{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["kenya"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":1681,"relation":"eq"},"page":40,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=kenya&page=40","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=kenya&page=41","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"saiia-001230","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-001230","title":"IS AFRICA MEASURING UP TO ITS GOAL 16 COMMITMENTS?","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Special-Report_SDG16_FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines how 38 African countries are measuring and reporting on SDG 16. It finds high political commitment but significant gaps in financial resources and data quality. It highlights innovations in 'data sovereignty' through national statistical offices (NSOs) and the use of multi-stakeholder partnerships to overcome data gaps.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001230#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Political commitment to SDG 16 is generally high among African leaders, who view it as a foundational enabler for all other SDGs, yet this support often fails to translate into financial resources. Approximately 66% of survey respondents identified the 'lack of adequate dedicated financial resources for SDG 16' as a very problematic issue.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001230#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"African countries are increasingly pursuing 'data sovereignty' by developing national governance statistics to avoid reliance on external international indicators that may not fit local contexts. However, only 16% of government respondents reported that national funding has been specifically allocated for the production of SDG 16 data.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001230#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Efforts to localize global SDG 16 targets are growing, with 60% of respondents stating their country has adapted targets to fit the national context. However, these processes are often limited; 31% of those who localized added only 1–3 national indicators, and only 58% reported that the general public was invited to contribute.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001230#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gap in the ability to report on global indicators using national data; 53% of respondents stated their country cannot report on more than half of the 23 global SDG 16 indicators. Consequently, 27% of respondents use unofficial or non-state data when official sources are unavailable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001230#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The GPS-SHaSA initiative, launched in 2011, demonstrates that African NSOs can successfully produce official survey-based governance statistics. A regular nationally representative survey could allow countries to report on 11 of the 23 global SDG 16 indicators simultaneously.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001230#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While civil society is often included in formal SDG committees, this does not always result in meaningful influence. Non-government respondents are significantly less likely than government respondents to view multi-stakeholder engagement as 'very useful and productive' (27% vs 42%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001230#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Some countries are integrating SDG 16 into national budgeting and planning to ensure accountability. Ghana has fully integrated the SDG framework into its budget, and Kenya uses 'performance contracting' where public sector executives are scored on their delivery of SDG 16 targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001230#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public accessibility of SDG 16 data is low, with only 25% of respondents stating that data is easily accessible to the public. Furthermore, 49% of non-government respondents feel their government is not committed to using this data for policymaking or accountability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001230#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"African countries' participation in Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) at the HLPF has increased significantly, with 18 countries reporting in 2019, representing over a third of all reports. However, there is a tendency to treat the VNR as the 'endgame' rather than a tool for national course correction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001230#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["public finance"],"geography_discussed":["Ghana","Kenya","Tunisia","Liberia","Mali","South Africa","Uganda","Ethiopia","Benin","Cameroon","Cape Verde"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["stocktaking","survey analysis","policy review"]},{"id":"seforall-000112","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000112","title":"2019 SEforALL CHARRETTES REPORT","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2019-08/CharrettesReport_0.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2019 SEforALL Charrettes brought together diverse stakeholders in Amsterdam to address systemic barriers to SDG7. The resulting report outlines proposed solutions across four key areas: creating a viable private sector market for clean cooking, improving data and evidence for electrification, bridging the finance gap in high-impact countries, and increasing risk appetite for last-mile electricity access.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000112#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"To address the lack of a commercially viable market for clean cooking, which currently serves 2.9 billion people, the report proposes three solutions: a $1 billion grant-funded 'Clean Cooking Market Catalyst' to align donors and support scalable companies; a $5 billion 'Clean Cooking Government Challenge Fund' to incentivize policy reform; and a 'Next Generation Solutions Data Platform' to provide open data for investors and governments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000112#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a critical need for more granular, localized data to replace binary 'access or no access' metrics. Proposed solutions include a platform to align the needs of delivery stakeholders with detailed profiles of underserved populations, a shared database led by national focal points to integrate fragmented data sources, and a platform to disseminate evidence on the systemic value of quality electricity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000112#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To bridge the finance gap in high-impact countries (HICs), the report suggests three mechanisms: an operational partnership among development finance institutions (DFIs) to align mandates on SDG7; a transparent online platform pooling $1 billion in first-loss capital to leverage an additional $10 billion; and 'REAL Finance Accelerators' to mobilize domestic capital for entrepreneurs needing $5,000 to $500,000.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000112#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For last-mile electricity access, the report argues that electricity should be treated as a public good. Proposed solutions include a 'Last Mile Service Fund' capitalized by redirecting fossil fuel subsidies, a strategy to prioritize electricity for schools and clinics as conduits to reach individual consumers, and a 'Mini-Grid Finance Platform Association' to reduce transaction costs through knowledge sharing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000112#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report highlights a severe funding gap for clean cooking, noting that tracked financial commitments declined from an average of $32 million per year in 2013-14 to $30 million in 2015-16, far below the estimated $4.4 billion annual investment required by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000112#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["clean cooking","climate finance","Blended Finance","Mini-grids","fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["Netherlands","sub-Saharan Africa","Asia","India","Bangladesh","Ethiopia","Kenya","Tanzania","Philippines","People's Republic of China"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy proposal","strategic framework"]},{"id":"seforall-000124","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000124","title":"Dynamiser le financement de l’accès à l’énergie : UN TOUR D’HORIZON 2019","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2019-10/EF-2019-UL-ES-fr-SEforALL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while electricity financing reached a record $36 billion in 2017, only about one-third benefited households, and clean cooking finance plummeted by 73% compared to 2015-2016. It highlights severe underinvestment in Sub-Saharan Africa and for vulnerable groups, while suggesting innovative financial mechanisms like results-based financing and crowdfunding to bridge the gap.