{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Plaquemines Parish"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'Plaquemines Parish' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":7,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Plaquemines+Parish","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"earjust-002457","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-002457","title":"Scanned Document","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2024-04-15","source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/24-4-15-epa6-letter-re-sils-petition.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The EPA is reviewing a petition from Earthjustice and community groups regarding the use of Significant Impact Levels (SILs) for ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Louisiana and Texas. While the EPA has rejected the Title VI administrative discrimination portion of the petition due to ongoing litigation, it is conducting a broader national evaluation of SIL guidance through an internal workgroup convened in September 2023, with results expected by the end of 2024. In Louisiana, the EPA is monitoring the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality's (LDEQ) progress in addressing modeled National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) violations. LDEQ has identified 15 PSD permit actions since 2018 with predicted exceedances and is conducting case-by-case reviews to determine if these are indicative of actual violations or results of conservative modeling assumptions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002457#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The EPA's Office of External Civil Rights Compliance rejected the portion of the petition alleging administrative discrimination under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 regarding the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality's (LDEQ) compliance, citing overlap with ongoing litigation over state permitting decisions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002457#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EPA is conducting a systematic evaluation of how ozone and PM2.5 SILs are applied across various states and is considering the application of SILs for other pollutants not covered in its 2018 guidance; this process is being managed by an internal workgroup convened in September 2023 and is expected to conclude by the end of 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002457#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EPA has requested that LDEQ take three specific actions to protect the NAAQS when PSD permitting air quality analysis identifies potential modeled violations: demonstrate that there is no actual violation, develop a plan to alleviate modeled violations, and consider additional ambient monitoring.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002457#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"LDEQ's five-year statewide review of PSD permits issued from 2018 forward identified 15 final permit actions with modeling that predicted one or more NAAQS exceedances, covering 11 facilities across eight parishes: Caddo, Calcasieu, Cameron, Iberville, Plaquemines, St. James, St. John the Baptist, and Washington.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002457#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"LDEQ argues that modeled NAAQS exceedances are not necessarily indicative of actual exceedances because 2020-2022 design values for all state monitors are compliant, actual emissions for pollutants like NOx and SO2 have trended downward between 2018 and 2022, and modeling is often highly conservative.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002457#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A preliminary injunction issued by the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Louisiana on January 23, 2024, prohibits the EPA from enforcing cumulative-impact or disparate-impact analysis requirements under Title VI against the State of Louisiana or its agencies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002457#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["environmental justice"],"geography_discussed":["Caddo Parish","Calcasieu Parish","Cameron Parish","Iberville Parish","Plaquemines Parish","St. James Parish","St. John the Baptist Parish","Washington Parish"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy evaluation","regulatory oversight"]},{"id":"eesi-000425","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/eesi-000425","title":"Community-Centered Resilience: Lessons from Louisiana","publisher":{"name":"Environmental and Energy Study Institute","organization":"environmental-and-energy-study-institute"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11","source_url":"https://www.eesi.org/files/transcript_110619.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document details the LA Safe program, which combined state-led data from the Coastal Master Plan with grassroots engagement to develop land-use strategies and fund resilience projects in coastal Louisiana. It emphasizes the importance of building trust through leadership programs like 'Lead the Coast' and the necessity of integrating long-term adaptation planning into state agency operations to address the 'existential emergency' of land loss.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000425#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Louisiana faces an enhanced effect of relative sea level rise because the land is sinking while seas rise, leading to a 'skeletal condition' of the state's coastline compared to its 1960 shape.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000425#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The LA Safe initiative focused on a six-parish area that, prior to 2017, accounted for 8.5% of all historic National Flood Insurance Program payouts (excluding Orleans Parish).