{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Terai Arc Landscape"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'Terai Arc Landscape' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":5,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Terai+Arc+Landscape","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"wwf-000700","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000700","title":"Greening Transportation Infrastructure Development Integrated Program","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2024-02","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/160/7240xcw1zf_WWF_US_GEF_2_pager_2024_v7_FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Greening Transportation Infrastructure Development (GRID) Integrated Program, approved by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in February 2024, provides nearly $27 million over five years to mainstream biodiversity into transportation infrastructure. Led by WWF with support from ADB and UNEP, the program implements national projects in Malaysia, Nepal, the Philippines, Suriname, and Ukraine. These projects focus on improving policy environments, participatory planning, innovative financing, and technical capacity to create nature-positive, low-carbon, and climate-resilient infrastructure, such as ports and highways.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000700#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In February 2024, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) approved nearly $27 million for the five-year Greening Transportation Infrastructure Development (GRID) Integrated Program.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000700#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The GRID program aims to replace conventional infrastructure planning with a process that recognizes, values, and protects biodiversity and ecosystem services to address habitat loss, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change adaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000700#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"National-level interventions under the program are centered on four areas: improving the policy enabling environment, strengthening integrated and participatory planning and design, promoting innovative financing and derisking mechanisms, and building technical capacity for nature-positive infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000700#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific national project goals include integrating biodiversity into port planning in Malaysia and Suriname, promoting the Terai Arc Landscape in Nepal, implementing inclusive planning in the Caraga region of Mindanao in the Philippines, and conducting ecological analysis for a major international highway in Ukraine.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000700#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity","ecosystem service","greenhouse gas emissions","climate change adaptation","nature-based solutions","carbon sequestration","sustainable finance"],"geography_discussed":["Caraga","Mindanao","Terai Arc Landscape","Suriname River"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["program description"]},{"id":"wwf-000857","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000857","title":"Midterm Review (MTR) for the WWF-supported, GEF-financed Full Size “Integrated Landscape Management to Secure Nepal’s Protected Areas and Critical Corridors” Project","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-11-29","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/1067/94lplazfdj_WWF_GEF_ILaM_Project_MTR_Final_Evaluation_Report_w_management_response.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The MTR rates the project's relevance as Highly Satisfactory and its overall effectiveness and efficiency as Moderately Satisfactory. While the project has successfully engaged local communities and established strong biodiversity baselines, it has faced significant delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic, government restructuring, and legislative bottlenecks regarding the disbursement of grants and revolving funds. Financial disbursement is low, with only 48% of expected costs for the first two years spent. However, the project is rated as 'Likely' for sustainability due to its integration with the broader Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) Program and strong country ownership.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000857#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The project is rated as Highly Satisfactory in relevance, with a design that correctly identifies barriers to endangered wildlife conservation and aligns with national priorities and international conventions like the Convention on Biological Diversity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000857#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Project effectiveness is rated as Moderately Satisfactory (rating 4), with an average achievement of 61% against the last workplan and 62% against Year 2 Results Framework targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000857#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant implementation delays occurred during the inception phase, primarily caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, subsequent lockdowns, and 2022 elections, pushing effective start-up to the last quarter of 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000857#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial efficiency is rated as Moderately Satisfactory, with a low burn rate; only USD 1,197,642 was spent out of an expected USD 2,511,439 for the first two years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000857#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Legislative constraints within the Public Procurement Act have created bottlenecks for deploying subsidy grants and revolving funds to communities, though individual grants to university students have been successful.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000857#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project has achieved notable success in knowledge management (Component 4), meeting 100% of four out of five indicators, although technical reports are sometimes difficult to locate on the project website.