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000124#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Electricity financing in 20 analyzed developing countries reached a record $36 billion in 2017, but only $12.6 billion of this total was estimated to provide new access for households.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000124#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financing for clean cooking solutions saw a drastic decline in 2017, dropping 73% compared to the 2015-2016 average, falling to $32 million against an estimated annual requirement of $4.4 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000124#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sub-Saharan Africa faces persistent investment shortages; in 2017, four countries in the region saw investment decreases, and funding for decentralized solutions only grew by 10%, with half of that concentrated in three East African countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000124#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International public financing for electricity rose to $19.4 billion in 2017, but bilateral aid from developed nations, specifically the United States and Japan, fell from $4.1 billion in 2015-2016 to $2.3 billion in 2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000124#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investment in grid-connected renewable energy plants accounted for 61% of all electricity financing, largely driven by solar photovoltaic investments in India.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000124#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender-specific energy funding remains low; in 2017, only 7% of the $14 billion in annual official development assistance (ODA) for energy activities in developing countries was specifically targeted at women.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000124#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Innovative financial models such as pay-as-you-go, results-based financing, and crowdfunding are emerging to overcome barriers like credit and currency risk, but they require scaling to be effective.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000124#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["clean cooking","climate finance","renewable energy","photovoltaics","biomass","gender equality","fossil fuel","hydroelectricity"],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa","Uganda","Philippines","Nigeria","Nepal","India","Bangladesh","Kenya","Tanzania","Japan","United States","People's Republic of China"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["financial trend analysis","investment gap assessment","case study"]},{"id":"seforall-000125","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000125","title":"Energizing Finance: Understanding the Landscape 2019","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2019-10/EF-2019-UL-ES-SEforALL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while electricity finance reached a record USD 36 billion in 2017, it remains far below the USD 51 billion annual requirement for universal household access, with only one-third benefiting residential users. Clean cooking finance saw a severe decline, dropping 73 percent to USD 32 million in 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa remains critically under-invested, and the report highlights a lack of targeted funding for vulnerable groups, particularly women and displaced persons.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000125#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Finance for electricity in the 20 high-impact countries (HICs) reached a record USD 36 billion in 2017, but this is significantly below the estimated annual requirement of USD 51 billion needed for universal household access by 2030. Only USD 12.6 billion, or one-third of the total, is estimated to have provided residential access.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000125#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investment in clean cooking experienced a sharp decline, falling to USD 32 million in 2017, which represents a 73 percent decrease compared to the 2015-2016 annual average of USD 117 million. This is far below the estimated annual investment requirement of USD 4.4 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000125#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by severe under-investment. While total electricity finance for 13 analyzed African countries rose to USD 9.6 billion in 2017, this was primarily due to a single USD 5 billion hydropower plant in Nigeria; ten countries in the region each received less than USD 300 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000125#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Grid-connected renewable energy dominated electricity finance, accounting for 61 percent of all tracked funds, with India driving much of the increase in solar PV investments. Conversely, investment in grid-connected fossil fuel plants decreased to USD 6.6 billion in 2017, with 60 percent of coal financing (USD 5.6 billion) provided by the Export-Import Banks of India and China for projects in Bangladesh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000125#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investment in off-grid solutions and mini-grids (OGS) remains a very small portion of total electricity finance, representing only 1.2 percent (USD 430 million) in 2017. Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda together accounted for 56 percent of this total.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000125#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Finance for clean cooking shifted toward private sources, which accounted for 66 percent of tracked finance in 2017 (approximately USD 21 million), while international public finance dropped to 33 percent (USD 10.6 million). Kenya received the majority of this finance, attracting over USD 20 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000125#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy finance is not sufficiently targeted toward vulnerable groups. In 2017, only 7 percent of the USD 14 billion in annual official development assistance (ODA) for energy activities in developing countries was specifically targeted to benefit women.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000125#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["clean cooking","renewable energy","photovoltaics","Mini-grids","fossil fuel","coal power","climate finance","gender equality","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa","India","Bangladesh","Nigeria","Kenya","Tanzania","Uganda","Philippines","People's Republic of China","Nepal"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","geographic deep-dive","financial assessment"]},{"id":"seforall-000227","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000227","title":"Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2019","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2019-05/TrackingSDG7_execsum-2019.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The world is making progress toward SDG 7 but is not on track to meet 2030 targets at current ambition levels. While electricity access has expanded significantly, particularly in India, Bangladesh, and Kenya, Sub-Saharan Africa still faces a massive deficit. Clean cooking access is lagging due to population growth, and while renewable energy and energy efficiency are improving, they remain below the required rates to meet 2030 goals. Achieving these targets will require a substantial increase in annual investments across all three areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000227#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global electricity access reached 89% in 2017, up from 83% in 2010, though approximately 840 million people still lack access.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000227#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sub-Saharan Africa has the most significant electricity access gap, with 573 million people lacking access; it is projected that 90% of the 650 million people still without electricity in 2030 will reside there.