{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Zambezi Region"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'Zambezi Region' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":7,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Zambezi+Region","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-001837","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001837","title":"Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Namibia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-06/nature-based-solutions-inventory-namibia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report provides a detailed inventory of 11 nature-based solutions (NbS) projects in Namibia, focusing on ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) to combat drought, land degradation, and biodiversity loss. It highlights the central role of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) and the integration of traditional knowledge with modern conservation. Key interventions include agroforestry, sustainable rangeland management, and the development of biodiversity-based livelihoods such as beekeeping and eco-tourism. The document details project locations across nine regions, their intended beneficiaries, and the specific climate and biodiversity risks they address, serving as a resource for government officials and practitioners to identify synergies and gaps in NbS implementation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is a fundamental element of NbS in Namibia, enabling local communities to manage natural resources sustainably by combining traditional practices with modern conservation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Namibia is highly vulnerable to climate change due to its arid climate and dependence on natural resources, with 83% of rainfall lost to direct evaporation and 14% to evapotranspiration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The inventory identifies 11 NbS for adaptation projects distributed across nine regions, with the highest concentration of projects located in the Zambezi region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NbS projects in Namibia frequently integrate biodiversity conservation with climate adaptation, often focusing on multifunctional goals such as dryland restoration, sustainable agriculture, and livelihood diversification.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific NbS interventions across the documented projects include the use of assisted natural regeneration for land restoration, the planting of agroforestry trees to improve soil and water infiltration, and the implementation of human-wildlife coexistence measures using bees and chili plants as deterrents against elephants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Namibian Coast Conservation and Management Project (NACOMA) expanded protected coastal ecosystems by supporting the proclamation of Dorob National Park, which added over 1.6 million hectares of protected area.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","ecosystem-based adaptation","biodiversity conservation","agroforestry","sustainable agriculture","Climate-smart agriculture","ecotourism","water security","carbon sequestration","coastal management"],"geography_discussed":["Zambezi Region","Kunene Region","Erongo Region","Otjozondjupa Region","Oshikoto Region","Kavango East Region","Kavango West Region","Ohangwena Region","Omusati Region","Karas Region"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","case study"]},{"id":"gclifun-005144","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gclifun-005144","title":"PROJECT COMPLETION SUMMARY","publisher":{"name":"Green Climate Fund","organization":"green-climate-fund"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-09-14","source_url":"https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/final-fp023-project-completion-summary.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The CRAVE project in Namibia aimed to reduce food insecurity and climate vulnerability for small-scale farmers in the Kavango West, Kavango East, and Zambezi regions. It exceeded its targets for direct and indirect beneficiaries, providing training in conservation and climate-resilient agriculture, establishing a center of excellence, and integrating solar energy technologies. While successful in increasing production and creating jobs, the project's crop insurance pilot faced challenges due to drought and design limitations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005144#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The project exceeded its beneficiary targets, reaching 8,869 direct beneficiaries (against a target of 3,000) and 12,787 indirect beneficiaries (against a target of 12,000). Specifically, 3,158 small-scale farmers, 65% of whom were female, adopted conservation agriculture practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005144#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project established the Mashare Climate Resilient Agriculture Centre of Excellence (MCRACE), which served as a hub for research and training for over 2,831 small-scale farmers. Infrastructure and technology deployments included 41 solar-powered water pumps, a 125kW solar PV plant, and 35 tractors that covered 3,709 hectares.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005144#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Economic and social outcomes included the generation of NAD 16 million from dryland and horticultural production, the creation of 1,646 jobs (35% female), and the expansion of horticultural production to 105.5 hectares.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005144#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A piloted crop insurance scheme for 168 vulnerable farmers encountered difficulties during drought conditions because of risk coverage and trigger level design limitations, indicating a need for better risk assessment mechanisms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005144#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Key lessons learned emphasize that community involvement and traditional leadership are essential for site selection and preventing land disputes, and that combining renewable energy with conservation agriculture enhances both income diversification and climate adaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005144#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Climate-smart agriculture","food security","photovoltaics","climate change adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["Kavango West Region","Kavango East Region","Zambezi Region"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["project evaluation","impact assessment"]},{"id":"wwf-000252","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000252","title":"Cuando State of the Basin Report","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/502/1qx1b89cok_CUANDO_State_of_the_basin_report_print.