{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Thailand"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":912,"relation":"eq"},"page":15,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Thailand&page=15","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Thailand&page=16","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"ember-000434","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ember-000434","title":"Unleashing solar and wind in ASEAN","publisher":{"name":"Ember","organization":"ember"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-07-07","source_url":"https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2022/07/Unleashing-Solar-and-Wind-in-ASEAN.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while electricity demand in the 'ASEAN 5' (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam) grew by 22% from 2015 to 2021, clean energy only met 39% of this increase. Solar and wind generation remains low at 4% of the region's electricity supply, lagging behind China and India. Current national plans project solar and wind will reach 11% of the total supply by 2030, which the authors argue is insufficient to meet the 1.5-degree pathway or keep pace with rising demand, potentially leading to further reliance on coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000434#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 2015 and 2021, electricity demand in the ASEAN 5 grew by 22%, outstripping the global average growth of 17%. Clean electricity generation only met 39% of this demand increase, while 48% was met by fossil fuels, resulting in a 21% increase in power sector CO2 emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000434#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Solar and wind energy deployment in the ASEAN 5 is lagging compared to global peers. In 2021, solar and wind generated only 4% of the region's electricity, whereas China and India reached 11% and 8% respectively. Only Viet Nam exceeded the global average of 10% for solar and wind generation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000434#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current national energy plans for the ASEAN 5 project that the share of solar and wind in the total electricity supply will rise to 11% by 2030. However, this is considered insufficient to align with the IEA's 1.5-degree pathway, as it represents less than half of the IEA target.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000434#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Country-specific 2030 projections for solar and wind shares vary significantly: Viet Nam is expected to reach 18%, the Philippines 16.5%, Thailand 9.6%, Malaysia 3.4%, and Indonesia 2%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000434#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Viet Nam experienced a significant solar boom between 2020 and 2021, with solar generation increasing by 337%, driven by supportive policies including generous Feed-in Tariffs (FiT), income tax exemptions, and land-lease payment exemptions for utility-scale investors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000434#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies that limited grid transmission capacity in Indonesia and Viet Nam is hindering the implementation of solar development targets, necessitating a holistic policy approach to reconfigure electricity systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000434#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["solar energy","wind power","carbon neutrality","Coal phase-out","Grid modernization","feed-in tariff"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","Laos","Singapore"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative analysis","policy assessment","projection"]},{"id":"gclifun-006205","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gclifun-006205","title":"Readiness Support for the Accreditation of Kasikornbank, Updating of Thailand’s Country Programme, Development of Climate Finance Strategy, and Design of Blended Circular Economy Financing Facility","publisher":{"name":"Green Climate Fund","organization":"green-climate-fund"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-06-29","source_url":"https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/thailand-gggi.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The proposal outlines a 24-month program implemented by the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) to address gaps in Thailand's climate finance architecture. Key objectives include supporting Kasikornbank's GCF accreditation, updating the 2017 Thailand Country Programme (TCP) to align with the updated NDC and Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy, and creating a national climate finance strategy. A central component is the design of the Thailand Circular Economy Financing Facility (T-CEFF), a blended finance mechanism intended to de-risk investments in Municipal Solid Waste to Energy (MSW2E) and bioenergy projects, targeting a USD 200 million loan portfolio by 2025. The project also aims to refine the National Designated Authority's (NDA) no-objection procedure to better accommodate private sector proposals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-006205#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Thailand currently lacks accredited Direct Access Entities (DAEs), which limits the ability to leverage public sector finance through blended investments with private financial institutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-006205#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Thailand Country Programme (TCP), first developed in April 2017, is outdated and does not reflect the updated Nationally Determined Contribution (2021-2030) or the Mid-century, Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy from October 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-006205#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The existing no-objection (NOL) procedure is primarily tailored for public sector grant proposals and needs revision to accommodate private sector entities and various funding instruments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-006205#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Kasikornbank, Thailand's second largest lender by assets, has been identified as a primary candidate for DAE accreditation due to its fiduciary standards and experience in green lending, including a target of USD 100 million annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-006205#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Domestic financial institutions in Thailand are highly risk-averse toward circular economy investments, particularly Municipal Solid Waste to Energy (MSW2E) and bioenergy, due to a lack of non-recourse project finance and high collateral requirements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-006205#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposed Thailand Circular Economy Financing Facility (T-CEFF) aims to use blended finance to support a USD 200 million loan portfolio by 2025, focusing on 10-20 projects in circular economy sub-sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-006205#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Modern waste management infrastructure projects in Thailand have significant mitigation potential; a single 500-ton/day project can mitigate up to 1,000,000 tCOeq over 20 years, primarily through methane avoidance from landfills.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-006205#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Thailand's energy sector is the primary driver of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 71.65% of total emissions as of 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-006205#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","Blended Finance","circular economy","bioenergy","Direct Access","Nationally Determined Contributions","fiduciary","Environmental and Social Safeguards"],"geography_discussed":["World","South Korea","Cambodia","India","Indonesia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["proposal","strategic framework"]},{"id":"wri-000270","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-000270","title":"Profiles of Adaptation: Japan","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2022-06-29","source_url":"https://www.wri.org/update/profiles-adaptation-japan","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Japan utilizes the 2018 Climate Change Adaptation Act and a revised 2021 plan to coordinate adaptation across ministries using 66 Key Performance Indicators. Domestically, the country employs local adaptation centers in 38 of 47 prefectures and the A-PLAT information platform to support municipal planning. Internationally, Japan provides technical expertise in disaster risk reduction, manages the Asia-Pacific Climate Change Adaptation Information Platform (AP-PLAT), and has committed to doubling adaptation finance to approximately $14.8 billion between 2021 and 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-000270#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Climate Change Adaptation Act of 2018 established the legal basis for Japan's adaptation efforts, requiring a Climate Change Adaptation Plan that is updated every five years. The revised plan approved in October 2021 utilizes a 'Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA)' management approach and 66 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to monitor sectoral and fundamental progress.