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000227#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Access to clean cooking solutions increased from 57% in 2010 to 61% in 2017, but population growth has kept the absolute number of people without access at nearly 3 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000227#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India and China represent the largest absolute deficits in clean cooking access, together accounting for 1.3 billion people without such solutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000227#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Renewable energy's share of total final energy consumption was 17.5% in 2016, with the fastest growth occurring in electricity consumption, which reached a 24% share.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000227#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global primary energy intensity improved to 5.1 MJ/USD in 2016, but the rate of improvement is below the SDG 7.3 target of over 2.7% annually, with a further slowdown to 1.3% in 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000227#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To meet SDG 7 targets by 2030, annual average investments must increase to approximately $55 billion for energy access, $700 billion for renewable energy, and $600 billion for energy efficiency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000227#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["clean cooking","renewable energy","energy efficiency","climate finance","solar energy","wind power","hydropower","biofuel","biomass"],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa","India","Bangladesh","Kenya","People's Republic of China","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["progress tracking","statistical assessment","investment projection"]},{"id":"wri-001349","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-001349","title":"Demo Day 2019","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/land-accelerator-2019-fact-sheet.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Land Accelerator, supported by Germany's BMZ and the DOEN Foundation, provides technical knowledge and capital to entrepreneurs restoring degraded land. The 2019 Demo Day featured 14 African entrepreneurs from 8 countries presenting businesses focused on sustainable food, land use, and climate resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001349#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Developing sustainable food and land use business models is estimated to be worth up to US$2.3 trillion and could create more than 70 million jobs globally by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001349#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Land Accelerator is the first of its kind designed to support entrepreneurship in restoring degraded land to address climate change and promote sustainable economic growth, addressing the limited access to capital and technical knowledge faced by restoration businesses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001349#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 2019 cohort included 14 entrepreneurs from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, with businesses focusing on activities such as organic fertilizer production, biofuel from sugarcane waste, agroforestry, and land restoration offsets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001349#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature restoration","land use","agroforestry","biofuel","climate resilience","carbon offset"],"geography_discussed":["Ethiopia","Ghana","Kenya","Niger","Rwanda","South Africa","Uganda","Zimbabwe","World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["program description","case studies"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000132","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000132","title":"Moving Money and Mindsets","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-12","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/DMA-Moving-Money-and-Mindsets-28.11.18-1-2_compressed.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while online remittance use is surging among certain African diaspora communities in the UK, 'stickiness' of cash remains high in countries with underdeveloped digital payment infrastructures, such as the DRC, Zimbabwe, and Sierra Leone. Key drivers for switching to digital include convenience, price incentives, and word-of-mouth recommendations, while barriers include complex registration processes, security concerns, and a lack of awareness. The report recommends simplifying onboarding, improving marketing through community influencers, and enhancing digital payment infrastructure in receive-countries to lower costs and meet UN Sustainable Development Goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000132#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There has been a significant increase in the use of online remittance services, with approximately half of the focus group participants reporting a switch to formal online services within the last one to two years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000132#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The preference for cash varies by community and correlates with the development of the receive-country's payment infrastructure; cash is most 'sticky' in the DRC, Zimbabwe, and Sierra Leone, and least sticky among Tanzanian, Ghanaian, and Kenyan senders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000132#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The primary trigger for changing remittance operators or methods is personal recommendations from friends or family, as diaspora communities are highly interconnected via social networks and WhatsApp groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000132#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Online-only remittance service providers (RSPs) like WorldRemit are more successful in corridors where recipients can receive funds via m-wallets or bank accounts, whereas traditional RSPs with extensive cash networks dominate in less developed markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000132#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Barriers to digital adoption include complex registration and onboarding processes, perceived security risks such as identity theft, and a lack of awareness that online transfers can still result in cash payouts for the recipient.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000132#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the UK-to-Nigeria corridor, remittance behavior is heavily driven by the existence of a black market and government exchange controls, leading 12 out of 14 focus group participants to use informal methods to obtain better exchange rates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000132#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Large RSPs like Western Union and MoneyGram are perceived as not actively promoting their own online services in cash-heavy corridors, as agents have no incentive to encourage a shift to digital.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000132#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The average cost of sending £120 from the UK to Africa in Q3 2017 was 7.9%, which is higher than the global average of 7.2%, with costs ranging from 4.8% for Nigeria to 13.1% for Ethiopia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000132#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["poverty reduction","Sustainable Development Goals"],"geography_discussed":["London","Nigeria","Kenya","Tanzania","Ghana","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Zimbabwe","Sierra Leone","Ethiopia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["demand side assessment","qualitative research","market diagnostics"]},{"id":"iisd-002192","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002192","title":"« Swap » : Reformer l’appui au gaz butane pour investir dans le solaire au Maroc","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2018-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/swap-morocco-fr.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document analyzes the financial and social implications of Morocco's butane gas subsidies, which cost approximately USD 967 million in 2017. It proposes a 'swap' strategy to transition from fossil fuel subsidies to investments in solar energy to mitigate the impact on low-income households and small farmers while meeting Paris Agreement goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002192#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Butane gas subsidies represent a significant financial burden for the Moroccan government, totaling approximately USD 967 million in 2017, which accounted for 3.9% of the general budget for that year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002192#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The butane gas subsidy is the only remaining fossil fuel subsidy in Morocco following a series of 'decompensation' reforms since 2014 that eliminated subsidies for gasoline, industrial fuels, and diesel.