{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["United States"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'United States' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":12666,"relation":"eq"},"page":13,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=United+States&page=13","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=United+States&page=14","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"climcent-000072","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/climcent-000072","title":"Monthly Attribution Overview – May 2026","publisher":{"name":"Climate Central","organization":"climate-central"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://www.climatecentral.org/report/monthly-attribution-overview-may-2026","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In May 2026, the United States experienced slightly below-average temperatures overall, with an average anomaly of -0.2°F across 192 cities. Despite this, the western U.S. saw above-average temperatures, and the Northern Rockies and Plains region was the warmest, averaging more than 1.6°F above normal. Long-term data indicates that 185 of the 192 analyzed cities have warmed since 1970, with Reno, Nevada, showing the greatest increase at 7.5°F. Climate attribution analysis shows that San Juan, Puerto Rico, had the highest number of days (28) where temperatures were at least two times more likely due to climate change (CSI level 2 or higher).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000072#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The United States had an average temperature anomaly of -0.2°F across 192 cities in May 2026, with 105 cities recording colder-than-average conditions and 83 recording warmer-than-average conditions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000072#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regional temperature variations were evident, with the Northern Rockies and Plains being the warmest region, exceeding normal temperatures by more than 1.6°F. West Palm Beach, Florida, was the most unusually warm city, recording a temperature 4.1°F above usual.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000072#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Long-term warming trends since 1970 are present in 185 of the 192 analyzed cities. Reno, Nevada, experienced the most significant increase, with average May temperatures rising by 7.5°F since 1970.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000072#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate attribution analysis using the Climate Shift Index (CSI) indicates that San Juan, Puerto Rico, had 28 days in May 2026 where temperatures were at least two times more likely because of climate change. On average, cities in the Southeast region had the highest number of such days, averaging 7.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000072#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["extreme event attribution"],"geography_discussed":["West Palm Beach","Reno","San Juan","Puerto Rico","Florida","Nevada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["attribution analysis","trend analysis"]},{"id":"climcent-000074","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/climcent-000074","title":"Monthly Climate Reports | National Climate Report | May 2026","publisher":{"name":"Climate Central","organization":"climate-central"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://www.climatecentral.org/climate-briefings/may-2026","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The May 2026 report highlights that the month was the second-warmest on record globally, with carbon dioxide levels reaching a new monthly peak of 432.3 ppm. In the United States, spring 2026 was the second-warmest on record for the contiguous U.S., while 77% of the region experienced abnormally dry or drought conditions as of early June. The report also notes a developing potentially very strong El Niño and record-low snowpack in several western states.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000074#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"May 2026 was the second-warmest month on record globally for combined land and ocean temperatures, with the Northern Hemisphere ranking fourth-warmest and the Southern Hemisphere second-warmest.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000074#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations reached a new monthly record of 432.3 parts per million at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, in May 2026, an increase of approximately 1.8 ppm over the previous year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000074#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The contiguous United States experienced its second-warmest spring on record in 2026, with Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas each recording their warmest spring ever.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000074#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Severe drought conditions affected at least 77% of the contiguous U.S. by June 2, 2026, with record-low maximum snowpack observed in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000074#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Hawaii experienced its wettest spring on record in 2026, receiving 34.42 inches of precipitation, which was 215.9% of the normal amount.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000074#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate Central's Climate Shift Index (CSI) indicates that human-caused climate change drove summertime warming trends in 91% of analyzed U.S. cities, with exceptional warmth (CSI 5) noted in San Juan, Puerto Rico and Sarasota, Florida in May.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000074#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Predictions from the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) suggest global temperatures could approach 1.9°C above pre-industrial levels by late 2026 or early 2027, driven by a potentially very strong El Niño.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000074#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon dioxide","precipitation","drought","extreme event attribution"],"geography_discussed":["Hawaii","Alaska","Arizona","Colorado","New Mexico","Texas","Florida","Puerto Rico","Mexico"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["observational","predictive","attribution"]},{"id":"clipolin-000347","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000347","title":"Alternative Models for Transmission Financing in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Alternative-Models-for-Transmission-Financing.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report assesses how Indonesia can move from corporate-level financing to project finance to meet a USD 24 billion investment requirement for transmission lines and substations. It analyzes five models: leasing, joint ventures (JVs), public-private partnerships (PPPs), infrastructure investment trusts (InvITs), and collective investment schemes for infrastructure (CIS-DINFRA). While leasing and JVs are easier to implement, InvITs and CIS-DINFRA offer the highest scalability and liquidity. The report emphasizes that success depends on three policy enablers: a dedicated transmission fee, off-balance sheet accounting treatment, and targeted fiscal support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000347#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia's Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) 2025–2034 requires an estimated total investment of USD 24 billion to develop approximately 47.76 thousand circuit kilometers of transmission lines and substations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000347#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The current corporate finance model, where the state-owned utility PLN owns and operates assets, limits scalability and risks overleveraging PLN's balance sheet.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000347#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Shifting to project finance using Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) and non- or limited-recourse debt can reduce pressure on PLN's balance sheet by tying returns to the asset rather than corporate debt.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000347#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A dedicated transmission fee is essential to provide predictable revenue streams for private investors, as current costs are bundled into overall electricity tariffs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000347#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Off-balance sheet treatment, similar to the precedent set by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) for power purchase agreements (PPAs), is recommended to prevent transmission assets from being recognized as liabilities on PLN's balance sheet.