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-000270#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japan supports locally led adaptation through municipal and prefectural climate change adaptation centers, which were active in 38 out of 47 prefectures as of April 2022. To facilitate this, the Adaptation Information Platform (A-PLAT) consolidates climate risk data for use by local governments in formulating adaptation plans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-000270#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) promotes international adaptation businesses in seven specific areas: sustainable energy supply, food security and agricultural production, health and sanitation, climate monitoring and early warning, secure resources and sustainable water supply, resilient infrastructure against natural disasters, and climate change finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-000270#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japan provides global technical and financial assistance, including the 2021 launch of the Asia-Pacific Climate Change Adaptation Information Platform (AP-PLAT) and a commitment to increase adaptation finance to approximately $14.8 billion from public and private sources between 2021 and 2025. In March 2022, Japan contributed $6 million to the adaptation fund.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-000270#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japan applies its Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) expertise internationally through projects such as the implementation of erosion-control dams in Indonesia and a flood-resilient subway system in Bangkok, Thailand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-000270#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","disaster risk reduction","climate finance","infrastructure resilience","food security","agricultural production","early warning system","water-supply management","greenhouse gas monitoring","public health"],"geography_discussed":["Thailand","Bangkok","Indonesia","Asia-Pacific"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","case study"]},{"id":"zca-000013","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/zca-000013","title":"G7 economies increasingly exposed to climate risks through globalised supply chain","publisher":{"name":"Zero Carbon Analytics","organization":"zero-carbon-analytics"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-06-16","source_url":"https://zerocarbon-analytics.org/finance/g7-economies-increasingly-exposed-to-climate-risks-through-globalised-supply-chain/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that G7 economies face significant economic risks due to the interconnectedness of global supply chains, where climate-driven disruptions in production hubs—particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America—transmit shocks to industrialised nations. It cites examples such as the 2011 Thailand floods and recent flooding in Durban, South Africa, to illustrate how extreme weather causes global price spikes and production delays. Specific analyses for the US, Germany, UK, and Japan reveal vulnerabilities in sectors ranging from ICT and automotive manufacturing to food security. The document concludes that because labour cost differentials continue to drive the offshoring of production, G7 nations must cooperate globally and fulfill adaptation funding commitments to secure their own supply chains.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000013#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global supply chains transmit climate risks across borders, meaning extreme weather at production sites causes disruptions far beyond the source. The 2011 Thailand floods, for instance, caused USD 40 billion in local damages and led to a 2.5% reduction in global industrial production, with hard disk drive prices increasing by 80%-190%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000013#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coastal infrastructure is highly vulnerable to sea level rise, with approximately 90% of global freight moving by ship. Adapting the world's 2,738 coastal ports to these risks could cost between USD 22 billion and USD 768 billion by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000013#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States faces specific supply chain vulnerabilities: nearly one-third of its largest airports have runways at risk from storm surges, and the ICT sector is exposed to trans-border risk due to its reliance on Chinese manufacturing concentrated in high-flood risk eastern river basins.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000013#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Germany's economic risks from climate change largely stem from regions outside the EU. Projections for 2050 suggest a GDP decrease between 0.01% and 0.35% annually and welfare losses between 0.11% and 0.36% annually, with heat stress in Southeast Asia alone potentially triggering GDP losses of 0.41% to 0.46%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000013#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UK's food security is threatened by its reliance on imports from over 160 countries, with 18% of fruit and vegetables coming from highly or moderately vulnerable nations like India, South Africa, and Brazil. This vulnerability could lead to food price increases of 20% by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000013#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japan is vulnerable to climate risks in Southeast Asia for its electronics and automotive sectors, and to US climate risks regarding agricultural imports, specifically feed for meat production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000013#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["food security","sea level rise","extreme weather event","economic loss","automotive industry"],"geography_discussed":["Thailand","Japan","European Union","North America","South Africa","Durban","KwaZulu-Natal","United States","People's Republic of China","Germany","United Kingdom","India","Brazil","Southeast Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["risk assessment","economic impact analysis"]},{"id":"clibonds-000919","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-000919","title":"ASEAN SUSTAINABLE FINANCE STATE OF THE MARKET 2021","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-06","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/ASEAN-Sustainable-Debt-Market-2021.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The ASEAN sustainable debt market experienced rapid growth in 2021, with GSS debt issuance reaching USD 24 billion and sustainability-linked instruments reaching USD 27.5 billion. Singapore remains the regional leader, while the green theme continues to be the most popular. The report highlights the emergence of the ASEAN Taxonomy for Sustainable Finance and the growth of local currency issuances, particularly in Singapore and Thailand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000919#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The ASEAN green, social, and sustainability (GSS) debt market grew by 76.5% year-on-year in 2021, with annual issuance reaching USD 24bn compared to USD 13.6bn in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000919#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sustainability-linked bonds (SLBs) and loans (SLLs) saw exponential growth in 2021, with a combined volume of USD 27.5bn, which is more than three times the 2020 figure of USD 8.6bn.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000919#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Singapore is the dominant regional market for sustainable finance, issuing USD 13.6bn in GSS debt in 2021 and accounting for 84.5% of the cumulative SLL and SLB market with USD 33.6bn.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000919#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Green themed debt remains the most prevalent in the region, representing 63.9% of GSS deals in 2021 and 72% of the cumulative GSS market (USD 39.4bn) between 2016 and 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000919#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Buildings and Energy are the primary sectors for green use-of-proceeds, together accounting for 79.5% of cumulative green debt UoP in ASEAN from 2016 to 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000919#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sovereign issuance is the primary driver of the social and sustainability (S&S) market, responsible for 51% of the volume in 2021, largely due to the reopening of a Thai sustainability bond.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000919#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gap in external reviews for green debt; 59% of all green deals in 2021 had no review, an increase from 47% in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000919#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Thailand is the most prolific source of unlabelled climate-aligned debt in ASEAN, accounting for 96% of the total regional volume of USD 2.9bn.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000919#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ASEAN Taxonomy for Sustainable Finance (Version 1) was published in November 2021, introducing a Foundation Framework with a decision tree to classify activities as green, amber (transition), or red (excluded).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000919#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Energy Transition Mechanism (ETM), launched in 2021 by Indonesia, the Philippines, and the ADB, aims to accelerate the transition from coal to clean energy by retiring coal-fired power plants early.