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002192#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Low-income households and small farmers are the most vulnerable to price increases; for small farmers, fuel costs can represent up to 40% of operating expenses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002192#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report proposes a 'swap' model to reduce hydrocarbon subsidies and reinvest savings into clean technologies, specifically solar pumping for the agricultural sector and solar water heaters for residential use.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002192#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Solar pumping is internationally cost-competitive with butane pumping, with costs of USD 0.043 per m3 compared to USD 0.042 per m3 for butane.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002192#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Morocco's national solar pumping program, launched in 2013 with a MAD 400 million envelope, has faced implementation delays due to technical-financial issues and concerns over potential groundwater over-extraction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002192#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Shemsi' program aims to increase the national stock of solar water heaters to 1.35 million m2 by 2020, but it is currently stalled awaiting the signature of a program contract.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002192#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To prevent social unrest and deforestation (caused by a return to biomass), the government is developing a Unified Social Registry (RSU) to target subsidies to the most needy populations, expected to be ready in 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002192#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A complete reform of butane subsidies by 2020 instead of 2030 could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 0.2% and save 1.62 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in total.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002192#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","energy transition","greenhouse gas emissions","deforestation","climate finance","social protection","renewable energy","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","India","Nepal","Mexico","Senegal","Tunisia","El Hajeb Province"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","economic assessment","technical feasibility study"]},{"id":"issafri-001157","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-001157","title":"Nobody came to ask us","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-12","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/ear-20.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report presents findings from interviews with 106 South Sudanese refugees in Ethiopia and Uganda, highlighting a widespread feeling of exclusion from the peace process. Key issues include a lack of trustworthy information, deep frustration with political leadership, and sharp divisions over the number of states in South Sudan. While all respondents desire to return home, many remain cautious, citing the need for proven stability and security before repatriation is safe.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001157#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Refugees reported a significant lack of accurate and trustworthy information regarding the peace process, often relying on second-hand accounts, word-of-mouth, and the internet via smartphones.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001157#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is widespread frustration with South Sudanese political leadership, with many refugees viewing the leaders as being concerned with personal interests rather than national ones and advocating for new leadership through elections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001157#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The issue of the number of states in South Sudan is a major point of contention and division among refugees, with views often split along regional lines, ranging from support for a three-region federal model to the 32-state plan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001157#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While all interviewed refugees expressed a strong desire to return to South Sudan, many are cautious and believe several years of monitoring the peace agreement's implementation are necessary before it is safe to do so.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001157#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Refugees expressed pessimism toward the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) as a mediator, citing perceived biases, the pursuit of member states' own interests, and a failure to address the root causes of the conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001157#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the inclusion of some refugee observers in the High-Level Revitalization Forum (HLRF), most interviewed refugees felt they lacked a genuine voice and that the selection process for representatives lacked transparency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001157#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Perceptions of political representation varied by location: refugees in Gambella showed strong allegiance to the SPLM-IO, while those in Adjumani were more fragmented and often felt unrepresented by any of the parties in Khartoum.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001157#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Female respondents specifically highlighted a lack of gender inclusivity in the peace talks, arguing that the process is dominated by men who do not understand the specific suffering of women.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001157#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Gambela Region","Adjumani District","Sudan","Kenya"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["perception survey","policy analysis","field research"]},{"id":"issafri-002225","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-002225","title":"Compound fractures","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-12","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/ear-21-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the fragmented political and security environment in South Sudan as it attempts to implement the R-ARCSS. It details the proliferation of armed opposition groups, the concentration of power within the government, and the challenges facing the IGAD-led mediation process, including the influence of bilateral interests from regional powers like Sudan and Uganda.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002225#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) was signed in September 2018, but its implementation faces a difficult environment because the country's political and security sectors have become increasingly fragmented and incoherent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002225#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Government forces have achieved a military advantage on the battlefield through various offensives, but this has resulted in the alienation of civilians and a loss of confidence from international allies, specifically the United States.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002225#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Numerous armed opposition groups have emerged due to the spread of conflict, falling government revenues, and the hope of gaining power through peace processes. These groups are typically led by military officers or politicians who defected or were removed from the government or the SPLM-IO.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002225#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) successfully brokered the agreement, but the mediation process was hindered by the zero-sum mentality of the warring parties and the pursuit of bilateral interests by regional leaders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002225#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The conflict has had a devastating human and economic toll, with an estimated 382,000 deaths (approximately 3% of the population), the displacement of 4.2 million people, and a peak inflation rate exceeding 800% in October 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002225#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Political power within the government is increasingly concentrated among a small group, specifically those from the Rek subgroup of Dinka, a trend described as the 'Gogrialization of government'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002225#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The SPLM-IO remains the largest armed opposition group and maintains strong grassroots support, particularly as a symbol for the Nuer nation, despite internal divisions and military losses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002225#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The conflict expanded into Greater Equatoria after July 2016, leading to the rise of regional movements like the National Salvation Front (NAS) as communities sought to protect themselves from a state they perceive as Dinka- and Nuer-dominated.