{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Tees Valley"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'Tees Valley' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":5,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Tees+Valley","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"catf-000982","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/catf-000982","title":"Restructuring Innovation for the Zero-Carbon Climate","publisher":{"name":"Clean Air Task Force","organization":"clean-air-task-force"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-02","source_url":"https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/12163520/innovation-technology-framework.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that achieving net-zero emissions requires a broad portfolio of zero-carbon technologies beyond wind and solar, including nuclear fission, fusion, and carbon capture. It introduces an Innovation Technology Framework based on the 'S curve' of innovation, which identifies critical development stages—R&D, early output, and commercialization—leading to 'market take-off.' The framework emphasizes four 'levers of success': lowering costs, speeding project deployment, easing access to financing, and removing ecosystem barriers. The authors advocate for a coordinated industrial policy that provides sustained public financial support until technologies reach the take-off point, typically defined as 1%-2.5% of global energy demand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000982#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A portfolio approach to zero-carbon energy is essential because relying on a narrow range of technologies increases the risk of failure and cannot address hard-to-abate sectors like heavy industry, aviation, and international shipping.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000982#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'S curve' model describes the progression of technology from idea and R&D through early output and commercialization to 'market take-off,' where market forces begin to drive expansion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000982#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Market take-off is generally identified when a technology reaches a threshold of 1%-2.5% of global energy demand, though this varies by region and technology.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000982#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"New technologies often fail in the 'valleys of death,' which are gaps in funding and support during the transition from R&D to demonstration, and from demonstration to commercial prototypes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000982#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The framework identifies four 'levers of success' to compress the S curve: lowering costs, faster project development and deployment, easier access to financing, and the removal of ecosystem barriers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000982#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ecosystem barriers include structural constraints such as outdated licensing requirements, lack of supporting infrastructure, and adverse public perception, which can derail technology deployment regardless of cost.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000982#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public and governmental financial support is critical throughout the formative stages of innovation and must be maintained until a technology achieves market take-off.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000982#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective innovation policy should combine 'supply-push' strategies (e.g., grants, loans) for early-stage R&D and 'demand-pull' strategies (e.g., carbon taxes, performance standards) for more mature technologies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000982#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Standardization and modular manufacturing are key to reducing construction times and costs, as seen in the difference between 'stick-built' projects and factory-manufactured components.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000982#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report suggests that the U.S. and other OECD nations should significantly increase energy R&D spending, with a recommendation for the U.S. to triple annual spending to $25 billion by 2025 to match China's investment levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000982#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon capture and storage","wind power","photovoltaics","industrial policy","climate finance","energy transition","decarbonization","direct air capture"],"geography_discussed":["United States","People's Republic of China","European Union","Japan","United Kingdom","Tees Valley"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy framework","techno-economic analysis"]},{"id":"sei-001305","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001305","title":"Decline of the United Kingdom’s steel industry","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2021-07","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/decline-of-the-steel-industry-in-the-uk.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document analyzes the socio-economic and environmental consequences of the UK steel industry's decline since the 1970s, highlighting the failure of generic regional development policies that attempted to replicate old manufacturing models rather than transitioning to knowledge-based economies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001305#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The UK steel industry experienced a massive contraction in employment over 50 years, falling from approximately 320,000 people in the early 1970s to a 2020 workforce that was only \"roughly 5% to 10% of the size of its 1971 workforce\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001305#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The decline was driven by a combination of factors: labour disputes and the 1975-76 oil-price recession in the 1970s; monetary policies from 1979 that increased currency value and reduced export competitiveness; and a more recent \"international glut in steel production\" caused by Chinese state-subsidized firms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001305#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Socio-economic impacts extended beyond direct job losses to include indirect effects such as reduced wages and job losses in supply-chain businesses. For example, the closure