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000347#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Leasing and Joint Venture (JV) models are identified as the most practical for near-term implementation due to lower complexity, though they offer limited scalability and liquidity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000347#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) provide a balanced risk allocation through government-backed availability payments, but involve high transaction costs and long lead times.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000347#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) and Collective Investment Schemes for Infrastructure (CIS-DINFRA) are the most scalable and liquid options, enabling the monetization of assets and access to institutional capital markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000347#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fiscal support, such as viability gap funding or subsidies under Finance Minister Regulation PMK 20/2025, is necessary to bridge the gap between regulated tariffs and the higher returns required by private investors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000347#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["electric power transmission","wide area synchronous grid","project finance","public–private partnership","climate finance","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["India","Singapore","Japan","Australia","United Kingdom","Germany","People's Republic of China","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy evaluation","financial modeling","benchmarking"]},{"id":"cmw-000524","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cmw-000524","title":"EU ETS scope expansion for aviation","publisher":{"name":"Carbon Market Watch","organization":"carbon-market-watch"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/CE_Delft_260133_EU_ETS_scope_expansion_for_aviation_Def-.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes the potential demand response to an EU ETS scope expansion for extra-EEA flights. It finds that demand effects are generally small at current price levels, particularly for high-emitting segments such as long-haul flights, business travel, and private aviation, which exhibit low price elasticity. The study highlights that cost pass-through rates are higher in competitive markets and at uncongested airports. Non-price factors, including value of time, airline loyalty, and airport attractiveness, are identified as primary drivers of the observed differences in price sensitivity across market segments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000524#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The overall demand response to an EU ETS scope expansion is expected to be relatively small for most segments at current price levels, typically limited to a few percentage points.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000524#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Long-haul commercial flights (over 9 hours) are significantly less price-sensitive than short-haul flights (under 1.5 hours), with an average elasticity that is 41% lower.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000524#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Business travellers exhibit much lower price sensitivity than leisure travellers, with a difference of 54% for short-haul and 74% for long-haul flights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000524#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private aviation is the most price-inelastic segment, with elasticities approximately 9 times lower than long-haul commercial leisure flights and 15 times lower than short-haul flights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000524#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Frequent flyers (defined as those flying five or more return trips per year) are less price-sensitive than occasional flyers, by 29% for leisure travel and 52% for business travel.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000524#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cost pass-through rates vary by market conditions: airlines pass through a higher share of costs in more competitive markets and at uncongested airports, while passing through less in less competitive markets or at congested airports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000524#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-price factors—specifically value of time, airline loyalty, airport attractiveness, and the availability of substitute transport—significantly dampen the influence of price on passenger choices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000524#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report concludes that the EU ETS price increase will have a relatively low effect on the highest emitters, such as business class and private jet passengers, who are the least price-sensitive.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000524#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Demand response for return tickets is expected to be significantly lower (approximately 50% lower) than for one-way tickets because only the departing leg is priced under the EU ETS.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000524#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["European Union Emission Trading Scheme 1","aviation","carbon price","demand response","carbon leakage","Sustainable Aviation Fuel"],"geography_discussed":["Switzerland","United Kingdom","Singapore","Turkey","Thailand","Japan","United Arab Emirates","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic modelling","literature review","case studies"]},{"id":"gem-000030","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000030","title":"追踪全球燃煤电厂发展","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"zh","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_Chinese%20layout.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal capacity grew by 3.5% while generation fell by 0.6%, as coal plants increasingly serve as 'system insurance' rather than primary power sources. This trend is most prominent in China and India, where record-high new capacity is being offset by the rapid expansion of wind and solar energy. While the number of countries proposing new coal plants decreased from 38 in 2024 to 32 in 2025, significant expansion continues in China and India, which together account for 95% of global coal capacity under construction. In the US and EU, energy security concerns and government interventions have delayed planned retirements of coal units.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000030#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"China experienced record-breaking coal development in 2025, with 78 GW of new capacity commissioned (a ten-year high) and 161.7 GW of new or restarted projects proposed. Total capacity under development has exceeded 500 GW, despite a 1.2% drop in annual coal generation to 5,757 TWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000030#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's coal capacity grew by 3.8% in 2025, with 27.9 GW of new or restarted projects proposed and a government goal to add 100 GW of capacity over the next seven years. However, coal generation in India fell by 2.9% as non-fossil fuel capacity exceeded half of total installed capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000030#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal development is becoming geographically concentrated; only 32 countries proposed or built new coal plants in 2025, down from 38 in 2024 and 75 in 2014. Only 5% of global coal capacity under construction is located outside of China and India.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000030#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's coal capacity grew by 7% in 2025, with 25% of that growth linked to captive coal power for nickel and aluminum processing. Indonesia ranks third globally for proposed coal capacity at 11 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000030#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","renewable energy","wind power","solar energy","energy security","stranded asset"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","South Korea","Japan","Turkey","Canada","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Southeast Asia","Latin America","Africa","Ukraine","Zimbabwe","Zambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["statistical analysis","policy assessment","geographic trend analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000031","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000031","title":"Surveillance du portefeuille mondial des centrales de production électrique au charbon","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_French%20layout.