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002225#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The South Sudan Opposition Alliance (SSOA) was formed in 2018 by ten opposition groups to create a unified front in the High-Level Revitalization Forum (HLRF), though the alliance is tenuous and members often lack common goals beyond opposing the government.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002225#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regional interference, particularly from Sudan and Uganda, has raised concerns that South Sudan could become an 'informal protectorate' of these neighbors, with Sudan specifically seeking security roles in oilfields.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002225#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Sudan","Uganda","Democratic Republic of the Congo","South Africa","Ethiopia","Kenya","Tanzania","Juba"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"rmi-001016","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/rmi-001016","title":"MINIGRIDS IN THE MONEY","publisher":{"name":"RMI","organization":"rmi"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-12","source_url":"https://rmi.org/app/uploads/2018/12/rmi-seeds-minigrid-report.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies that the typical LCOE for well-run minigrids is at least $0.60 per kWh, which is too expensive for widespread use. It proposes six cost-reduction pathways—hardware standardization, demand stimulation, customer engagement, clustered project development, low-cost financing, and regulatory reform—to bring the LCOE down to $0.25 per kWh by 2020. The document also provides an investment roadmap to transition from grant funding to commercial debt.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001016#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The current levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for a well-run minigrid is at least $0.60 per kWh, making it unaffordable for widespread use without subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001016#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Up-front costs account for 60% of the cost of service from minigrids, while ongoing costs make up the remaining 40%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001016#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a pathway to reduce minigrid LCOE by 60%, targeting a cost of $0.25 per kWh by 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001016#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Hardware costs can be reduced through the use of standardized 'minigrid-in-a-box' designs, bulk purchasing, and leveraging global cost declines in solar PV and inverters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001016#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Underutilization of power is a major cost driver; LCOE can be lowered by $0.08 per kWh by locating minigrids near 'anchor' loads like grain mills and stimulating productive use of energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001016#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Building minigrids in closely spaced clusters rather than isolated sites can reduce overhead costs by up to 60% and overall power costs by $0.05 per kWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001016#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High commercial debt rates in sub-Saharan Africa, typically 15% to 20%, hinder scaling; reducing the cost of capital by 4% could save $0.03 per kWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001016#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regulatory barriers, including customs duties and VAT, can add nearly 50% to total hardware costs; supportive policies could reduce LCOE by $0.03 per kWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001016#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"An investment roadmap is proposed to transition minigrid funding from grants ($3–$10M for 3–10 projects) to impact investors, venture capital, and eventually private equity and commercial debt.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001016#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["photovoltaics","Mini-grids","rural electrification","Levelized cost of energy","climate finance","energy access","energy policy","battery energy storage system","distributed generation"],"geography_discussed":["Nigeria","Kenya","Sierra Leone","India","Rwanda","Uganda","Ethiopia","Benin"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic analysis","policy assessment","financial modeling"]},{"id":"natjust-000272","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/natjust-000272","title":"SUBMISSION OF COMMENTS TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED SALT WORKS IN A SECTION OF LAND PARCEL L.R. NO. 13536, MARERENI, KILIFI COUNTY","publisher":{"name":"Natural Justice","organization":"natural-justice"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2018-11-27","source_url":"https://naturaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/NEMA_Al-Sherman_Submissions-to-the-Proposed-EIA_2018-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Natural Justice submitted comments to the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) on November 27, 2018, challenging the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for a proposed salt works project by Al-Sherman Limited in Kilifi County. The submission argues that the EIA fails to adequately address risks to water sources, climate change impacts, local ecosystems, and community livelihoods, while also citing failures in the public participation process.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000272#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The EIA fails to provide sufficient detail on the protection of critical water sources, including four ephemeral streams and forty-nine underground wells. Natural Justice argues that the project's land requirements—estimated to exceed 800 hectares—leave insufficient space for these water points and community access, making the proponent's claim that they will not block streams or encroach on wells unrealistic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000272#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The project poses a risk of salinizing fresh ground and surface water through underground leaching and the discharge of hyper-saline water. The submission notes that the EIA does not specify the 'impermeable material' proposed for brine ponds or provide quantitative projections for the increased fresh water demand during the operational phase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000272#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The EIA completely omits an assessment of climate change impacts. Natural Justice highlights that the project will contribute to greenhouse gas emissions through the use of diesel and the clearing of vegetation on 753.8 hectares of land, which reduces carbon sequestration capacity. This is particularly critical as coastal East Africa is highly susceptible to rising temperatures and water stress.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000272#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a lack of adequate information regarding the project's impact on the bordering mangrove swamps and local wildlife, such as hippopotamuses, cranes, buffalo, and dik-dik. Specifically, the EIA does not detail the impact of extracting 45,000 litres of water per minute from a creek, nor does it provide a comprehensive waste disposal plan for human waste.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000272#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The project threatens local community livelihoods by potentially displacing residents and blocking access to beaches and fish landing sites. Natural Justice criticizes the proponent's plan to identify access routes only after receiving a license, and notes that the EIA does not address dust pollution from dykes, which has previously led to NEMA stop-orders for other salt companies like Krystalline Marereni.