals which materials are actually recyclable within local infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000154#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["circular economy","waste management","informal economy","just transition","plastic pollution","socio-economic transformation"],"geography_discussed":["Accra","Nairobi","Mombasa","Lagos","Abuja","Cape Town","Johannesburg","Kampala"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy Review","Socio-economic Analysis","Case Study"]},{"id":"saiia-000020","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-000020","title":"Africa’s COVID-19 Recovery Challenge: How the G20 Can Bridge the Development Financing Gap","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2021-12-15","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/research/africas-covid-19-recovery-challenge-how-the-g20-can-bridge-the-development-financing-gap/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This policy brief by the South African Institute of International Affairs examines the development financing gap facing African countries during their COVID-19 recovery. It argues that African nations lack the fiscal space available to advanced economies, facing high debt burdens and unfair credit ratings. The document proposes that the G20 and other development partners implement coordinated debt relief, reallocate resources to de-risk private investment, and establish fairer credit rating mechanisms to support sustainable economic transformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000020#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"African countries face a severe fiscal gap in their COVID-19 recovery compared to advanced economies; while advanced economies mobilised approximately 6% of their GDP, African countries mobilised barely 1%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000020#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The continent's debt situation is critical, with nearly half of African countries forecast to have interest payments exceeding 10% of government revenue in 2021, and over 20% in countries including Nigeria, Kenya, Angola, Ghana, and Zambia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000020#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"African nations are disadvantaged in international capital markets, paying higher coupon rates than other borrowers. Specifically, spreads on African government bonds are 5.7 percentage points higher than those of other borrowers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000020#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Credit rating agencies have contributed to the high cost of borrowing; at least 10 African countries—including South Africa, Nigeria, and Angola—were downgraded within the first year of the pandemic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000020#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The G20's Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) provided $5.7 billion in relief to 43 countries, but its effectiveness is limited by the lack of participation from private creditors and unclear positions from China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000020#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The document recommends that the G20 partially cancel African debt, extend the DSSI for two more years, and explore the creation of independent, publicly owned credit rating agencies to ensure fairer assessments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000020#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Tunisia is cited as a successful model for donor coordination through its Ministry of Development and International Cooperation (MDCI), which uses a collaborative monitoring system to align partner support with a single national plan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000020#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Mauritius","Seychelles","Ghana","Rwanda","Nigeria","Kenya","Angola","Zambia","Ethiopia","Chad","Botswana","Cameroon","Cape Verde","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Gabon","South Africa","Tunisia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy brief"]},{"id":"saiia-000057","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-000057","title":"Strengthening tax cooperation with Africa for sustainable revenue mobilisation","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2021-12-15","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/research/strengthening-tax-cooperation-with-africa-for-sustainable-revenue-mobilisation/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This policy brief by the South African Institute of International Affairs examines the G20/OECD Inclusive Framework's 'Two-Pillar Solution' to address tax avoidance and the digitalisation of the economy. It argues that the current global taxation framework is fragmented, allowing multinational corporations to avoid taxes through profit shifting and the lack of physical presence. The document highlights that developing countries, particularly in Africa, suffer disproportionate revenue losses as a share of GDP and are underrepresented in the negotiations of the global tax deal. It calls for greater transparency, fairer thresholds for profit reallocation, and the potential move of negotiations to a neutral body like the United Nations to ensure equitable outcomes for poorer nations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000057#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Developing countries experience significantly higher tax revenue losses as a share of GDP compared to wealthier nations. In countries such as Zambia, Guinea, Chad, Pakistan, and Guyana, these losses can range between 5% and 8% of GDP, whereas larger economies like France, Germany, and China see negligible proportions between 0.61% and 1.06% of GDP.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000057#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"African countries are significantly underrepresented in the G20/OECD Inclusive Framework. Out of 55 African Union members, only 23 have participated in the project, meaning more than half of the continent was excluded from the negotiations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000057#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The proposed global minimum corporate tax rate of 15% is viewed as too low by some developing countries. For example, Nigeria refused to sign the agreement because its own corporate tax rate of 30% is more beneficial to the country.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000057#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The scope of the agreement is criticized for being biased toward the US, as the minimum tax rate only applies to companies with annual sales of at least €750 million ($872 million), which primarily covers a small number of US-based tech companies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000057#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Certain developed nations—specifically Austria, France, Italy, Spain, the UK, and the US—negotiated a side deal allowing them to keep their digital services taxes (DSTs) for two years until the global deal is implemented, while other countries are expected to repeal theirs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000057#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The G24 advocates for global tax reform negotiations to take place within the United Nations to ensure a neutral ground where all countries have an equal say, rather than through the G20/OECD-led process.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000057#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"African countries generally maintain higher average corporate tax rates than European countries. Africa's regional average rate is 28.5% (28.16% weighted by GDP), while Europe's regional average is 19.99% (24.61% weighted by GDP).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000057#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation and mitigation"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Nigeria","Kenya","Ireland","United States","People's Republic of China","Germany","France","Guyana","Chad","Guinea","Zambia","Pakistan","Argentina","United Kingdom","Europe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"saiia-000464","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-000464","title":"COVID-19 and Food Insecurity in Africa","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2021-12-13","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/research/covid-19-and-food-insecurity-in-africa/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This research paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security across Africa, highlighting how economic shocks and trade disruptions exacerbated hunger. It analyzes the varying vulnerability of different income groups and regions, the role of protectionist policies, and the potential for the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) to build long-term resilience by increasing intra-continental food trade.