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000857#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sustainability is rated as 'Likely' (rating 4), supported by the diversified funding of the broader TAL Program and the formalization of communities as legal entities to access financing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000857#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) efforts have increased awareness, but the MTR found that decision-making capacities and power dynamics in communities have not significantly changed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000857#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project's adaptive capacity is rated as Moderately Satisfactory; while it adjusted activities to meet goals, it failed to conduct standalone annual adaptive management meetings to review the Theory of Change and risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000857#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project has successfully restored 336.8 hectares of land (72% of the Year 2 target), including 191 ha of forest land and 136.2 ha of natural grass and shrublands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000857#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity conservation","land degradation","climate change adaptation","nature-based solutions"],"geography_discussed":["Banke National Park","Bardiya National Park","Kamdi corridor","Karnali corridor"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["midterm review","performance evaluation"]},{"id":"wwf-000596","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000596","title":"CONNECTING CORRIDORS TERAI ARC LANDSCAPE NEPAL","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/468/5nxtq5ipb1_cfp_web.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details the restoration of biological corridors in Nepal's Terai Arc Landscape from 2001 to 2021. It highlights the transition from fragmented habitats to functional corridors through community-based conservation, forest restoration, and transboundary cooperation with India. Key successes include the doubling of tiger numbers and the identification of high-altitude climate refugia. However, the report warns that linear infrastructure development, such as highways and irrigation canals, poses a significant emerging threat to connectivity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000596#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Terai Arc Landscape approach has contributed to a significant recovery of tiger populations; while the region saw a sharp decline after 2001, the transboundary landscape now has over 880 tigers, with Nepal and India nearly doubling their respective numbers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000596#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Community-based conservation models have been central to restoration, utilizing Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) and Community Forest Coordination Committees (CFCCs) to manage resources and reduce dependence on forests through alternative energy and livelihood programs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000596#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Khata Corridor is cited as one of the most successful community initiatives, growing from just 1.15 sq. km of forest in 2001 to 96.57 sq. km, facilitating the movement of 46 individual tigers over a four-year period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000596#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Brahmadev Corridor has revealed the potential for tiger range expansion into high-altitude climate refugia, evidenced by a tiger camera-trapped at approximately 2,500m in Dadeldhura in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000596#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Linear infrastructure is identified as a primary emerging threat to connectivity, with roads, highways, and irrigation canals bisecting corridors and increasing wildlife mortality through vehicular collisions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000596#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mitigation measures such as wildlife underpasses have proven effective; in the Barandabhar Corridor, four underpasses constructed in 2016 were used by over 15 mammal species, significantly reducing vehicular wildlife collisions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000596#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Karnali River Corridor, Nepal's only river and forest corridor, faces specific threats from illegal fishing and sand and gravel mining, which damage fish spawning sites and gharial nesting grounds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000596#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Laljhadi-Mohana Corridor utilizes a zonation-based management approach, dividing the area into core, intensive management, and impact zones to balance biodiversity protection with community subsistence needs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000596#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Negative human-wildlife interactions, including crop depredation and livestock loss, remain a persistent challenge, addressed through the introduction of unpalatable crops like Mentha and the formation of youth-led Rapid Response Teams (RRTs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000596#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["forest restoration","climate change adaptation","biodiversity loss"],"geography_discussed":["India","Shikaribas Corridor","Barandabhar Corridor","Lamahi Corridor","Kamdi Corridor","Khata Corridor","Karnali Corridor","Basanta Corridor","Laljhadi-Mohana Corridor","Brahmadev Corridor","Dadeldhura District"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","impact assessment","historical review"]},{"id":"wwf-000317","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000317","title":"Integrated Landscape Management to Secure Nepal’s Protected Areas and Critical Corridors","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-11-23","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/989/2fwc4mcpgq_Agencyprojectdocument_WWF_GEF_9437_G0012_Nepal_ILM4TAL_Prodoc.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The project aims to promote integrated landscape management (ILM) to conserve globally significant forests and wildlife in Nepal's Terai Arc Landscape (TAL). It addresses barriers such as inadequate cross-sectoral coordination, lack of technical capacity for forest and land management, and increasing human-wildlife conflict. The strategy involves four components: strengthening national and state-level coordination, improving participatory planning for buffer zones and corridors, implementing sustainable forest management and HWC mitigation in the Banke-Bardia complex, and establishing knowledge management and monitoring systems. The project targets the restoration of 4,050 hectares of land and the mitigation of 1,270,919 metric tons of CO2e.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000317#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) of Nepal covers 24,710 km2 and is critical for biodiversity, supporting species such as the Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, and greater one-horned rhinoceros.