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000272#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The EIA fails to consider the cumulative environmental impact of the proposed works alongside six other existing salt works in the Magarini salt belt, including Kensalt Limited and Kurawa Industries Limited. These existing projects have a history of diverting rivers, destroying mangroves, and causing water shortages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000272#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The public participation process was inadequate and discriminatory. The proponent failed to publish notices in the Kenya Gazette, did not engage community members living upstream or downstream (such as those in Kamale and Mto wa Mbono), and relied on questionnaires that likely excluded non-literate stakeholders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000272#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","greenhouse gas emissions","carbon sequestration","water scarcity","coastal vulnerability"],"geography_discussed":["Kamale","Mto wa Mbono"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Environmental Impact Assessment Critique","Policy Submission"]},{"id":"natjust-000273","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/natjust-000273","title":"SUBMISSION OF COMMENTS TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED SALT WORKS IN A SECTION OF LAND PARCEL L.R. NO. 13536, MARERENI, KILIFI COUNTY","publisher":{"name":"Natural Justice","organization":"natural-justice"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2018-11-27","source_url":"https://naturaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/NEMA_Al-Sherman_Submissions-to-the-Proposed-EIA_2018.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Natural Justice submitted comments to the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) on November 27, 2018, challenging the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for proposed salt works by Al-Sherman Limited in Marereni, Kilifi County. The organization argues that the EIA fails to adequately address risks to water sources, climate change impacts, local ecosystems, and community livelihoods, while also citing deficiencies in the public participation process.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000273#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The EIA fails to provide sufficient information on how the project will protect critical water sources, including four ephemeral streams and forty-nine underground wells. Natural Justice argues that the project's scale—requiring over 800 hectares for components like 17 evaporators and 20 crystallisers—makes it unlikely that these water sources can be preserved, especially since the EIA does not map their exact locations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000273#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a significant risk of salinization of fresh ground and surface water due to the potential discharge of hyper-saline water and underground leaching. The document notes that the EIA mentions using \"impermeable material\" in brine ponds but does not specify what that material is or how it will prevent contamination.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000273#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The project is expected to increase the demand for fresh water, which is already a scarce resource in the area. Natural Justice claims the EIA provides no qualitative or quantitative projections for this increased demand and offers inadequate mitigation measures, failing to identify alternative water sources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000273#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The EIA completely omits an assessment of climate change impacts. Natural Justice highlights that the project will contribute to greenhouse gas emissions through the use of diesel for machinery and the clearing of vegetation on 753.8 hectares of land, which removes carbon sinks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000273#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The project's proximity to mangrove swamps and wetlands is not sufficiently detailed, posing a risk to species such as shrimps, crabs, hippopotamus, and cranes. The document notes a \"fatal flaw\" in the EIA's failure to describe the impact of extracting 45,000 litres of water per minute from a creek.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000273#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The project may negatively impact the local community through the displacement of residents, blockage of beach access routes, and dust pollution. Natural Justice points out that the proponent intends to document access routes only after receiving a license, which they deem inadequate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000273#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The EIA fails to consider the cumulative environmental impact of the proposed works alongside six other existing salt works in the Magarini salt belt, such as Krystalline Salt Limited and KenSalt Limited, which have histories of river diversion and mangrove destruction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000273#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The public participation process was allegedly inadequate and discriminatory. Natural Justice claims the proponent failed to notify the public via the Kenya Gazette, relied on questionnaires that favored literate stakeholders, and failed to engage community members living upstream and downstream of the affected streams.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000273#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","greenhouse gas emissions","carbon sequestration","water scarcity","sea level rise"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["environmental impact assessment critique","community submission"]},{"id":"natjust-000003","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/natjust-000003","title":"Using the law to protect fisheries in Lamu, Kenya","publisher":{"name":"Natural Justice","organization":"natural-justice"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2018-11-26","source_url":"https://naturaljustice.org/using-the-law-to-protect-fisheries-in-lamu-kenya/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document details how the Lamu Port Three Berth Project and a proposed 1050Mw coal plant in Kwasasi threaten the livelihoods of thousands of fishers in Lamu, Kenya. It highlights the environmental impacts of these projects, including water turbidity from dredging and thermal pollution from cooling systems, and describes the legal actions taken by Natural Justice, Save Lamu, and the Katiba Institute to secure compensation and challenge project approvals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000003#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Lamu Port Three Berth Project, started in October 2016, displaced approximately 4734 local fishers from their fishing grounds. These fishers are unable to use alternative areas due to their rudimentary equipment and have seen reduced catch sizes because of water turbidity caused by dredging, which resulted from non-compliance with the law and EIA license conditions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000003#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Legal action taken by Natural Justice, Save Lamu, and the Katiba Institute against the Lamu Port project resulted in a June court ruling in favor of the fishers, ordering compensation and remanding the EIA license to the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) for re-consideration, although compensation has not yet been paid.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000003#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A proposed 1050Mw coal plant in the Kwasasi ecosystem of Lamu County poses several environmental risks: the use of a cooling system that releases thermal water back into the sea, which would damage the marine ecosystem and affect the Dodori National Reserve; and a 15km open conveyor belt for coal transport that would pass through mangrove forests, causing coal dust pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000003#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposed coal plant site is located within 60m of the coast high-water mark, which violates Kenya's Survey Regulations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000003#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","environmental impact assessment","environmental law","biodiversity"],"geography_discussed":["Mombasa","Kwasasi","Dodori National Reserve","Kiunga National Reserves"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]},{"id":"clipolin-000561","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000561","title":"Global Climate Finance: An Updated View 2018","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-11","source_url":"https://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Global-Climate-Finance-An-Updated-View-2018.