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal capacity increased by 3.5% while production fell by 0.6%, as new plants are increasingly built for backup reliability rather than primary generation. This trend is most prominent in China and India, where renewables are meeting most new demand. While the number of countries developing coal projects fell to 32, political interventions in the US and energy security concerns in the EU have delayed planned closures. The EU continues a terminal decline in coal, with solar and wind producing more energy than all fossil fuels combined for the first time in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000031#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a widening divergence between the addition of coal capacity and its actual use; in 2025, global capacity grew by 3.5% while production decreased by 0.6%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000031#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are the primary drivers of new capacity, with 95% of all global coal capacity under construction located in these two countries. In China, new projects and reactivations reached a record 161.7 GW in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000031#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal capacity is increasingly being maintained as a backup or 'dépannage' source for grid stability and energy security rather than for daily production, particularly in China, India, and the US.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000031#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The geographic footprint of coal development is shrinking, with the number of countries proposing or building new plants dropping from 75 in 2014 to 32 in 2025. Latin America reached a status of having no new coal proposals in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000031#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Planned coal plant closures are frequently delayed; nearly 70% of units scheduled for retirement in 2025 remained in service, including 69% in the EU and 59% in the US.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000031#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union is experiencing a terminal decline in coal, with coal's share of total electricity production falling to 9.2% in 2025 from 24.6% in 2015. In 2025, solar and wind energy production in the EU exceeded that of all fossil fuels for the first time.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000031#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States was the only major economy to increase coal production in 2025, attributed to policy changes that hindered clean energy deployment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000031#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's coal fleet grew by 7% in 2025, with a significant portion of the increase dedicated to 'captive' coal for nickel and aluminum processing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000031#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","renewable energy","solar energy","wind energy","energy security","stranded asset","decarbonization","carbon credit"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","European Union","United States","Indonesia","Latin America","South Korea","Turkey","Africa","Ireland","Spain","Italy","Greece","Germany","Poland","Bulgaria","Croatia","Denmark"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["portfolio monitoring","capacity vs production analysis","policy impact assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000032","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000032","title":"Melacak Jalur Pembangkit Listrik Batu Bara Global","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"id","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_Indonesian%20layout.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal capacity increased by 3.5% while production fell by 0.6%, as coal is increasingly used as 'system insurance' rather than a primary energy source. This trend is most prominent in China and India, where renewables are meeting new demand despite record coal plant commissioning. Globally, the number of countries proposing new coal plants dropped to 32. In Indonesia, coal expansion continues through 'captive' plants for nickel and aluminium industries, reaching 20 GW, while national energy plans (RUKN and RUPTL) are criticized for maintaining fossil fuel dependency and lacking a clear phase-out roadmap despite official net-zero commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000032#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2025, there was a widening divergence between the growth of global coal capacity and actual electricity generation; while capacity rose by 3.5%, production decreased by 0.6%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000032#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are the primary drivers of new coal capacity, using it as 'system insurance' for reliability while wind and solar meet most new demand. China saw record new or reactivated capacity of 161.7 GW in 2025, with over 500 GW total in development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000032#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The number of countries pursuing new coal power plants is declining, falling from 75 in 2014 to 32 in 2025. Latin America reached a 'No New Coal' status in 2025, and South Korea committed to a coal phase-out by 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000032#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's coal expansion is dominated by 'captive' power plants for the nickel and aluminium industries, which reached 20 GW in 2025, with 17 GW specifically linked to these minerals in Central Sulawesi and North Maluku.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000032#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesian energy planning exhibits significant contradictions: while the government has announced a 2060 Net Zero target and a 2040 coal closure goal, the RUPTL 2025-2034 still plans 6.4 GW of short-term on-grid coal investment and 3.1 GW of long-term capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000032#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The planned early retirement of the Cirebon-1 power plant was cancelled in early 2026 due to its technical lifespan and the fiscal rigidity of 'take-or-pay' power purchase agreements (PPA).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000032#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Pollution from the 20 most toxic coal plants in Indonesia is projected to cause approximately 156,000 premature deaths between 2026 and the end of their operations, with economic and health costs estimated at US$ 109 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000032#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","renewable energy","solar energy","wind energy","Carbon lock-in","stranded asset","carbon neutrality","Just Energy Transition Partnership","power purchase agreement","air pollution","decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","South Korea","Japan","Australia","Turkey","Canada","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Southeast Asia","Russia","Central Asia","Latin America","Africa","Western Balkans","Ukraine","Central Sulawesi","North Maluku","Batam","Java","Zimbabwe","Zambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000034","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000034","title":"전 세계 석탄발전소 추이 조사","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ko","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_Korean%20layout.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal power capacity increased by 3.5% while generation fell by 0.6%, reflecting a trend where coal plants act as 'system insurance' rather than primary power sources. This gap is most prominent in China and India, where record-high completions coexist with falling generation due to rapid wind and solar expansion. While the number of countries proposing new coal projects decreased from 38 in 2024 to 32 in 2025, and Latin America reached a state of no new proposals, some regions like the US and EU delayed planned closures due to energy security and political intervention. South Korea has committed to a 2040 coal phase-out, contrasting with Japan's more gradual approach focused on ammonia co-firing and efficiency improvements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2025, there was a widening gap between coal capacity and actual usage: global coal power capacity rose by 3.5%, while generation decreased by 0.6%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India saw the largest decreases in coal generation despite high completion rates; China's capacity grew by 6% while generation fell 1.2%, and India's capacity grew 3.8% while generation fell 2.9%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China recorded a historic high of 161.7GW in new and resumed coal projects in 2025, with over 500GW of total capacity currently under development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India proposed 27.9GW of new or resumed coal plants in 2025 and aims to add 100GW of new capacity over the next seven years, even as non-fossil capacity exceeded half of its total installed capacity in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Approximately 70% of coal plants scheduled for closure in 2025 remained operational, including 69% of planned closures in the EU and 59% in the US.