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000464#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased food insecurity in Africa, with the number of undernourished people estimated to exceed 250 million as the pandemic combined with existing climate shocks and conflicts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000464#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The proportion of the African population experiencing food stress rose from 10.2% in 2019 to 13.3% in 2020, with a partial recovery to 12% in 2021. Additionally, the percentage of the population in food crisis, emergency, or catastrophe increased from 5.4% to 7.3% following the pandemic shock.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000464#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Upper-middle income countries, such as South Africa and the Maghreb nations, were the most vulnerable to COVID-induced food insecurity due to their deep integration into global supply chains and recessions of 6 to 9 percent in 2020. In contrast, lower-middle income economies like Nigeria, Benin, Senegal, and those in the East African Community were less severely impacted because their labor forces rely more heavily on informal and domestic employment and have broader access to land use rights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000464#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Protectionist measures hindered food security during the pandemic; for example, Malawi maintained a maize export ban from February 2018 despite a 5.1% increase in food production in 2020, which caused income losses for farmers and prevented other countries from accessing surplus maize.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000464#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) aims to improve resilience by increasing intra-African food trade, which currently accounts for less than 0.5% of GDP. As of October 2021, 38 of 55 member countries had ratified the agreement, and 41 had submitted tariff schedules.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000464#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["food security","climate shocks","extreme weather events","agricultural production"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Nigeria","Malawi","Egypt","Algeria","Angola","Mali","Sudan","Morocco","Kenya","Chad","Benin","Senegal","Central Africa","Sahel"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"aceta-000018","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/aceta-000018","title":"The Role of the AfCFTA in Promoting a Resilient Recovery in Africa","publisher":{"name":"African Center for Economic Transformation","organization":"african-center-for-economic-transformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-12-06","source_url":"https://acetforafrica.org/research-and-analysis/reports-studies/reports/the-role-of-the-afcfta-in-promoting-a-resilient-recovery-in-africa/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report examines how the African Union's Green Recovery Action Plan (GRAP) and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) can jointly foster resilient and sustainable economic recoveries in six specific African nations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"aceta-000018#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is expected to transform Africa's trade and production landscape, although climate and environmental factors have not been a primary focus of its development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"aceta-000018#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The African Union's Green Recovery Action Plan (GRAP) outlines cooperation priorities for the next five years to facilitate a green and resilient economic recovery. This plan is part of Agenda 2063, which utilizes the AfCFTA as its primary tool to increase investment and trade within the continent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"aceta-000018#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The report analyzes the combined application of the GRAP and AfCFTA to support sustainable and resilient recoveries in Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"aceta-000018#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","climate change"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"saiia-000992","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-000992","title":"Strengthening Tax Cooperation with Africa for Sustainable Revenue Mobilisation","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2021-12","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Policy-Briefing-256-resha.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This policy briefing by the South African Institute of International Affairs examines the G20/OECD Inclusive Framework's 'Two-Pillar Solution' to address tax avoidance and the digitalisation of the economy. It argues that the current global taxation framework is fragmented, allowing multinational corporations to avoid taxes, and highlights how developing countries, particularly in Africa, suffer disproportionate revenue losses. The document criticizes the Inclusive Framework for the underrepresentation of African nations and the potential for the agreement to favor wealthy nations, recommending a shift toward more inclusive, transparent, and equitable negotiations, possibly under the UN.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000992#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Developing countries experience significantly higher tax revenue losses from corporate tax avoidance as a share of GDP compared to wealthier nations. While some countries like Guyana, Chad, Guinea, Zambia, and Pakistan see losses between 5% and 8% of GDP, larger economies such as Germany, France, and China experience negligible losses between 0.61% and 1.06% of GDP.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000992#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"African countries generally have higher average corporate tax rates than European countries, which increases the impact of global tax agreements. Africa's regional average rate is 28.5% (28.16% weighted by GDP), whereas Europe's is 19.99% (24.61% weighted by GDP).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000992#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The G20/OECD Inclusive Framework is criticized for the poor representation of African nations; only 23 of the 55 African Union members participated in the project, meaning more than half of the continent was excluded from negotiations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000992#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The agreement's scope is viewed as biased toward the US, as the minimum tax rate applies only to companies with annual sales of at least €750 million ($872 million), a threshold that primarily covers a small number of US-based tech companies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000992#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Certain countries, including the US, UK, France, Italy, Spain, and Austria, negotiated a side deal allowing them to keep their digital services taxes (DSTs) for two years until the global deal is implemented, while other countries are expected to repeal theirs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000992#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Specific African nations have resisted the agreement due to domestic revenue concerns: Nigeria declined because its 30% corporate tax rate is more beneficial, and Kenya was reluctant to repeal its digital services tax (DST).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000992#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The document recommends that the G20 promote greater African participation in the Inclusive Framework, advocate for a multilateral convention within the UN to ensure equal footing, and provide sufficient funding and technical capacity for implementation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000992#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation and mitigation"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Nigeria","Kenya","United States","People's Republic of China","Germany","France","Ireland","Argentina","United Kingdom","Guyana","Europe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","economic analysis"]}]}