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000919#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","sustainable finance","renewable energy","green building","sustainable transport","Coal phase-out","Net-zero emissions","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["World","Singapore","Thailand","Indonesia","Malaysia","Philippines","Vietnam","Cambodia","Myanmar","Brunei","Laos"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","policy review"]},{"id":"clibonds-001044","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-001044","title":"Promoting Local Currency Sustainable Finance in ASEAN+3","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-06","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/Promoting-Local-Currency-Sustainable-Finance-in-ASEAN3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The ASEAN+3 sustainable debt market reached USD 449 billion by Q3 2021, driven largely by the People's Republic of China, Japan, and Hong Kong, China. While green bonds remain dominant, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the issuance of social and sustainability-labeled instruments. Local currency (LCY) issuance represents 64% of the region's total sustainable debt, though this is unevenly distributed; Thailand has the highest LCY share at 98.5%, while Viet Nam and Indonesia rely heavily on foreign currencies. The report identifies barriers such as lack of market awareness, high transaction costs for small deals, and a shortage of bankable green projects. It recommends increasing sovereign GSS bond issuance, expanding the investor base through ETFs and indices, and establishing centralized sustainable finance platforms to improve project visibility.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001044#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"By the end of the third quarter of 2021, the cumulative sustainable debt market in ASEAN+3 reached USD 449 billion, with the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, China, and Japan accounting for 61.4% of this volume.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001044#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Local currency (LCY) sustainable debt issuance accounted for 64% of the region's total sustainable debt as of Q3 2021, with a strong preference for LCY in smaller instruments (90% of issuances under USD 200 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001044#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant disparity in LCY adoption across the region: Thailand has the highest LCY share at 98.5% (USD 10.6 billion), whereas Viet Nam and Indonesia have the highest foreign currency shares at 96.1% and 94.6% respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001044#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The People's Republic of China is the regional leader in sustainable bond issuance, contributing USD 44.5 billion in the first nine months of 2021, with a focus on renewable energy and transport.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001044#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ASEAN Taxonomy for Sustainable Finance (Version 1), published in November 2021, uses a phased approach with a 'Foundation framework' (qualitative classification) and a 'Plus standard framework' (quantitative screening criteria).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001044#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'unlabeled climate-aligned universe' in ASEAN+3 consists of USD 406.4 billion in outstanding bonds from 1,458 companies, with transport being the dominant theme at 72% (USD 293.3 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001044#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Key impediments to the growth of the GSS market include a lack of local market awareness, higher transaction costs for smaller issuances, and a limited number of 'bankable' green projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001044#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sovereign GSS bond issuance is recommended as a catalyst for local markets because it provides benchmark pricing, liquidity, and a demonstration effect for domestic issuers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001044#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report suggests that central banks can support a 'build back better' recovery by resuming environmental stress testing and prohibiting sectors with high transition risks from accessing credit released via pandemic-era regulatory loosening.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001044#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ASEAN Catalytic Green Finance Facility (ACGF) and the subsequent Green Recovery Platform aim to bridge bankability gaps and support post-pandemic green infrastructure in Southeast Asia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001044#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","transition finance","climate finance","renewable energy","green building","Blended Finance"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Japan","South Korea","Thailand","Malaysia","Singapore","Indonesia","Philippines","Vietnam","Hong Kong","Brazil","Denmark","Finland","Sweden"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","policy review","investment opportunity assessment"]},{"id":"newclim-000315","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000315","title":"Despite Glasgow Climate Pact, 2030 climate target updates have stalled","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-06","source_url":"https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/1051/CAT_2022-06-03_Briefing_MidYearUpdate_DespiteGlasgowTargetUpdatesStalled.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing reports that 2030 climate target updates have stalled since COP26, leaving the world on track for 2.4°C of warming based on current targets and 2.7°C based on current policies. Despite the Glasgow Climate Pact's request for governments to strengthen their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by the end of 2022, no major emitter has updated its target. The report highlights a significant emissions gap, noting that global emissions in 2030 would be twice as high as the 1.5°C limit allows without increased action. It suggests four pathways for governments to update targets: full NDC updates, expanding NDC coverage (specifically for China regarding non-CO2 gases), participating in new sectoral initiatives, or implementing policies to overachieve existing targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000315#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Progress on updating 2030 climate targets and sectoral initiative participation has stalled since COP26, contradicting the Glasgow Climate Pact's agreement to update national targets in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000315#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current global trajectories are far from the 1.5°C limit; the world is projected to warm by 2.4°C based on 2030 targets and 2.7°C based on current policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000315#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a severe emissions gap for 2030, with projected emissions being double the amount allowed to maintain a 1.5°C limit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000315#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Only six countries submitted updated NDCs in 2022: Bolivia, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Haiti, though none of these represented a further strengthening of previous targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000315#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EU is identified as a primary candidate to lead NDC updates because its plans to increase the 2030 renewable target from 40% to 45% would result in overachieving its current NDC.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000315#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Participation in sectoral initiatives has been limited; Qatar is the only major country to join the Global Methane Pledge since COP26, while major emitters like China, India, and Russia have not joined.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000315#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The commitment to stop financing fossil fuel infrastructure abroad has been weakened by the need for alternative natural gas suppliers following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, exemplified by Germany considering LNG infrastructure support for Senegal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000315#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Nationally Determined Contributions","1.5 degree Celsius climate target","greenhouse gas emissions","Paris Agreement","Coal phase-out","electric vehicle","fossil fuel finance","climate target"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","United States","People's Republic of China","El Salvador","Central African Republic","Guatemala","Bolivia","Ivory Coast","Haiti","Brazil","Indonesia","Russia","Singapore","Switzerland","Thailand","Vietnam","Mexico","Turkey","Kazakhstan","Iran","Australia","Egypt","United Kingdom","Qatar","India","Germany","Senegal","Ukraine","Japan","France"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","emissions gap analysis"]},{"id":"sei-001142","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001142","title":"Beyond deforestation: water use in global agricultural commodity supply chains","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-05","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/220506a-burton-lathuillière-deforestation-water-2201c-brief.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the relationship between tropical deforestation and water use in agricultural commodity supply chains, specifically those imported into the EU. It highlights that while high-risk deforestation commodities often rely on precipitation (green water), other commodities cause significant water scarcity through irrigation (blue water). The authors warn that focusing solely on deforestation may shift environmental burdens to water-scarce regions and identify critical data gaps regarding water use for beef and wood products.