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Cuando River Basin is a largely pristine transboundary system traversing Angola, Zambia, Namibia, and Botswana. It is characterized by a unique hydrological system where water from the Angolan highlands flows through extensive floodplains, occasionally connecting with the Okavango and Zambezi basins. The region is a critical wildlife corridor within the KAZA TFCA, supporting significant populations of elephants and lions, though it faces threats from poaching, uncontrolled fires, and climate change. Human populations are sparse and primarily rely on subsistence agriculture and the harvesting of natural products, with a growing trend toward urban migration due to the basin's exceptionally poor soil fertility.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000252#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Cuando River is described as one of the few remaining undisturbed and naturally connected rivers globally, acting as a linear oasis through dry sandy woodlands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000252#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The basin's hydrology is characterized by a slow flow due to extensive floodplains (5 to 15 km wide), resulting in significant water loss through evapotranspiration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000252#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Surface water connections between the Cuando, Okavango, and Zambezi basins are temporary and occur only rarely, meaning the Cuando is not a perennial tributary of the Zambezi.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000252#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The basin's soils are exceptionally poor in fertility and water-holding capacity, which limits agricultural productivity and results in low terrestrial biomass.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000252#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Frequent and intense uncontrolled fires, often started by humans for land clearing, are causing a transition from open woodlands to bushy scrubland.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000252#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The basin is a vital part of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA), serving as a critical dispersal corridor for elephants and lions between Angola, Botswana, and Zambia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000252#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Elephant populations in the region have faced severe declines due to poaching, with a 2015 carcass ratio of 13% in Luengue-Luiana National Park indicating high mortality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000252#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change projections for the KAZA TFCA indicate a 4.6% decline in total annual precipitation by 2050 and a 3C increase in average annual temperature.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000252#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Human populations in the basin are sparse, totaling approximately 274,330 people, with a notable trend of migration toward urban centers to escape poverty and low agricultural productivity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000252#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Integrated Water Resources Management","climate change","biodiversity conservation","land degradation"],"geography_discussed":["Linyanti Swamps","Lake Liambezi","Zambezi Region","Mavinga National Park","Luengue-Luiana National Park"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["hydrological assessment","ecological survey","socio-economic analysis","climate vulnerability assessment"]},{"id":"gclifun-005952","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gclifun-005952","title":"Crop Adaptation through Comprehensive Conservation Agriculture (Gender Assessment Report)","publisher":{"name":"Green Climate Fund","organization":"green-climate-fund"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2016-03","source_url":"https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/gender-assessment-fp023-eif-namibia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies that women in northern Namibia face higher vulnerability to climate change due to socially constructed gender roles, limited access to productive resources, and cultural norms that restrict their decision-making power. It highlights significant disparities in land and livestock ownership, where cattle are viewed as 'man's property', and notes that female-headed households experience higher rates of extreme poverty and food insecurity. The assessment argues that climate change is not gender-neutral, as women's roles in water collection and subsistence farming increase their exposure to risks, while their lack of technical skills and limited mobility hinder their adaptive capacity compared to men.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005952#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Women in Namibia are more vulnerable to climate change not due to biological sex, but because of socially and culturally constructed gender roles that limit their access to land, livestock, tools, and credit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005952#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cultural norms in Namibia often view cattle as male property, which prevents women from accumulating livestock as wealth and limits their access to meat, income, and draught power for ploughing, leading to lower crop yields.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005952#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Female-headed households in Namibia, representing approximately 20% of total households, suffer from a significantly higher incidence of extreme poverty and are more likely to be severely food insecure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005952#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender-differentiated decision-making at the local level persists; men typically make overall household decisions and resource allocation for climate risks, while women's roles are limited to daily maintenance and parenting.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005952#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change increases the workload and risks for women and girls, who are the primary managers of water and fuel wood; water scarcity can lead to lower school enrollment for girls.