of the Scunthorpe plant was estimated to eliminate 3,000 direct jobs and potentially \"cost an estimated 20,000 other people their jobs through knock-on effects\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001305#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Environmental remediation of former steelworks sites has created significant public financial burdens. Following the 2015 bankruptcy of the Redcar steelworks, the \"site clean-up bill – which could total billions of pounds – was transferred to the public\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001305#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Re-employment for former steelworkers is hindered by a significant wage gap and identity loss. Steelmaking salaries are often much higher than alternatives; in Wales and Yorkshire, the average salary of £36,000 is \"around 50% higher than that of other workers\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001305#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"UK regional development policies often failed because they were too generic and focused on \"bringing work to workers\" rather than industrial needs. Some policies had an \"overall negative effect on industrial development at the national level\" by discouraging expansion in prosperous areas via industrial development certificates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001305#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cities that struggled most during the transition were \"replicators\" that replaced declining manufacturing with other lower-skilled, routinized jobs, such as \"swapping cotton mills for call centres and dock yards for distribution sheds\". In contrast, successful regeneration occurred in cities like Manchester and Leeds that invested in highly skilled workforces and knowledge-focused activities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001305#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The decline of manufacturing and subsequent austerity-induced welfare reforms are suggested to have played a role in reshaping politics, specifically contributing to the \"UK’s vote to leave the European Union in 2016\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001305#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["decarbonization","industrial manufacturing","iron and steel industry","environmental remediation","employment"],"geography_discussed":["Scunthorpe","Redcar","Tees Valley","Ebbw Vale","Port Talbot","Swansea","Consett","Manchester","Leeds","Reading","Brighton","Australia","United States","South Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]},{"id":"sei-001421","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001421","title":"Introducing the Resources and Energy Analysis Programme (REAP)","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2010","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/introducing_reap_100216_web.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Resources and Energy Analysis Programme (REAP) is a software tool developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) that uses an environmentally extended input-output model to track greenhouse gas emissions, air pollutants, and ecological footprints based on consumption rather than just production. By distinguishing between domestic and imported goods across 178 sectors, REAP allows users to create quantifiable scenarios based on the IPAT formula (Population, Affluence, and Technology) to test policy interventions. The tool has been applied to various UK sectors, including the NHS and tourism, and used in regional planning, such as housing scenarios in the Tees Valley. SEI is expanding the tool's application to EU-27 members, Sweden, and the Basque Country.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001421#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The consumption-based accounting approach reveals that UK consumer emissions are higher than producer emissions; for example, in 2004, UK consumer emissions were approximately 730Mt CO2, which was 20 per cent higher than producer emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001421#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"REAP utilizes an environmentally extended input-output model that tracks the flow of goods and services between the UK and the 'rest of the world' across 178 individual sectors, calculating the impact per pound (£) spent for 356 product groups and over 50 consumption categories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001421#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The REAP scenario editor is based on the IPAT equation, allowing users to alter over 200 variables across three determinants: Population (size and number of households), Affluence (per-capita expenditure and consumption baskets), and Technology (energy mix and industrial energy demand).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001421#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"SEI has developed a 'family' of models based on REAP's methodology to target specific sectors, including tools for the UK education sector and the National Health Service (NHS). For the NHS, 60 per cent of emissions are linked to the manufacture and transportation of purchased goods and services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001421#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In a case study of the Tees Valley, a 'Business as Usual' scenario predicted a 1.8 per cent increase in CO2 emissions from household fuel and electricity over 20 years, which equates to a 5.5 per cent increase per person due to projected population decline.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001421#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Tees Valley workshop demonstrated that combining measures to increase renewable energy, improving energy efficiency in existing homes, and raising energy performance requirements for new homes could reduce the housing carbon footprint by at least 10 per cent over 20 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001421#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","carbon footprint","energy efficiency","renewable energy","sustainable development","Transportation emission"],"geography_discussed":["Tees Valley","European Union","Sweden","Basque Country","Spain"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodological description","case study","policy analysis"]},{"id":"sei-001539","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001539","title":"FACT SHEET Software name: Resources and Energy Analysis Programme (REAP)","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2008","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/reap.