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001142#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"EU consumption of agricultural commodities was linked to nearly 20% of global tropical deforestation in 2017, totaling approximately 240,000 hectares.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001142#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agricultural commodities most associated with tropical deforestation, such as oil palm, beef, wood, and soy, rely almost entirely on green water (precipitation), making them vulnerable to regional climate change and precipitation variability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001142#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Certain commodities imported into the EU that are not necessarily linked to deforestation pose significant water scarcity risks in their producing regions, particularly in Asia and the Middle East; examples include pistachios from Iran and cotton from Uzbekistan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001142#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Deforestation in South America disrupts the water cycle by reducing the 'flying rivers'—atmospheric watercourses that deliver rainfall downwind—and can increase local temperatures by up to 2.5°C.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001142#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant global data 'blind spots' exist for water use in the supply chains of beef and wood products due to the complexity of production systems and methodological challenges in estimating water use for tree plantations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001142#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, an initial assessment indicated that half of the water used for cattle was attributed to the evaporation of farm impoundments used for drinking water.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001142#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water scarcity","agricultural irrigation","climate change","biodiversity","ecosystem service","carbon dioxide emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Brazil","South America","Mato Grosso","Iran","Uzbekistan","Ivory Coast","Vietnam","Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"sei-001225","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001225","title":"Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (MEL) Guidance Notes","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2022-05","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/annex-d1-2022-scf2-mel-guidance-note.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The SCF2 MEL Guidance Notes outline a two-tier results measurement system consisting of event-level monitoring managed by partners and programme-level evaluation managed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). Partners are required to use specific tools—including pre- and post-event surveys and field notes—to capture baseline and end-line data, while adhering to GDPR standards for informed consent and data pseudonymisation. The guidance also mandates ethics planning for human subject engagement and environmental assessments to track and reduce the carbon footprint of funded activities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001225#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The SCF2 results measurement framework operates on two levels: event-level MEL, which is designed and implemented by partners based on specific event objectives, and programme-level evaluation, which is managed independently by SEI using a pre-defined theory of change and results measurement framework.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001225#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Partners are required to use a combination of pre-event surveys, post-event surveys, and field notes for event-level monitoring. Pre-event surveys establish baseline data, while post-event surveys provide end-line information to measure outcomes; field notes are specifically required for stakeholder consultation events to document consultation processes and key discussion points.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001225#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"SEI independently administers programme-level tools, including a tracer study and the collection of 'Most Significant Change' (MSC) stories, which are conducted via online surveys approximately two to three months after an event concludes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001225#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Data handling must comply with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), requiring partners to obtain informed consent covering the survey purpose, data handling methods, and the sharing of data with SEI and the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA). Partners must pseudonymise event survey datasets by removing names and organisational affiliations before sharing them with SEI.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001225#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Partners must implement ethics planning for activities involving human subjects, which includes assessing risks to avoid harm and establishing special considerations for participants under 18 years old or vulnerable adults.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001225#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To reduce the environmental footprint of SCF2-funded events, partners are required to report specific indicators in their field notes and final reports, including the number of air and land trips, hotel rooms used, and plans for food, waste, and printing management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001225#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","carbon dioxide emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["procedural guidance"]},{"id":"tess-000065","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/tess-000065","title":"Aid for Trade Priorities on Plastic Pollution","publisher":{"name":"Forum on Trade, Environment, & the SDGs","organization":"forum-on-trade-environment-the-sdgs"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2022-05","source_url":"https://lyrical-cormorant.files.svdcdn.com/production/assets/images/Publications/TESS-Policy-Brief-Aid-for-Trade-Priorities-on-Plastic-Pollution.pdf?dm=1678450935","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that while Aid for Trade (AfT) is a vital tool for sustainable development, there is a significant mismatch between the low levels of development assistance for plastic pollution and the high financial flows to the petrochemical sector. It identifies specific capacity-building needs for developing countries—such as circular economy strategies, technology access, and regulatory frameworks—and proposes short- and medium-term deliverables for WTO members to integrate plastic pollution priorities into AfT work programmes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"tess-000065#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a stark disparity between the financial support provided to tackle plastic pollution and the funding directed toward the industries that produce it. State financial flows to the petrochemical sector were approximately $38 billion globally as of June 15, 2021, while ODA commitments specifically targeting plastic pollution were only $147 million in 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"tess-000065#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Developing and least developed countries have identified several critical trade-related capacity-building needs to combat plastic pollution, including the design of circular economy strategies, improved product classification, and the development of sustainable alternatives to single-use plastics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"tess-000065#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current ODA for plastic pollution is heavily skewed toward the end of the plastic life cycle. A UNEP stocktaking survey (2018-2019) found that the largest share of financing (42%) went to technology and processes, while monitoring and analysis received the lowest share at 3%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"tess-000065#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document proposes short-term deliverables for the IDP, including integrating plastic pollution priorities into the next AfT work programme, launching WTO Secretariat training on trade rules compatible with plastic pollution policies, and enhancing support for customs authorities on Harmonized System classifications.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"tess-000065#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Medium-term recommendations include enhancing support for the Basel Convention's Plastic Waste Partnership, increasing UNCTAD's work on plastic substitutes and technology transfer, and calling for trade-related financing provisions in the upcoming international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"tess-000065#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Beyond AfT, the author argues that a comprehensive package is needed for a just transition, including debt relief for SIDS and LDCs, climate-related finance to decarbonize industry, and social assistance for workers displaced from 'brown' sectors like plastics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"tess-000065#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The international trade of plastics is a massive economic sector, reaching over USD 1 trillion in 2019, which represents approximately 5% of total merchandise trade.