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005952#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Zambezi, Kavango East, and Kavango West regions, poverty levels are among the highest in Namibia, with more than one-third of the population in these areas being severely poor.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005952#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women face greater barriers to adaptive capacity than men due to limited formal education, lack of technical skills for formal employment, and restricted mobility, which prevents them from using migration as a coping mechanism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005952#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report notes a disparity in energy access, where female-headed households are more likely to cook and light their homes without electricity compared to male-headed households.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-005952#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","gender equality","food security","water scarcity","climate change vulnerability","poverty reduction","land tenure"],"geography_discussed":["Hardap Region","Karas","Erongo Region","Omaheke Region","Omusati Region","Khomas Region","Kunene Region","Otjozondjupa Region","Oshikoto Region","Ohangwena Region","Oshana Region"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["gender assessment","socio-economic analysis","vulnerability assessment"]},{"id":"natjust-000370","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/natjust-000370","title":"AN ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, NATIONAL LEGISLATION, JUDGEMENTS, AND INSTITUTIONS AS THEY INTERRELATE WITH TERRITORIES AND AREAS CONSERVED BY INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES","publisher":{"name":"Natural Justice","organization":"natural-justice"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2012-09","source_url":"https://naturaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Africa-Regional-Namibia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines Namibia's legal and policy landscape regarding Indigenous Peoples’ and Local Communities’ Conserved Territories and Areas (ICCAs), focusing on the tension between state-owned land claims and community resource rights. It details the formalization of ICCAs through communal area conservancies and community forests, while highlighting the critical lack of secure group land tenure as a primary threat to sustainable management. The document also assesses the impact of state-run protected areas on indigenous groups like the San and Herero, noting a general government policy of providing financial benefits through concessions while denying formal land rights or co-management authority.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000370#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The absence of secure and exclusive group land tenure is the most significant threat to the sustainability of Namibian conservancies and community forests, as it prevents communities from excluding others from using land and resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000370#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Namibia has established two primary types of formally recognized ICCAs: communal area conservancies, which manage wildlife and tourism, and community forests, which manage forest products and grazing. As of early 2012, there were 71 registered conservancies covering 149,829 km² and 13 community forests covering 4,652 km².","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000370#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Namibian government generally views communal land as State-owned, which allows it to allocate land for individual commercial farms or agricultural schemes without consulting the conservancies or community forests already established on that land.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000370#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While the government provides financial benefits to residents of protected areas through hunting and tourism concessions, it does not recognize their land rights or allow them to participate in the governance and planning of these areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000370#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous groups such as the Hai||om San and Herero have experienced 'decoupling' from their ancestral territories due to the establishment of state-run parks like Etosha National Park, though some are now attempting to 're-couple' through tourism concessions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000370#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Customary laws in northern communal areas contribute to biodiversity conservation by protecting fish, water, grazing, and forest products, although their enforcement depends on the legitimacy and interest of traditional authorities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000370#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government has resisted the establishment of 'contractual parks' or co-management models, as evidenced by the failure of the Kunene People\u0001s Park initiative, maintaining that the Cabinet must have the ultimate say in protected area management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000370#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governance challenges within conservancies include weak accountability, lack of transparency in financial decision-making, and the creation of 'local elites' who appropriate benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000370#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["land tenure","biodiversity conservation"],"geography_discussed":["Bwabwata National Park","Etosha National Park","Kunene Region","Zambezi Region","Namib-Naukluft National Park"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["legal review","policy analysis","case study"]},{"id":"iisd-001048","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001048","title":"Agriculture: Future Scenarios for Southern Africa","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2009","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/ag_scenarios_south_africa_namibia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines Namibia's agricultural sector, highlighting how a conservative pricing agreement between producers and millers mitigated the impact of global food price spikes. It details the vulnerability of urban dwellers compared to subsistence farmers and outlines government initiatives, such as the Green Scheme and the Emergency Management Unit, to address climate-induced food insecurity. The briefing also discusses Namibia's trade position within SACU and the WTO, specifically its status as a net food-importing developing country.