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The number of countries proposing or constructing new coal plants fell from 38 in 2024 to 32 in 2025; Latin America reached a status of having no new coal plant proposals in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Korea committed to a phase-out of coal power by 2040, noting that about half of its 42GW operating capacity has closure plans before 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japan continues to operate one of the largest coal fleets in the OECD (53GW) without a binding national phase-out schedule, focusing instead on ammonia co-firing and carbon capture and storage (CCS).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000034#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","renewable energy","wind power","solar energy","energy security","carbon capture and storage","Cofiring","phase-out","stranded asset"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","South Korea","Japan","Indonesia","Turkey","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Southeast Asia","Africa","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Latin America","Western Balkans","Ukraine","Australia","Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000035","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000035","title":"Rastreamento global das usinas de carvão","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"pt","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_Portuguese%20layout.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal capacity grew by 3.5% while generation fell by 0.6%, as new plants in China and India are increasingly used as system insurance rather than primary generation. While the number of countries proposing new coal plants decreased to 32, political interventions in the US and EU delayed planned retirements. Latin America and the Caribbean achieved a status of 'No New Coal Plants' in 2025, though several countries, including Brazil and Chile, experienced setbacks in their decommissioning schedules.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000035#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a growing gap between the construction of new coal capacity and its actual use; in 2025, global coal capacity increased by 3.5% while generation decreased by 0.6%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000035#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are leading the expansion of coal capacity despite falling generation, with China's new and reactivated projects reaching a record 161.7 GW in 2025 and India proposing 27.9 GW of new or reactivated plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000035#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The number of countries proposing or building new coal plants is declining, falling from 75 in 2014 to 32 in 2025, with only 5% of global construction occurring outside China and India.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000035#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Planned coal retirements are frequently delayed due to political intervention or energy security concerns; nearly 70% of units scheduled for retirement in 2025 remained operational, including 69% in the EU and 59% in the US.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000035#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Latin America and the Caribbean reached a milestone in 2025 with no new coal plants in the pipeline, following Brazil's decision to archive its last remaining proposal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000035#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Brazil exhibits contradictory coal trends: while it stopped new plant development, it extended the mandatory purchase of electricity from coal plants like Candiota 3 and the Jorge Lacerda complex until 2040 through Law 15.269/2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000035#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Chile has decommissioned 2.4 GW of capacity between 2019 and 2025, but faces setbacks with the Andina and Hornitos units, whose retirement or conversion was pushed to May 2027.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000035#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","energy transition","renewable energy","solar energy","wind energy","energy security","stranded asset","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","Latin America and the Caribbean","Brazil","Chile","Colombia","Dominican Republic","Mexico","Argentina","Guadeloupe","Guatemala","Panama","Indonesia","Turkey","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Zimbabwe","Zambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["capacity tracking","policy analysis","regional assessment"]},{"id":"gem-000036","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000036","title":"Отслеживание глобального портфеля угольных электростанций","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"ru","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_Russian%20layout.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal capacity increased by 3.5% while generation fell by 0.6%, reflecting a trend where coal plants are increasingly used as backup reserves rather than primary energy sources. This divergence is most acute in China and India, where record capacity additions coexist with falling generation due to the rise of wind and solar power. While the number of countries proposing new coal projects declined from 38 to 32, political interventions in the US and EU delayed planned retirements. Regionally, Latin America reported no new projects, while Russia and Kazakhstan continue to integrate coal into their long-term energy security strategies despite international financing constraints and sanctions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a widening gap between coal capacity and generation; in 2025, global installed capacity rose by 3.5% while generation decreased by 0.6%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India saw the sharpest drops in coal generation despite record capacity additions, as renewables met most of the demand growth. China added 161.7 GW of new and refurbished projects in 2025, while India announced 27.9 GW of new projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The number of countries proposing or building new coal plants is shrinking, falling from 75 in 2014 to 32 in 2025. Only 5% of global coal construction now occurs outside of China and India.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Planned coal plant retirements are frequently delayed; nearly 70% of units scheduled for decommissioning in 2025 remained operational, including 69% in the EU and 59% in the US.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia's coal sector is under stress due to sanctions, high transport costs, and falling global demand, leading to a sharp drop in new proposals to just 65 MW in 2025. However, the government plans to increase coal production to 662 million metric tons by 2050 to support internal consumption in Siberia and the Far East.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Kazakhstan is pursuing a strategy of expanding coal capacity for energy security while aiming for carbon neutrality by 2060. The government plans to invest over $17 billion in coal expansion by 2030, including 7.6 GW of capacity across six new plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mongolia experienced the highest number of coal project cancellations globally in 2025, accounting for 24% of all world cancellations, primarily due to the collapse of the 5.28 GW Shivee-Ovoo export project.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Central Asia, most coal projects in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan have been frozen due to a lack of financing, particularly following China's 2021 pledge to stop funding new coal plants abroad.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000036#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","renewable energy","wind power","solar energy","carbon neutrality","energy security","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","Indonesia","Turkey","Latin America","South Korea","Russia","Kazakhstan","Mongolia","Kyrgyzstan","Tajikistan","Uzbekistan","Africa","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Pakistan","Bangladesh"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["portfolio tracking","regional assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000037","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000037","title":"Monitoreo de la generación eléctrica mundial en base a carbón (Mayo 2026)","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_Spanish%20layout.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal capacity grew by 3.5% while generation fell by 0.6%, reflecting a trend where coal is increasingly used as system 'insurance' rather than a primary energy source. While Latin America achieved a 'No New Coal' status in 2025, several countries in the region, including Brazil and Chile, experienced delays or reversals in planned plant retirements. China and India continue to lead global capacity expansions, accounting for 95% of all coal capacity under construction worldwide.