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"tess-000065#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["plastic pollution","circular economy","trade policy","waste management","technology transfer","just transition","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Thailand","Algeria","Argentina","Trinidad and Tobago","Zimbabwe","Uganda","Serbia","Bangladesh","Egypt","Ghana","South Africa","Africa","Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy brief"]},{"id":"wwf-000677","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000677","title":"Open secrets: Corruption in Free Trade and Special Economic Zones as an enabler for illegal wildlife trade","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-05","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/152/6pghxs9zpy_Corruption_in_FTZ_SEZ_as_an_enabler_for_IWT.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that while FTZs and SEZs are not the sole cause of illegal wildlife trade (IWT), their inherent characteristics—such as simplified customs, limited oversight, and legal opaqueness—act as facilitators for both IWT and corruption. Through case studies of the Golden Triangle SEZ (Laos), Suifenhe FTZ (China), and Las Palmas FTZ (Spain), the author demonstrates that corruption in these zones often mirrors national patterns but is amplified by the zones' complexity. Key drivers include social and cultural norms, such as the desire to 'lose face' or the acceptance of corruption as a business norm. The report also highlights the risk of 'displacement,' where strict regulations in one country push illicit activities to less regulated jurisdictions. It concludes with recommendations for governments and multilateral organizations to implement clearer oversight, regional coordination, and certification schemes to mitigate these risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000677#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"FTZs and SEZs facilitate illegal wildlife trade (IWT) and corruption by providing an additional layer of opaqueness and complexity, characterized by simplified customs, limited inspections, and reduced oversight.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000677#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Golden Triangle SEZ in Laos, corruption manifests as the omission of duties by officials, including providing advance notice of 'emergency' inspections to allow illegal wildlife products to be hidden.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000677#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Suifenhe FTZ in China illustrates how national-level customs harmonization and the social acceptance of corruption as a business norm facilitate the illegal timber trade from Russia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000677#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Las Palmas FTZ in Spain historically enabled illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing due to a permissive legal regime, poor inspections, and a lack of sufficient customs personnel.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000677#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social and cultural norms, such as the desire of Lao officials to avoid 'losing face' internationally or the loyalty to in-groups, act as significant drivers for corruption and IWT.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000677#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Strict environmental regulations in one country can lead to the 'displacement' of illicit activities to countries with weaker institutional frameworks, creating a 'race to the bottom'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000677#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Large-scale infrastructure projects associated with FTZs/SEZs can facilitate IWT by providing cheaper access to remote areas and creating opportunities for grand corruption in procurement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000677#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["illegal logging"],"geography_discussed":["Russia","European Union","Myanmar","Thailand","Vietnam","West Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy analysis"]},{"id":"clibonds-000917","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-000917","title":"ASEAN economies’ exposure to climate transition risks","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-04","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/ASEAN-economies-exposure-to-climate-transition-risks.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes the vulnerability of ASEAN economies to climate transition risks, highlighting a significant reliance on fossil fuels for electricity generation. It finds that carbon-intensive sectors represent approximately 25% of corporate bond issuance in the region, with a substantial portion of loans and bonds facing refinancing risks by 2030. The authors argue that current industrial classification systems are inadequate for identifying these risks and recommend that ASEAN central banks develop comprehensive 'green' and 'brown' taxonomies to enhance climate risk disclosures and manage potential asset stranding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000917#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Carbon-intensive sectors in the ASEAN region rely more heavily on bond financing than loans, with approximately 25% of all corporate bond issuance in the region originating from these sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000917#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant volume of debt in carbon-intensive sectors faces a 'refinancing wall,' with roughly 50% of loans in the analyzed dataset requiring refinancing by 2027, increasing to 85% by 2035.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000917#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The region's electricity generation is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, particularly coal and natural gas, in all member states except Cambodia and Lao PDR, creating a long-term risk of stranded assets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000917#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transition risks may be borne by taxpayers in countries where carbon-intensive entities are state-owned, such as Indonesia's PLN or Malaysia's Petronas, potentially leading to sovereign credit rating downgrades.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000917#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International investor sentiment is shifting away from fossil fuels, with GFANZ members managing USD 130tn in assets committing to phase out such investments, which may increase borrowing costs for ASEAN nations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000917#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Existing industrial classification systems (such as SIC and BICS) are insufficient for climate risk assessment because they categorize by product rather than the carbon intensity of the production process.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000917#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends that ASEAN central banks develop taxonomies that define not only 'green' activities but also 'brown' (non-sustainable) activities and entity-level transition strategies to monitor decarbonization progress.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000917#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union's proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) poses a policy risk to the export competitiveness of ASEAN manufacturers who have not internalized carbon costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000917#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["stranded asset","fossil-fuel divestment","carbon price","Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism","renewable energy","coal-fired power station"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Philippines","Vietnam","Malaysia","Singapore","Thailand","Laos","Cambodia","European Union","People's Republic of China","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","policy recommendation","financial risk assessment"]},{"id":"costratri-000214","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/costratri-000214","title":"CLIMATE CHANGE, SECURITY, AND POLITICAL COHERENCE IN THE SOUTH AND EAST CHINA SEAS: A SCENARIOS-BASED ASSESSMENT","publisher":{"name":"The Council on Strategic Risks","organization":"the-council-on-strategic-risks"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-04","source_url":"https://climateandsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Climate-Change-Security-and-Political-Coherence-in-the-South-and-East-China-Seas_April-2022.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the security implications of climate change in the South and East China Seas, focusing on the interplay between regional political cohesion and food prices. It presents four scenarios—ranging from high cooperation and low prices to high fragmentation and food insecurity—to illustrate potential risks, including social unrest, the failure of governance, and increased Chinese maritime aggression. The analysis emphasizes that climate change acts as a threat multiplier, exacerbating existing geopolitical tensions and socio-economic inequalities in Southeast and East Asia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000214#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Asia Pacific region contains more people and infrastructure at risk from climate change than any other global region, yet climate change's security implications are largely absent from regional military discourse.