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001048#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Namibia experienced a food price increase of 16.5 per cent in May 2008 compared to May 2007, and 40 per cent compared to May 2005, though this was less severe than in other countries due to a conservative pricing agreement between producers and millers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001048#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Approximately 1.5 million people in Namibia rely on subsistence farming for food security, leaving the remaining population—particularly poor urban dwellers—more vulnerable to food price volatility.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001048#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agricultural performance is highly weather-dependent, resulting in food self-sufficiency levels that fluctuate between 35 per cent and 75 per cent of total demand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001048#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Namibian government is implementing several measures to combat climate change and food insecurity, including the Green Scheme to establish 22,000 hectares of irrigation farms along perennial rivers, though only 8,300 hectares have been included so far.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001048#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To protect local production, the government controls imports of staple foods and horticultural products; for example, importers of fruit and vegetables must prove they purchased at least 25 per cent locally before receiving an import permit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001048#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Namibia's designation as a net food-importing developing country (NFIDC) by the WTO is expected to provide the government with more policy space to implement measures to increase national food production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001048#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["food security","climate change","agricultural irrigation","agricultural production","trade policy"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","European Union","Zambezi Region"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","economic analysis"]},{"id":"glorespar-000151","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glorespar-000151","title":"Spotlighting power dynamics: Metacoupling as a lens for understanding equitable resilience in southern African","publisher":{"name":"Global Resilience Partnership","organization":"global-resilience-partnership"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.globalresiliencepartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/metacoupling-brief_7march.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document introduces 'metacoupling' as a research lens to understand the interdependence of social-ecological systems (SES) across local (intracoupling), adjacent (pericoupling), and distant (telecoupling) scales. By integrating an equity lens—focusing on distributional, procedural, and recognitional dimensions—the framework reveals how global flows of resources and capital influence local inequities. Case studies in South Africa and Namibia illustrate that international market demands and certification standards often marginalize small-scale producers and riverine communities, while power imbalances between local actors and multinational entities constrain equitable resource access.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000151#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The metacoupling framework analyzes human-nature interactions across three scales: intracoupling (within a system), pericoupling (between adjacent systems), and telecoupling (between distant systems). This approach reveals how 'environmental changes and resource use in one area can affect communities and ecosystems in distant locations', highlighting that local actions can have global consequences.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000151#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Integrating an equity lens into metacoupling allows for the identification of leverage points across three dimensions: distributional equity (fair distribution of benefits and harms), procedural equity (equal participation in decision-making), and recognitional equity (validation of diverse claims, rights, and knowledge).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000151#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Breede River Catchment of South Africa, the export of stone and pome fruit to markets in Europe, the UK, and Russia creates distributional inequities. High capital costs for certification standards required by international markets make it 'harder for emerging and small-scale producers to participate and draw benefits out of the high-value export market'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000151#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Groot Letaba Catchment of South Africa, citrus export value chains exhibit procedural and recognitional inequities in water governance. Smallholder farmers lack representation in Water User Associations, and meetings are conducted in English and Afrikaans, excluding those who speak Sepedi and Xitsonga, which 'makes it difficult for smallholders and contract farmers to engage in water management decisions'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000151#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transboundary fish trade in Namibia's Zambezi region demonstrates how a 'power vacuum' and lack of regulation lead to the exploitation of communal resources. This results in distributional burdens for vulnerable groups, such as the elderly and female-headed households, as fish prices have more than doubled while consumption has 'roughly halved' over the last decade.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000151#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The research concludes that conventional value chain analyses often miss equity dimensions by focusing on macro actors. A metacoupling lens surfaces how 'increased connectedness in coupled systems alters social structures, access to natural resources, and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000151#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water-management","biodiversity","environmental justice","climate finance","sustainable development"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","United Kingdom","Russia","People's Republic of China","Zambia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Breede River Catchment","Groot Letaba Catchment","Zambezi Region","Kruger National Park"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","framework application"]}]}