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report updates global climate finance estimates for 2015 and 2016, finding an annual average of USD 463 billion. While private investment remains the dominant source, particularly in renewables and the growing electric vehicle sector, the report highlights significant data gaps in tracking adaptation and energy efficiency. It also discusses the challenges of operationalizing Article 2.1(c) of the Paris Agreement to ensure all financial flows are consistent with low-emission and climate-resilient development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000561#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Revised global climate finance flows are estimated at USD 472 billion for 2015 and USD 455 billion for 2016, resulting in an annual average of USD 463 billion for the period. This average is 27% higher than the 2013/2014 period, partly due to the integration of electric vehicle sales and new data from national development finance institutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000561#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private finance actors, including project developers, corporations, and commercial banks, provide the majority of climate investments, accounting for 54% of flows annually between 2015 and 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000561#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investment in renewable energy, the largest sector in climate finance, decreased by 16% from 2015 to 2016. This decline was driven by both falling technology costs and a reduction in the number of projects financed, influenced by policy changes in the UK, Japan, Germany, and China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000561#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sustainable transport now represents 20% of climate finance flows. Investment in electric vehicles has seen a compound annual growth rate of 54% since 2012, with total investment in electric passenger vehicles reaching USD 43 billion in 2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000561#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Adaptation finance is significantly lower than mitigation, estimated at USD 22 billion per year. Tracking this finance is difficult due to reporting variations and data gaps, as adaptation activities are often embedded within larger projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000561#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The majority of climate finance (81%) is spent domestically. Developing countries are the primary destination for climate investment, receiving 58% of total flows (USD 270 billion), with the East Asia and Pacific region (non-OECD) receiving the largest share at 39%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000561#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current climate finance levels are insufficient compared to the requirements for a 1.5 degree Celsius scenario, which the IPCC estimates requires an energy system investment of USD 1.6-3.8 trillion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000561#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","renewable energy","electric vehicle","sustainable transport","adaptation finace","energy efficiency","Paris Agreement","private investment","public finance"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Germany","Japan","United Kingdom","East Asia and Pacific","Western Europe","Americas","France","Latvia","Czech Republic","Indonesia","Kenya"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["financial analysis","trend analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"sei-000440","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-000440","title":"Risky Business: Developing Geothermal Power in Kenya","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-10-29","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/publications/risky-business-developing-geothermal-power-kenya/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report examines the expansion of geothermal power in Kenya, highlighting its role in the country's climate mitigation goals and the challenges of attracting private investment due to social, political, and environmental risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000440#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Geothermal power expansion is a central part of Kenya's nationally determined contributions (NDCs) for global climate change mitigation and is key to its goal of becoming a middle-income country with a climate-resilient green economy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000440#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"While Kenya has developed significant technical expertise in geothermal energy through state-owned utilities over forty years, attracting the private investment required for faster development is hindered by financial, political, social, and environmental risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000440#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The authors argue that the optimism regarding geothermal potential must be balanced with actions to mitigate social and political risks, ensuring that development is responsible and benefits are shared equitably with local communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000440#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["geothermal power","climate change mitigation","nationally determined contributions","green economy"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["risk assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"sei-000944","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-000944","title":"Overcoming Barriers to Sustainable Charcoal in Kenya","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2018-10-29","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/publications/overcoming-barriers-sustainable-charcoal-kenya/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This policy brief by the Stockholm Environment Institute examines the barriers to creating a sustainable charcoal sector in Kenya, where charcoal serves over 80% of the urban population's cooking energy needs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000944#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Charcoal is a critical energy source for more than 80% of Kenya's urban population, and the gap between the supply and demand for the commodity is expected to grow without intervention, partly mitigated by imports from neighboring countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000944#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Kenya is pursuing a dual strategy to improve the sustainability of charcoal production, trade, and consumption while facilitating fuel switching through a combination of regulation, the promotion of improved cookstoves and kilns, and support for alternative fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000944#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"To address market chain concerns and improve sustainability, the authors argue for coordinated efforts to increase the capacity of charcoal producer associations and implementing entities, and to improve communication between enforcing agencies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000944#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","sustainable fuels","forest management"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy analysis"]},{"id":"saiia-000573","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-000573","title":"Coastal Tourism and Economic Inclusion in Indian Ocean Rim Association States","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2018-10-16","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/research/coastal-tourism-and-economic-inclusion-in-indian-ocean-rim-association-states-2/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper argues that while mass international tourism often excludes local entrepreneurs through all-inclusive enclave resorts, economic inclusion can be achieved by targeting budget, domestic, and regional tourism markets or by integrating local SMEs into the supply chains of larger accommodation establishments. It recommends improved data collection, strengthened research capacity, and the use of IORA structures to promote inclusive tourism policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000573#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Mass tourism in IORA states is typically dominated by all-inclusive