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000214#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Continued reliance on coal and natural gas in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines, hinders the achievement of climate goals and increases the risk of natural disasters and instability due to depleted resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000214#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies regional political cohesion among ASEAN members, East Asian developed countries, and China, as well as food prices, as the two most critical and uncertain drivers of climate security risks in the region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000214#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In scenarios of high political fragmentation and high food prices, developing ASEAN countries may become paralyzed, allowing China to aggressively exploit and militarize resource-rich areas of the South China Sea.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000214#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate-induced disasters may exacerbate social unrest if humanitarian assistance and disaster response (HA/DR) missions are perceived to favor politically connected or wealthy elites.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000214#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Physical climate projections for the region include a substantial increase in high heat stress days (exceeding 35°C for more than 60 days per year in Southeast Asia by the end of the century), increased flood damage in river basins, and sea-level rise that could make 100-year floods occur annually by mid-century.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000214#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ocean acidification and nitrogen pollution are degrading marine ecosystems, leading to coral bleaching and the depletion of fish stocks, which may trigger conflicts over remaining resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000214#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["food security","sea level rise","ocean acidification","coal","natural gas","renewable energy","extreme heat","flood","climate resilience"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","Indonesia","Vietnam","Philippines","Japan","South Korea","Thailand","Cambodia","Laos","Myanmar","Brunei","Malaysia","Taiwan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["scenario analysis","risk assessment"]},{"id":"wwf-000797","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000797","title":"SETTING SCIENCE-BASED TARGETS IN THE SEAFOOD SECTOR","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2022-03-28","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/721/8cn3jb0kvv_Seafood_Guide_20220329_v3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines the business case and technical process for seafood companies to adopt Science-Based Targets (SBTs) to mitigate climate change. It highlights that while seafood generally has a lower carbon footprint than land-based proteins, the industry faces significant risks from ocean warming and acidification. The guide details a process of data collection, GHG accounting using Life Cycle Assessments (LCA), and target setting through the Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi). Key reduction strategies include the electrification of fishing vessels, the development of low-carbon aquaculture feed, and the reduction of air freight. It emphasizes that Scope 3 emissions—particularly from feed and transport—represent the largest challenge and require pre-competitive collaboration across the value chain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000797#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Climate change poses material risks to the seafood industry through ocean warming, acidification, and rising sea levels, which affect fish distribution and productivity. Global marine animal biomass is projected to decrease by up to 17 per cent by 2100 in the absence of fishing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000797#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a strong business case for setting SBTs, including mitigating risks from incoming carbon taxes and regulatory taxonomies, capturing consumer premiums for low-carbon products, and unlocking 'blue finance' such as sustainability-linked loans and bonds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000797#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Greenhouse gas emissions in the seafood sector vary by segment: capture fisheries emissions are primarily driven by vessel fuel, while aquaculture emissions are dominated by the footprint of feed, including deforestation for soy and nitrous oxide from fertilizers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000797#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The industry lacks a uniform methodology for measuring Scope 3 emissions and conducting Life Cycle Assessments (LCA), leading to incomparable values across the value chain. There is a call for harmonization, such as the adoption of the EU's Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) methodology.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000797#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant emission reductions are possible in capture fisheries through technical improvements; a 10 to 30 per cent reduction in vessel emissions can be achieved via efficient engines, hull modifications, and speed reductions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000797#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For aquaculture, the primary mitigation lever is the transition to low-carbon feed ingredients and improving feed conversion rates. Novel ingredients and circular solutions are suggested to reduce reliance on commodity soy and fishmeal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000797#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi) requires companies to set targets for Scope 1 and 2, and for Scope 3 if it exceeds 40 per cent of total emissions. New criteria effective July 15, 2022, increase the minimum ambition for Scope 1 and 2 to a 1.5°C alignment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000797#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon offsetting and avoided emissions do not count toward progress on SBTs, as the framework requires direct emission reductions within the company's own boundaries or value chain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000797#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon accounting","life cycle assessment","Scope 3","ocean acidification","Net-zero emissions","carbon offset"],"geography_discussed":["Norway","Chile","Vietnam","Thailand","Egypt","Ecuador","Bangladesh","Laos","People's Republic of China","United Kingdom","Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["best practices guide","case study analysis"]},{"id":"clibonds-001024","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-001024","title":"Green Infrastructure Investment Opportunities INDONESIA: Green Recovery 2022 REPORT","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-03","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/Green-Infrastructure-Investment-Opportunity-GIIO-Indonesia-Green-Recovery-2022-Report.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report outlines Indonesia's need for USD 322.8 billion in climate-compatible infrastructure by 2030, focusing on renewable energy, low-carbon transport, sustainable water, and waste management. It highlights a significant financing gap and argues for the use of green bonds, blended finance, and de-risking mechanisms to attract private investment. The document also details the role of the SDG Indonesia One platform and the ASEAN Catalytic Green Finance Facility in bridging these gaps.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001024#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia requires an estimated USD 322.8 billion in climate-compatible infrastructure and assets by 2030 to meet its emission targets, with energy and transportation accounting for approximately 75% of this need at USD 245 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001024#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a substantial annual financing gap for climate-adjusted infrastructure in Indonesia, estimated at USD 51 billion, with the state budget only meeting about 34% of funding needs between 2016 and 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001024#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's initial pandemic recovery stimulus lacked a strong green focus, with only 4% of total stimulus funding allocated to the green sector, while the majority of energy-related stimulus (USD 6.54 billion) supported fossil fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001024#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The renewable energy sector requires USD 154 billion by 2025 to reach a 23% energy mix target; however, growth is hindered by opaque procurement rules and unpredictable cash flows from power purchase agreements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001024#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indonesian green, social, and sustainability (GSS) bond market reached USD 7.7 billion as of November 2021, with green bonds contributing USD 6.3 billion, largely driven by sovereign issuances.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001024#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) released the first edition of the Indonesia Green Taxonomy on January 20, 2022, utilizing a unique 'traffic light system' (green, yellow, red) to classify business activities by environmental impact.