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000037#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a widening gap between the construction of coal capacity and its actual use; in 2025, global coal capacity increased by 3.5% while generation decreased by 0.6%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000037#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are the primary drivers of global coal expansion, with only 5% of the world's coal capacity under construction located outside these two countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000037#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's coal projects reached a record high of 161.7 GW in 2025, with over 500 GW of total capacity currently in development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000037#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India has a goal to add 100 GW of new coal capacity over the next seven years, despite non-fossil capacity representing more than half of its total installed energy capacity in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000037#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global coal retirements are frequently delayed; nearly 70% of coal units scheduled for retirement in 2025 remained in operation, including 69% in the EU and 59% in the United States.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000037#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Latin America and the Caribbean reached 'No New Coal' status in 2025 after Brazil abandoned its last proposed coal plant, though the region faces inconsistent retirement trajectories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000037#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Brazil, political interventions have extended the life of coal plants; Law 15.269/2025 extended mandatory electricity purchases from coal plants, including Candiota 3, until 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000037#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Chile retired 2.4 GW of coal capacity between 2019 and 2025, but the revised National Decarbonization Plan from October 2025 shows some units may remain until 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000037#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","renewable energy","solar energy","wind energy","decarbonization","stranded asset","energy security","climate finance","just transition","environmental regulation"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","Latin America and the Caribbean","Brazil","Chile","Colombia","Dominican Republic","Mexico","Argentina","Guadeloupe","Guatemala","Panama","Indonesia","Turkey","South Korea"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","geographic comparison"]},{"id":"gem-000038","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000038","title":"Küresel Kömürlü Termik Santral Takibi","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"tr","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_Turkish.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal capacity increased by 3.5% while coal-generated electricity decreased by 0.6%, reflecting a shift where coal serves as backup capacity rather than a primary source. This trend is most prominent in China and India, where record capacity additions coexist with falling production due to the rise of renewables. While the number of countries planning new coal projects fell to 32 in 2025, some nations like the US and EU delayed plant closures for energy security. In Turkey, planned coal capacity has plummeted from 57.5 GW in 2015 to 0.7 GW by 2025, though tensions remain between social demand for transition and government policies such as guaranteed purchase mechanisms for coal plants through 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a growing gap between coal plant capacity and actual electricity production globally; in 2025, global installed capacity rose by 3.5% while coal-generated electricity fell by 0.6%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are leading the trend of adding coal capacity as backup for system security while simultaneously seeing a decline in coal-based generation as renewables meet increasing demand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China reached a historical peak in 2025 with 161.7 GW of new and reopened coal plant projects, and has over 500 GW in the planning stage, risking a 'lock-in' of coal capacity through 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The number of countries planning or constructing new coal plants continues to decline, dropping from 75 in 2014 to 32 in 2025, with Latin America reporting no new coal projects in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Approximately 70% of coal plants scheduled for closure globally in 2025 were not closed as planned, with failure rates of 69% in the EU and 59% in the US due to energy security and federal interventions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Turkey has seen a massive reduction in planned coal capacity, falling from 57.5 GW in 2015 to 0.7 GW in 2025, leaving only one active project: the expansion of the Afşin-Elbistan A Thermal Power Plant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the decline in planned projects, the Turkish government announced a guaranteed purchase mechanism for coal plants valid until 2030 in September 2025, and is considering long-term guarantees until 2045.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000038#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","renewable energy","solar energy","wind energy","energy security","stranded asset","just transition","carbon dioxide emissions","air pollution","climate target"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","Turkey","Indonesia","South Korea","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Africa","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["trend analysis","policy assessment","capacity tracking"]},{"id":"gem-000039","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000039","title":"Відстеження глобального портфеля вугільних електростанцій","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"uk","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_Ukrainian%20layout.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal capacity increased by 3.5% while generation fell by 0.6%, driven largely by record additions in China and India. These countries are building coal plants for system reliability and energy security, even as renewables displace coal's role in meeting demand. The report notes a geographic narrowing of coal expansion, with only 32 countries proposing or building new plants, and highlights the specific challenges facing Ukraine's energy recovery following Russian attacks on its infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000039#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a growing gap between the installation of coal capacity and its actual use; in 2025, global coal capacity rose by 3.5% while generation decreased by 0.6%. Coal is increasingly viewed as \"system insurance\" for critical moments rather than a primary source of daily generation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000039#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are the primary drivers of coal expansion. China added a record 161.7 GW of new and unfrozen projects in 2025 and has over 500 GW in development. India added 27.9 GW of new or revived plants in 2025 and aims to add 100 GW over the next seven years, despite non-fossil capacity exceeding half of its total installed capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000039#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The global coal portfolio is narrowing geographically. Only 32 countries proposed or built new coal plants in 2025, down from 38 in 2024 and 75 in 2014. Latin America reached a status of having no new coal plant proposals, and South Korea committed to phasing out coal power by 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000039#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Many planned coal plant retirements in 2025 were not executed, with 69% of planned closures in the EU and 59% in the US delayed. In the EU, delays were linked to the 2022–2023 energy crisis, while in the US, they were caused by government intervention to keep aging plants operational.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000039#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Ukraine, Russian attacks have severely damaged energy infrastructure, leaving an estimated 15.7 GW of coal capacity mothballed or damaged. There is a debate regarding the recovery of these plants; critics argue that restoring old coal blocks would contradict EU environmental norms and increase vulnerability to military attacks, suggesting a shift toward decentralized, flexible energy solutions instead.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000039#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy security","renewable energy","energy transition","carbon dioxide emissions","distributed generation"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","Ukraine","Indonesia","South Korea","Japan","Australia","Turkey","Canada","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Southeast Asia","Russia","Central Asia","Latin America","Africa","Western Balkans","Zimbabwe","Zambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["global assessment","policy analysis","infrastructure tracking"]},{"id":"iisd-002690","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002690","title":"Commodity profile — Cobalt","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-05/commodity-profile-cobalt.