enclave beach resorts and international firms, which hinders inclusive development by excluding local entrepreneurs from the tourism value chain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000573#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Low-budget international tourism, as well as domestic and regional tourist markets, provide more secure entry points for the growth of locally owned SMEs and the empowerment of marginalised groups, including women and youth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000573#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Within the mass tourism model, economic inclusion is best achieved by integrating SMEs into supply chains, such as food inputs, which requires interventions in market information, finance, and both 'hard' (logistics, water) and 'soft' (organisational capacity, standards) infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000573#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical need for better data to monitor economic inclusion in coastal communities and increased research capacity to support evidence-based planning for marginalised groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-000573#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["blue economy","sustainable tourism"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Kenya"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy analysis"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000235","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000235","title":"Remittances in Uganda","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2018-10","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Volume-3_Barriers-to-remittances-in-Uganda_FSDA_October-2018.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Uganda is a major net recipient of remittances, with inflows contributing approximately 4% to its GDP in 2016. While mobile money has expanded access, the sector faces significant hurdles, including high costs for transfers from developed countries, an oligopolistic mobile money market, and restrictive KYC requirements that exclude approximately 16% of adults without national IDs. Infrastructure gaps in rural areas—specifically poor roads and low electrification—further hinder the expansion of formal services. The report highlights the disruptive potential of the 2018 mobile money tax and recommends mandating interoperability, adopting a risk-based approach to AML/CFT, and transitioning from interim guidelines to a formal e-money law.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000235#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Uganda is a significant net recipient of remittances, ranking as the sixth-highest recipient in Africa. In 2016, inflows exceeded USD1 billion, adding approximately 4% to the national GDP.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000235#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Formal remittance costs remain high, particularly for transfers from developed nations. A USD200 transfer from the UK averages 7.3%, exceeding the Sustainable Development Goals' target limit of 3% to 5%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000235#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The mobile money market is characterized by an oligopoly where dominant operators stifle competition through a lack of interoperability and restricted access to infrastructure, such as towers and USSD access.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000235#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Strict Know-Your-Customer (KYC) requirements and the lack of a risk-based approach (RBA) exclude a significant portion of the population. Approximately 16% of adults lack the official ID required for services, affecting over 3.2 million people.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000235#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The introduction of a mobile money tax in July 2018 (initially 1%, later reduced to 0.5% for cash withdrawals) is viewed as a threat that may drive consumers toward informal remittance channels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000235#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Physical infrastructure deficits in rural areas, including poor road networks and low electricity access (18% in rural areas), increase the operational costs for remittance service providers and limit digital expansion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000235#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regulatory uncertainty persists because mobile money is governed by non-binding 2013 guidelines rather than formal law, leading to overlapping jurisdictions between the Bank of Uganda (BoU) and the Uganda Communications Commission (UCC).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000235#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["financial regulation"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","South Sudan","Rwanda","Kenya","United States","Saudi Arabia","United Arab Emirates","Oman","Tanzania"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","regulatory analysis","market assessment"]},{"id":"prio-001461","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001461","title":"How can research contribute to address pressing societal challenges, whilst remaining both independent and trustworthy, living up to the highest scientific standards of validity?","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2018-10","source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/958410a5-6a92-40f2-8cde-4cbb6a2c050f/Horst Erdal - Co-Creating Knowledge PRIO Policy Brief 10-2018.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues against a sequential model of research where results are merely 'translated' for stakeholders at the end of a project. Instead, it advocates for knowledge co-creation, an inclusive process where stakeholders are involved from the design phase through data analysis and communication. Using examples from the 'Active Citizenship in Culturally and Religiously Diverse Societies' (ACT) project, the brief demonstrates how interactive workshops and conferences can facilitate the exchange of experiential and professional knowledge. It concludes that while this approach increases relevance, new evaluation mechanisms are needed to capture the unpredictable, bottom-up nature of its societal impact.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001461#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Traditional research models often follow a sequential logic where academics develop designs and publish results before translating them for stakeholders, which frequently leads to outputs that policymakers find too 'academic' or inapplicable to everyday practice.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001461#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Knowledge co-creation is an inclusive approach to producing knowledge through interaction, challenging the binary view that researchers are the sole creators of knowledge and society consists of passive recipients.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001461#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A co-creation approach integrates stakeholders across three primary research stages: the design phase to identify societal challenges that also present academic puzzles; data collection and analysis through participatory methods; and the communication of results via accumulative, non-sequential processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001461#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document distinguishes between 'experiential knowledge' (bodily knowledge gained from living through an experience) and 'professional knowledge' (built through systematic study and practice), arguing that both are complementary in the co-creation process.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001461#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ACT project (2014–2018) implemented co-creation by collaborating with the Red Cross and a learning coach to develop a participatory workshop and a conference for approximately 75 participants, including artists and public sector workers, to explore diversity and belonging in Norway.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001461#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Capturing the impact of co-created research is difficult because such impact often occurs in 'bottom-up' and 'processual' ways that are unexpected and unpredictable, necessitating new tracing and evaluation mechanisms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001461#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Denmark","Oslo","Copenhagen","Kenya","Netherlands"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy brief","methodological analysis"]}]}