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000317#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The TAL's forest cover is 54% of its land area, but only 25% of this forest is located within the six protected areas, making buffer zones and corridors essential for conservation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000317#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Key environmental threats in the TAL include unregulated grazing, forest fires, large infrastructure development, encroachment, and human-wildlife conflict (HWC).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000317#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Infrastructure projects, such as the East-West Highway and the proposed Mechi-Mahakali Railway, fragment habitats and cause wildlife mortality; for example, 133 wild animals were killed in road accidents in the fiscal year 2016/17.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000317#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Human-wildlife conflict is increasing due to rising wildlife populations and human encroachment; in 2016/17, 1,332 incidents were recorded in Chitwan, Bardia, and Shuklaphanta National Parks, resulting in 23 human deaths.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000317#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project's total cost is US $49,922,653, with a GEF grant of US $6,697,248 and co-financing of US $42,622,653.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000317#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project aims to restore 4,050 hectares of land, including 2,900 ha of forest and forest land, 1,000 ha of natural grass and shrublands, and 150 ha of degraded agricultural land.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000317#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project expects to mitigate 1,270,919 metric tons of CO2 equivalent through improved community-based forest management and other land-use practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000317#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project will specifically target the Banke-Bardia complex, including the Kamdi and Karnali corridors, for on-ground interventions such as sustainable forest management and HWC mitigation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000317#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A gender and social assessment revealed that men have higher access and control over natural resources, and women's roles in decision-making are often limited to tokenism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000317#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity conservation","Sustainable land management","carbon sequestration","greenhouse gas emissions","climate change adaptation","deforestation","forest degradation","land degradation","green infrastructure","Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation"],"geography_discussed":["Banke National Park","Bardiya National Park","Kamdi Corridor","Karnali Corridor","Churia Range","India","Bhutan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["project proposal","situation analysis","strategic planning"]},{"id":"wwf-000988","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000988","title":"Hariyo Ban Program II Brief Summary (2016-2021)","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/2622/Hariyo_Ban_II_brief_summary.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Hariyo Ban Program II (2016-2021) focused on enhancing resilience in the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape (CHAL) and Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) of Nepal. The initiative achieved significant biodiversity gains, including increases in tiger and rhino populations and the management of 970,524 hectares of biologically significant areas. Climate adaptation efforts reached 151,075 beneficiaries through the implementation of 78 local adaptation plans and eight integrated sub-watershed management plans. The program also improved livelihoods for 30,270 people through market-based enterprises and enhanced social inclusion by increasing women's representation in executive positions of natural resource management (NRM) groups to 50%. Governance was strengthened by improving the capacity of 291 NRM groups and supporting the formulation of over 60 policies and regulations. Key challenges included navigating Nepal's federal restructuring, the COVID-19 pandemic, and a lack of formal policy frameworks for payments for ecosystem services (PES).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000988#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The program achieved substantial increases in key wildlife populations within the Terai Arc Landscape (TAL), specifically for tigers, rhinos, and blackbucks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000988#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant land areas were placed under improved management or showed biophysical improvement, including nearly one million hectares of biologically significant areas under improved natural resource management and over 50,000 hectares showing improved biophysical condition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000988#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change adaptation interventions reached 151,075 beneficiaries and supported the implementation of 78 local adaptation plans of action and eight integrated sub-watershed management plans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000988#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Economic benefits were improved for 30,270 people in critical landscape areas through supported enterprises, resulting in community earnings of NRs 149.7 million (USD 1,352,064).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000988#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The program improved gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) by increasing women's representation in executive positions of supported NRM groups from 45% to 50% and increasing leadership positions held by women or vulnerable groups to 87%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000988#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governance and policy support resulted in the capacity improvement of 291 NRM groups and the formulation or implementation of more than 60 plans, policies, regulations, and administrative procedures related to biodiversity and climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000988#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The program faced significant systemic challenges, including the lack of a formal policy framework for payments for ecosystem services (PES) and the absence of an endorsed National Adaptation Plan (NAP) during its operation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000988#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity conservation","climate change adaptation","natural resource management","disaster risk reduction"],"geography_discussed":["India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["program evaluation","impact assessment"]}]}