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document details the global cobalt market, highlighting the extreme concentration of mine production in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and refining in China. It examines the shift toward battery-enabled end-uses, the role of Chinese investment in global supply, and the social risks associated with artisanal mining in the DRC.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002690#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global cobalt mine production is heavily concentrated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which produced 75.9% of the world's mined output in 2024, an increase of 25% since 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002690#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China dominates the cobalt refining sector, accounting for 80% of global refinery production in 2023 and refining 95% of the world's cobalt chemicals for lithium-ion battery cathodes in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002690#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cobalt is primarily produced as a by-product rather than a primary commodity, with 78% coming from copper mining and 22% from nickel mining.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002690#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Over 50% of global cobalt demand is driven by battery applications, specifically for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which alone account for 37% of end-use.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002690#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Artisanal cobalt mining is almost exclusively located in the DRC; while its share of DRC production peaked at roughly 50% around 2008, it declined to approximately 10% by 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002690#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Future cobalt supply may be augmented by recycling, with end-of-life recycling rates expected to grow from 10% to 25% in 2025 and 39% by 2050, as well as through deep-sea mining of approximately 120 million mt of resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002690#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["critical minerals","electric vehicle","battery recycling","greenhouse gas emissions","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Democratic Republic of the Congo","People's Republic of China","Indonesia","Russia","Canada","Philippines","Finland","Japan","Madagascar","Australia","Cuba","United States","Zambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","geopolitical assessment","environmental impact assessment","social impact assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002952","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002952","title":"The Criticality of Gender Equality in the Race for Critical Minerals","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-05/gender-equality-in-race-for-critical-minerals.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that the surge in demand for critical minerals essential for the energy transition and digital economy risks amplifying existing gender inequalities. It identifies three compounding risk factors: specific environmental impacts (such as water scarcity and pollution), the high concentration of mineral reserves on Indigenous and agricultural lands, and the trend toward accelerated permitting processes. To mitigate these, the report recommends that stakeholders apply intersectional gender analysis in impact assessments, ensure inclusive consultation and free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC), and establish gender-equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms, including fair land compensation and inclusive employment practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002952#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The mining sector is heavily male-dominated, with women's employment in large-scale mining estimated globally between 12% and 15%. Women are typically concentrated in lower-paying administrative or support roles and are underrepresented in managerial and C-suite positions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002952#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is a critical income source for women, with women comprising 30% to 50% of the global ASM workforce. However, they are often confined to the lowest-paid and most hazardous roles and face high risks of gender-based violence and exploitation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002952#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Critical mineral extraction causes pronounced environmental impacts that disproportionately affect women due to their roles in water collection and food security. For example, brine-based lithium extraction requires approximately 2 million litres of water per tonne, exacerbating water stress in semi-arid regions like the Lithium Triangle (Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002952#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A high percentage of critical mineral projects are located on or near Indigenous and agricultural lands. Specifically, 90% of graphite, 87% of lithium, 78% of copper, 76% of nickel, and 72% of cobalt projects are situated on Indigenous Peoples lands, agricultural lands, or both.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002952#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gap in corporate policy regarding gendered impacts on communities. A review of 43 critical mineral companies found that only five had publicly available policies for assessing gendered impacts on local communities, and only two committed to gender-responsive free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002952#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governments are increasingly fast-tracking permitting processes to secure mineral supplies, which may compromise human rights and gender due diligence. For instance, the European Union's Critical Raw Materials Act aims to ensure permitting timelines for strategic extraction projects do not exceed 27 months.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002952#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends three primary strategies to safeguard women's rights: applying intersectional gender analysis in impact assessments, requiring inclusive consultation to secure consent, and establishing gender-equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002952#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender-equitable benefit sharing should include removing barriers to employment, ensuring fair land compensation that recognizes women's tenure, and implementing community development programs led by women.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002952#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["critical minerals","energy transition","gender equality","indigenous rights","environmental impact assessment","Free, Prior and Informed Consent","water scarcity","land tenure","sustainable energy"],"geography_discussed":["Democratic Republic of the Congo","Chile","Argentina","Bolivia","Canada","Peru","Zambia","South Africa","Mauritania","Malawi","Senegal","Ivory Coast","Papua New Guinea","Solomon Islands","European Union","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","gender analysis","human rights assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-003224","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003224","title":"Made in Europe Requirements in Public Procurement","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-05/made-in-europe-public-procurement.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the potential for the European Union to use local content requirements (LCRs) in public procurement to drive decarbonization and industrial resilience. It analyzes LCR frameworks in China, India, and Canada, noting that while these tools can create predictable demand for low-carbon industries, they risk increasing costs, reducing competition, and triggering trade retaliation. The authors argue that LCRs should only be used in strategic sectors where specific preconditions—such as high market leverage and strong climate gains—are met, and must be tied to ambitious, performance-based environmental criteria rather than origin alone. The report specifically evaluates the steel, cement, and clean technology sectors, concluding that while LCRs can support resilience, they must be carefully designed to avoid protecting high-emission producers or hindering the import of essential green intermediate goods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003224#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The proposed Industrial Accelerator Act (IAA) of March 2026 introduces limited local content and low-carbon requirements in specific sectors, such as requiring 25% of steel and aluminum in automotive and construction procurements to be low carbon, and 5% of concrete and mortar to be both low carbon and of Union origin.