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Resources and Energy Analysis Programme (REAP) is a software tool developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) to track the environmental consequences of economic activity by analyzing consumption patterns across various spatial scales. It calculates ecological, carbon, and greenhouse gas footprints by combining consumption data with production impacts throughout the supply chain. In the UK, REAP has been applied in over 50 projects, including evaluating regional strategies and creating footprint reduction roadmaps. The tool emphasizes a lifecycle approach, highlighting that consumption-based emissions can exceed production-based emissions due to trade balances, as seen in the UK and Sweden.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001539#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"REAP is a software tool used to calculate and monitor ecological, carbon, and greenhouse gas (GHG) footprints for populations at local authority, regional, and national levels in the UK by combining consumption data with production impacts across the entire supply chain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001539#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The software utilizes a scenario editor to assess the potential environmental impacts of policies in sectors such as energy, transport, food, housing, and planning, allowing users to test specific interventions like sustainable home codes or fuel efficiency improvements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001539#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Lifecycle analysis reveals that consumption-based emissions are often higher than production-based emissions in developed economies due to imports; specifically, UK consumption emissions were 21% higher than production emissions, and Swedish consumer emissions were 17% higher than producer emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001539#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Since its February 2006 launch in the UK, REAP has been used in over 50 projects, with approximately 20 local authorities integrating it into their policy processes and over two-thirds of all UK local authorities utilizing its footprint data.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001539#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"REAP has been applied to specific UK regional policy tasks, including evaluating strategies in the West Midlands and Yorkshire and Humber, creating reduction roadmaps for Wales and the South East, and assessing housing policies in the Leeds City Region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001539#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","carbon footprint","energy efficiency","transport policy"],"geography_discussed":["Sweden","Yorkshire and the Humber","West Midlands","South East England","Wales","Tees Valley","Greater Nottingham","Leeds City Region","Europe","Thailand","People's Republic of China","Canada","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["software description","policy impact assessment"]},{"id":"sei-001968","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001968","title":"The Tees Valley Footprint Report","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2007-07","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Future/tees_valley_footprint.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Tees Valley Footprint Report evaluates the environmental impact of residents in the Tees Valley, UK, using Ecological and Carbon Footprint analysis. It finds that the region's ecological footprint is more than double the world average, and that 'business as usual' trends in housing and transport are likely to increase per capita carbon emissions over the next 20 years. The report uses the REAP software to model alternative scenarios, suggesting that significant reductions in housing emissions are possible through combined energy efficiency and renewable energy measures, while transport emissions require large-scale structural shifts and behavioral changes to see meaningful declines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001968#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Ecological Footprint of the Tees Valley is 5.12 global hectares per person, which is more than twice the global average of 2.2 gha/cap.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001968#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Carbon Footprint of the Tees Valley is 10.85 tonnes per person; to meet a proposed 60% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, this figure would need to drop to approximately 4 tonnes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001968#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Tees Valley has one of the highest food footprints in the UK, while its footprints for housing, transport, and consumables are lower than the UK average.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001968#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Under 'Business as Usual' (BAU) projections, per capita carbon dioxide emissions from housing are expected to increase by 5.5% and transport emissions by 8.7% over the next 20 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001968#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant reductions in the carbon footprint of housing can be achieved without altering new build projections or demolition rates by combining renewable energy increases, energy efficiency retrofits for existing homes, and higher energy performance standards for new builds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001968#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Small-scale transport initiatives, such as car clubs or limited car-sharing, are unlikely to reduce the region's carbon footprint unless they are part of a broader combination of policies that target the entire population and reduce car reliance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001968#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Dietary changes and the reduction of food waste could potentially reduce the Ecological Footprint of food consumption in the Tees Valley by 45%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001968#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon footprint","energy efficiency","renewable energy","sustainable transport","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","World","Hartlepool","Redcar and Cleveland","Middlesbrough","Stockton-on-Tees","Darlington"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["scenario analysis","footprint analysis","econometric modelling"]}]}