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001024#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The SDG Indonesia One (SIO) platform, managed by PT SMI, has pooled USD 3.24 billion from diverse sources and channeled USD 231 million into sustainable infrastructure projects to address the lack of bankable green projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001024#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The transport sector contributes 26% of national GHG emissions, and the railway infrastructure alone will require approximately USD 65 billion in investment between 2021 and 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001024#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia faces a waste emergency as the second-largest producer of plastic waste globally, with an estimated USD 18.4 billion needed by 2040 for adequate waste management infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001024#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Key barriers to green bond growth include a lack of domestic expertise in verification and external review, as well as high relative costs for smaller issuances under USD 100 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001024#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["green infrastructure","renewable energy","climate bond","sustainable finance","Blended Finance","climate finance","energy transition","Net-zero emissions","greenhouse gas emissions","Paris Agreement","Nationally Determined Contributions","environmental, social and corporate governance"],"geography_discussed":["Southeast Asia","World","Jakarta","Thailand","Vietnam"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["investment assessment","policy analysis","market overview"]},{"id":"sei-002254","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002254","title":"Exploring the Environment-Conflict-Migration Nexus in Asia","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-03","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/drc-ro-asia-sei-research-report-exploring-the-environment-conflict-migration-nexus-in-asia-may-2022.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes how climate change acts as a 'threat multiplier' in Asia, compounding existing social, political, and economic vulnerabilities to exacerbate conflict and drive migration. Focusing on Afghanistan, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, it examines how environmental stressors like droughts and floods intersect with ethnic discrimination and political instability. It highlights the specific vulnerabilities of displaced populations, such as the Rohingya and Afghans, who often reside in hazard-prone urban slums or camps. The document argues that national and regional policies frequently omit the climate-conflict-migration nexus and recommends that humanitarian agencies and policy-makers integrate these linkages to build long-term resilience and support safe, regular migration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002254#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Climate change functions as a 'threat multiplier' in Asia, where it interacts with pre-existing social inequalities, poverty, and political instability to intensify human insecurity and drive both conflict and migration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002254#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Afghanistan, conflict and political instability are compounded by severe environmental risks; the country is ranked 17th out of 180 in the Global Climate Risk Index 2021 due to high fatality rates from weather-related events.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002254#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Rohingya population in Myanmar faces a critical protection gap where systemic marginalization and restrictions on freedom of movement create 'forced immobility,' leaving them unable to migrate to safer areas during climate disasters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002254#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Bangladesh is the most disaster-prone country in South Asia, ranking seventh globally in the 2021 Global Climate Risk Index, with extreme events like Cyclone Amphan displacing approximately 2.5 million people in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002254#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Displaced persons and migrants often settle in high-risk urban slums or camps, increasing their exposure to hazards such as flash floods and landslides while facing tensions with host communities over scarce resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002254#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender and ethnicity significantly shape vulnerability; for example, 52% of Afghan women surveyed by the Mixed Migration Centre cited sexual and gender-based violence as a driver of migration, compared to 22% of men.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002254#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Development and climate projects can inadvertently trigger conflict through 'green grabbing,' where land is confiscated by elites under the guise of mitigation or adaptation, displacing local communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002254#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"National and regional policy frameworks in Asia generally fail to integrate the nexus of climate, conflict, and migration, often treating migration as a trend to be prevented rather than a potential adaptation strategy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002254#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","climate migration","disaster risk reduction","climate change adaptation","environmental degradation","food insecurity","water scarcity","sea level rise","flood","drought","landslide","tropical cyclone","climate finance","climate justice"],"geography_discussed":["Pakistan","Iran","Turkey","Malaysia","Indonesia","Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study","intersectional analysis"]},{"id":"sei-000885","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-000885","title":"Agua local se globaliza: narrativas agua","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"es","date_published":"2022-02-13","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/perspectives/agua-local-se-globaliza-narrativas-agua/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing examines the limitations of current water management frameworks, such as Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and the water-energy-food nexus, in addressing water teleconnections. Using case studies from Colombia and Southeast Asia, it demonstrates how agricultural exports (coffee and rice) transfer 'virtual water' across borders, creating dependencies that are not captured by traditional basin-level planning. The author contends that a multi-scale approach is necessary to integrate local challenges with regional and global economic connections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000885#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Relying on a single water management narrative, such as the water-energy-food nexus or Integrated Water Resources Management, can lead to a misunderstanding of local challenges or a failure to recognize how water is transferred across different scales via economic or physical connections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000885#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Water teleconnections create invisible flows and dependencies beyond basin boundaries that are typically ignored in water management. For example, in the Campoalegre basin in Colombia, only 5.3% of produced coffee is consumed domestically, while in the Songkhram basin in Southeast Asia, high-quality jasmine rice is exported to nearby provinces and international markets as 'virtual water'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000885#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Traditional watershed-based planning is often inadequate because the scale of a river basin may be too large to address small-scale community and ecosystem issues, or too small to account for regional and global factors and cumulative impacts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000885#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water management","Integrated Water Resources Management","agriculture"],"geography_discussed":["Bolivia","Brazil","California","European Union","Mekong River basin","Magdalena-Cauca basin","Campoalegre basin","Songkhram basin","Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","literature review"]},{"id":"wri-001726","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-001726","title":"STATE OF THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS: ENHANCING ADAPTATION AMBITION","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2022-02","source_url":"https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/2022-03/enhancing-adaptation-ambition.pdf?VersionId=bjURD1jiqWpN3TcbudG7m2G2UtD5rDIc","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while updated NDCs show increased country ownership, better alignment with national planning processes like National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), and a higher number of prioritized actions, most of these actions remain implementation-unready due to a lack of clear indicators, costs, and time frames. It highlights a general lack of understanding and explicit planning for transformative adaptation and a limited operationalization of 'Loss and Damage' concepts within national contexts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001726#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Updated NDCs demonstrate increased country ownership and political commitment, characterized by more extensive consultations with government agencies and diverse stakeholder groups, and more frequent approval by high-level national political bodies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001726#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is improved alignment between updated NDCs and other policy processes, particularly the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process, which is more comprehensive than the NDC process in terms of identifying priorities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001726#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While the total number of prioritized adaptation actions has increased in updated NDCs—with significant focus on water, food and nutrition security, and nature-based solutions—most actions are not yet investment or implementation ready.