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003224#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"LCRs can lead to higher procurement costs and reduced competition; DG Trade estimated that domestic content requirements could cost European businesses approximately EUR 10 billion annually due to higher input prices and administrative burdens.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003224#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Case studies of China, India, and Canada show that these countries use price preferences (often 10% to 20% of contract value) and eligibility restrictions to favor domestic suppliers, though none of the reviewed systems include environmental or sustainability criteria.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003224#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the steel sector, LCRs should play a secondary role to embodied carbon limits and circularity criteria, as restricting imports of transportable green iron could undermine the EU's decarbonization strategy due to limited domestic renewable electricity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003224#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For cement and concrete, which are typically sourced locally, the report suggests prioritizing green criteria and emission-intensity limits over origin requirements, noting that green premiums are often under 1% of total construction costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003224#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the clean technology sector, LCRs are primarily used to address supply chain resilience and reduce dependency on single third countries, particularly China, for technologies like solar PV and batteries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003224#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends that LCRs only be implemented if four preconditions are met: sufficient public buyer market leverage, strong climate and circularity benefits, improved supply chain resilience, and a proportionate, legally robust design.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003224#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To avoid protecting high-emission producers, LCRs must be tied to ambitious, performance-based environmental criteria, such as emissions thresholds and circularity standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003224#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["government procurement","Industrial decarbonization","circular economy","sustainable procurement","Green steel","clean technology","embedded emissions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","Canada","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","comparative case study","sectoral assessment"]},{"id":"pestake-000201","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/pestake-000201","title":"HOW TO RESEARCH YOUR LANDLORD","publisher":{"name":"Private Equity Stakeholder Project","organization":"private-equity-stakeholder-project"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://pestakeholder.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/PESP_Landlord_ResearchGuide_2026.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines a strategic process for tenants to uncover the identities of landlords who use shell companies, specifically Limited Liability Corporations (LLCs), to obscure ownership. It details a step-by-step workflow involving county property records, business entity registries like OpenCorporates and Secretary of State databases, and web searches to trace ownership from a specific property up to parent companies or hedge funds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000201#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Landlords frequently use Limited Liability Corporations (LLCs) to create \"ownership obscurity,\" which protects owners from debt and lawsuits by treating each business as a distinct legal entity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000201#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is no centralized national database in the US for tracking land ownership, eviction activity, or money laundering, forcing researchers to rely on fragmented public records that vary by state and county.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000201#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The guide recommends a specific research sequence: starting with web searches, then using county tax assessor property records or parcel viewers to find the legal owner and mailing address, and finally using corporate registries to identify the people behind the LLC.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000201#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Many large corporate landlords incorporate in Delaware due to the state's simplified corporate laws, lenient tax policies, and reduced restrictions, often establishing local \"branches\" in the states where they operate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000201#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Researchers can bypass corporate opacity by identifying 'directors and officers' (legal representatives) or 'registered agents' (persons designated to receive legal documents), though some landlords use 'corporate servicers' to provide virtual offices and further hide ties to staff.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000201#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Using a case study of Grandview Estates Mobile Home Park in Florida, the guide demonstrates how tracing an LLC through property records, OpenCorporates, and news articles can reveal that a property is functionally controlled by a national hedge fund, in this case, Alden Global Capital.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000201#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["housing","real property"],"geography_discussed":["Florida","Delaware","Hillsborough County","New Jersey"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodological guide","case study"]},{"id":"pestake-000236","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/pestake-000236","title":"Private Equity Middlemen in Medicaid","publisher":{"name":"Private Equity Stakeholder Project","organization":"private-equity-stakeholder-project"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://pestakeholder.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/PESP_Report_Middlemen-in-Medicaid_2026.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details how private equity firms have acquired Medicaid contractors to capitalize on government-backed revenue, often leading to operational failures. It highlights systemic payment errors and wage theft allegations at Public Partnerships, LLC; massive debt-driven cost-cutting and fraud allegations at Gainwell Technologies; and delays in care authorizations and the use of offshore labor at Acentra Health. The document also warns of the risks associated with AI-driven analytics and the offshoring of sensitive patient health information to India.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000236#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Public Partnerships, LLC (PPL), backed by DW Healthcare Partners and Linden Capital, is the largest US provider of fiscal intermediary services for Medicaid self-directed care, operating over 50 programs in 20 states.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000236#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"PPL's transition to becoming the sole fiscal intermediary for New York's Consumer Directed Personal Assistance Program in 2025 was marked by systemic failures, leading to a class-action lawsuit for wage theft and claims that 150,000 providers and 90,000 workers left the program.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000236#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Oregon, a state audit of PPL's administration of emergency rental assistance found a 28% error rate, resulting in approximately $11 million in improper payments in one year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000236#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gainwell Technologies, owned by Veritas Capital, is the largest Medicaid IT contractor in the US, with claims processing services in 45 states and coordination of benefits services in 40 states.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000236#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gainwell's financial structure involves heavy debt from leveraged buyouts, including $3.5 billion for its initial segment and $1.83 billion for HMS Holdings Corp., which has pressured the company to implement aggressive cost-savings, including workforce reductions and offshoring to India.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000236#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gainwell has faced significant operational failures, including a failure to recover $52.2 million in third-party insurance payments in New York and a False Claims Act lawsuit in Rhode Island alleging reckless disregard for billing fraud.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000236#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gainwell has offshored over 2,000 jobs to India, leading to reports of improper access to US patient Protected Health Information (PHI), including social security numbers and dates of birth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000236#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Acentra Health, owned by The Carlyle Group, integrates healthcare IT, clinical services, and AI-driven analytics, but its prior authorization and clinical assessment services have caused serious care delays and denials in Colorado, North Carolina, and Maine.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000236#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Acentra's Medicaid IT services have resulted in significant financial errors, including overpayments of $39.4 million over two years in Michigan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000236#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Acentra is aggressively pursuing AI-driven predictive data analysis to target healthcare interventions for vulnerable populations and has co-launched the Safe AI in Medicaid Alliance (SAMA) to help shape the governance of AI in Medicaid.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pestake-000236#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["New York","Oregon","New Jersey","Pennsylvania","Ohio","Rhode Island","India","Utah","Michigan","Washington","Colorado","North Carolina","Maine","California","Maryland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","financial analysis","policy review"]},{"id":"reclfin-000749","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/reclfin-000749","title":"Risky_Venture_Report_BFF","publisher":{"name":"Reclaim Finance","organization":"reclaim-finance"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://reclaimfinance.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Risky_Venture_Report_BFF.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that the TotalEnergies-EPH joint venture (TTEP) locks Europe into fossil gas dependency, increases energy bill volatility through LNG imports, and relies on public subsidies that should be redirected toward clean energy. It highlights that the venture's 12.5 GW gas capacity will produce emissions comparable to entire countries like Ireland or Denmark over five years, while challenging the companies' claims that such assets are necessary for grid flexibility.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000749#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The joint venture between TotalEnergies and EPH, finalized in April 2026, will be one of Europe's largest gas power producers, operating a gas fleet with 12.5 GW of capacity, which is equivalent to the combined gas fleet capacity of Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, and Sweden.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000749#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The venture relies on importing 2 million tonnes of foreign LNG per annum, which is estimated to cost Europe between €6.675 billion and €7.555 billion over five years, primarily benefiting the fossil fuel industries of the US, Russia, and Qatar.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000749#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The joint venture's gas fleet is projected to produce climate emissions over the next five years ranging from 38 to 61 Mt CO2e, a volume comparable to the annual greenhouse gas emissions of Denmark or Ireland.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000749#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The venture is heavily dependent on public subsidies; between 2015 and 2024, over €4.08 billion was secured by TotalEnergies and EPH for the plants included in the joint venture, with at least 53% of the gas plants having secured capacity market contracts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000749#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report disputes the 'flexgen' (flexible generation) narrative used by the companies, noting that over 87.5% of the 32 gas units are combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT), which are better suited for baseload generation than short-term flexibility.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000749#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["natural gas","liquefied natural gas","gas-fired power station","greenhouse gas emissions","energy transition","battery energy storage system","Coal phase-out"],"geography_discussed":["Italy","United Kingdom","Netherlands","Ireland","France","United States","Russia","Qatar","Czech Republic","Mozambique","Papua New Guinea","Denmark"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["risk assessment","financial analysis","policy critique"]},{"id":"reclfin-000778","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/reclfin-000778","title":"ANALYSIS OF TOTALENERGIES’ CLIMATE STRATEGY","publisher":{"name":"Reclaim Finance","organization":"reclaim-finance"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://reclaimfinance.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/TotalEnergies_2026_VF.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that TotalEnergies' investment strategy heavily favors fossil fuels, with 4.8 dollars invested in oil and gas for every dollar spent on integrated power in 2025. The company's 2030 production targets are projected to be at least 59% higher than levels required for NZE alignment. While diversifying into renewables, the report notes this is largely through acquisitions and remains marginal, with oil and gas expected to represent 83% of the energy mix by 2030. Additionally, the company is expanding its LNG capacity and gas power production, while relying on CCUS and offsets to meet emissions targets it has recently modified, including a statement in 2026 that it could no longer commit to a 'net zero' objective.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000778#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"TotalEnergies' 2025 financial allocations prioritized oil and gas and shareholder payouts over renewable energy. For every dollar invested in its 'integrated power' business, the company invested 4.8 dollars in oil and gas and distributed 5.7 dollars to shareholders via dividends and share buybacks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000778#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The company has reduced its future investment targets for low-carbon energy. Between 2026 and 2030, TotalEnergies plans to allocate approximately 26% of its capital expenditure to 'integrated power and low carbon molecules', a decrease from its previous target of 33%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000778#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"TotalEnergies' oil and gas production targets are inconsistent with the IEA Net Zero Emissions (NZE) scenario. By 2030, its production level is projected to be at least 59% above NZE alignment, as the company aims for a production increase of more than 3% per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000778#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The company is significantly expanding its LNG infrastructure. TotalEnergies' total net liquefaction capacity is projected to increase from 17.1 Mtpa to 36.4 Mtpa by 2030 through projects including Mozambique LNG, Papua LNG, and expansions in Qatar and North America.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000778#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Diversification into sustainable energy remains marginal and heavily reliant on acquisitions. Renewable energy is expected to represent only 8% of the company's energy mix by 2030, while oil and gas extraction will still account for 83%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000778#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"TotalEnergies is increasing its reliance on unsustainable energy sources, specifically gas power. The company plans to double its gas power production to over 30 TWh by 2030, which will represent more than 30% of its electricity production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000778#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The company's emissions strategy relies on carbon capture and offsets, and it has walked back its net-zero commitment. In 2026, TotalEnergies stated it could no longer commit to a 'net zero' objective, citing European legislation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000778#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel industry","renewable energy","liquefied natural gas","gas-fired power station","green hydrogen","bioenergy","Sustainable Aviation Fuel","carbon offset"],"geography_discussed":["India","United States","Brazil","Germany","France","Iraq","Dominican Republic","Mozambique","Papua New Guinea","Russia","Australia","Qatar","Oman","United Kingdom","Nigeria"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["corporate strategy analysis","climate alignment assessment"]}]}