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001726#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial cost estimates for adaptation actions have increased between first and updated NDCs, but the data is limited to only 22 of the 86 assessed countries and lacks clear calculation methodologies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001726#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Updated NDCs show a considerable increase in the integration of gender equality, as well as a higher frequency of references to indigenous rights and local knowledge, although direct consultation with these groups during NDC development remains insufficient.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001726#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"References to 'Loss and Damage' (L&D) have not increased in frequency, and most countries lack a clear definition of the term, though there are more instances of actions to minimize losses, such as early warning systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001726#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transformative adaptation—defined as fundamental shifts in underlying systems—is largely absent from NDCs, with only five updated documents explicitly mentioning the term and a general lack of consensus on the concept.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001726#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL) information is appearing more frequently in updated NDCs, but the overall number of countries including such frameworks remains low.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001726#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Nationally Determined Contributions","climate change adaptation","national adaptation plan","loss and damage","nature-based solutions","water management","climate finance","gender equality","indigenous rights"],"geography_discussed":["Chile","Panama","Papua New Guinea","Monaco","Andorra","Dominican Republic","Cambodia","Costa Rica","Kenya","Maldives","Zambia","Peru","Saint Lucia","Jamaica","Thailand","Argentina","Colombia","Fiji","Honduras","Rwanda","Morocco","Cape Verde","Vietnam"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative analysis","textual analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"wwf-000799","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000799","title":"WWF’S IMPACT ON TIGER RECOVERY 2010-2022","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-02","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/836/8csh32wkgb_WWF_TX2_Impact_Report_Lauren_Simmonds_2_.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details WWF's strategic efforts to reverse the decline of wild tigers through political advocacy, landscape-scale conservation, and community-centered approaches. Key achievements include the development of the Conservation Assured Tiger Standards (CA|TS), the implementation of the 'Safe Systems' approach to human-wildlife conflict, and the creation of the Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online. While global tiger numbers have shown an upward trend, the report warns that gains are fragile and uneven, with severe declines continuing in Southeast Asia due to snaring. WWF highlights the co-benefits of tiger conservation, including carbon sequestration and water provisioning, and outlines future goals such as the first international tiger reintroduction in Kazakhstan by 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000799#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Wild tiger populations reached a historic low of approximately 3,200 in 2010, leading 13 tiger range governments to commit at the St. Petersburg Summit to double their numbers by 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000799#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"WWF has invested or leveraged more than US $200 million across 10 offices, 14 landscapes, and 50 heartlands to support tiger recovery.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000799#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Conservation Assured Tiger Standards (CA|TS) accreditation system has 128 registered sites across 7 countries, with 21 sites approved as meeting global management standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000799#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Linear infrastructure poses a major threat to connectivity, with at least 11,000 kilometres of roads and railways planned through tiger landscapes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000799#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"WWF's 'Safe Systems' approach to human-wildlife conflict is currently implemented in 35 sites to reduce risks to people, assets, and wildlife.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000799#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A 2019 survey of 7,110 rangers across 28 countries revealed significant gaps in professional support: 40% lacked sufficient training, and only 40% had insurance for serious on-the-job injuries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000799#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online, convened by WWF, has led member companies to remove or block over 11.6 million listings for endangered species.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000799#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tiger farms in China, Thailand, Laos, and Viet Nam are estimated to hold over 8,000 tigers in more than 300 facilities, which WWF argues stimulates illegal trade.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000799#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tigers are expanding into higher altitudes in the Himalayas, with sightings recorded at 3,165m in Nepal, 3,600m in India, and 4,100m in Bhutan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000799#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"WWF is partnering with the government of Kazakhstan to reintroduce tigers to the Balkhash region by 2025, which would be the first international reintroduction for the species.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000799#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Southeast Asia is facing a critical snaring crisis, with WWF estimating over 12 million snares in the protected areas of Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Viet Nam.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000799#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity conservation","carbon sequestration","ecosystem service","nature-based solutions","climate change adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["India","Nepal","Bhutan","Russia","People's Republic of China","Thailand","Malaysia","Myanmar","Indonesia","Cambodia","Laos","Vietnam","Kazakhstan","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment","progress report"]},{"id":"sei-002042","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002042","title":"Baan Thung Yao, Thailand","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2022-01-27","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/perspectives/baan-thung-yao-thailand/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The case study of Baan Thung Yao in Thailand demonstrates how community-led forest management, characterized by strong local institutions and gender-equal decision-making, can successfully resist state-led 'fortress conservation' and protect both ecological systems and human dignity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002042#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"State-led \"fortress conservation\" is based on settler-colonial ideologies that view humans as threats to nature, often leading to the enclosure of resources, evictions, and the marginalization of Indigenous Peoples' sovereignty and empirical knowledge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002042#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Baan Thung Yao community manages 400 hectares of forest land through a self-determined system that prioritizes gender equality, with women actively influencing natural resource regulations and managing community finances via savings groups, a community bank, and a village fund.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002042#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the 1980s, the Baan Thung Yao community successfully resisted the Thai state's attempt to establish a forest park; women led the opposition after identifying that state compensation was insufficient to replace the loss of customary rights and livelihoods, leading the Royal Forestry Department to cancel the plan in 1989.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002042#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the Thai government's introduction of a Community-Based Forest Act, the Baan Thung Yao community continues to resist official registration and prefers self-management because they believe the state's regulations are too homogenous and impractical.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002042#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While Baan Thung Yao employs strict rules for resource extraction similar to fortress conservation, it differs fundamentally because its rules are established through a local democratic process based on community aspirations and knowledge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002042#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["gender equality","natural resource management","land tenure"],"geography_discussed":["Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex","Mu Koh Surin National Park"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]}]}