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000425#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The LA Safe process utilized a community-led design, involving 71 public outreach events and over 2,800 participants to develop a 'crowd-sourced land-use plan' and select 10 investment projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000425#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To ensure equitable engagement, the 'Lead the Coast' program trained local residents as facilitators, providing them with stipends of $15 per hour to lead difficult conversations about land loss and relocation within their own communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000425#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The program's financial investment totaled approximately $5 million to $5.5 million, with the state contributing $4 million and the Foundation for Louisiana spending about $1 million to $1.5 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000425#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Adaptation planning in Louisiana is categorized into three levels of emergency: 'real' (immediate disaster aftermath), 'conceptual' (managing changing systems and benchmarks), and 'existential' (shifting worldviews and the potential disappearance of communities).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000425#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant disconnect between short-term disaster recovery funding and long-term adaptation planning, as state and federal agencies often operate in rigid 'lanes' that do not align with multi-dimensional local needs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000425#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 2017 Coastal Master Plan was the first state document to openly acknowledge that land cannot be built more quickly than it is being lost and that some communities may not exist in 10 to 50 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000425#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coastal management","sea level rise","flood risk","climate justice","community engagement","climate migration"],"geography_discussed":["Terrebonne Parish","Lafourche Parish","St. John the Baptist Parish","St. Tammany Parish","Plaquemines Parish","Jefferson","Baton Rouge"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study","program evaluation"]},{"id":"ucs-000185","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ucs-000185","title":"Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana: Sinking Land and Rising Seas Mean Tough Choices","publisher":{"name":"Union of Concerned Scientists","organization":"union-of-concerned-scientists"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2016-11-08","source_url":"https://www.ucs.org/resources/plaquemines-parish-louisiana-sinking-land-and-rising-seas-mean-tough-choices-2015","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Plaquemines Parish faces extreme risks from relative sea level rise and land subsidence, which is exacerbated by oil and gas operations and upstream flood control. The region has lost 2,300 square miles of wetlands since 1932, leaving communities vulnerable to storm surges and flooding. Predominantly Black communities, such as Ironton and Woodland, experience a confluence of socioeconomic vulnerability and pollution from refineries and coal terminals. While Louisiana's 2012 Comprehensive Master Plan for a Sustainable Coast proposes a $50 billion investment in defenses like the Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion, critics argue the plan may use inadequate sea level rise projections and fail to protect all communities. Local residents emphasize the need for equitable resource distribution and local employment in restoration projects to ensure communities are made whole.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000185#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Louisiana is experiencing some of the highest relative sea level rise rates globally, driven by land subsidence from oil and gas operations, sediment compaction, and upstream flood-control on the Mississippi River. This has resulted in the loss of 2,300 square miles of wetlands since 1932, with current losses occurring at a rate of 40 square miles per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000185#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Predominantly Black communities in Plaquemines Parish, including Ironton, St. Rosalie Plantation, and Woodland, face combined risks from sea level rise and industrial pollution from coal export terminals and oil refineries. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill specifically impacted over 3,000 acres of coastal wetlands in the parish and harmed the local Black fishing community.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000185#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Severe weather events have caused massive displacement in Plaquemines Parish, with coastal towns losing between 40 and 70 percent of their residents following Hurricane Katrina. Despite nearly $20 billion in federal disaster assistance to Louisiana after Katrina and Rita, residents in smaller coastal communities have struggled to access aid and rebuild.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000185#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The state of Louisiana's 2012 Comprehensive Master Plan for a Sustainable Coast is a 50-year, $50 billion initiative featuring the Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion to replenish the Mississippi delta. However, some scientists argue the plan's sea level rise projections are inadequate and that land loss may outpace the diversion's effectiveness.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000185#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sea level rise","storm surge","climate justice"],"geography_discussed":["New Orleans","Gulf of Mexico","Delaware","Buras"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]},{"id":"ucs-000115","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ucs-000115","title":"Surviving and Thriving Face Rising Seas","publisher":{"name":"Union of Concerned Scientists","organization":"union-of-concerned-scientists"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2015-11-16","source_url":"https://www.ucs.org/resources/surviving-and-thriving-face-rising-seas","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies 'climate equity hotspots' along the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts, where projected sea level rise and tidal flooding combine with socioeconomic risks such as poverty and minority population share. It argues that federal and state agencies must prioritize these vulnerable communities in funding and infrastructure investments to ensure an equitable response to climate change. The analysis evaluated thirty-five coastal counties across nine states and provides case studies for five specific locations, including Dorchester County, MD, and Plaquemines Parish, LA, to illustrate the challenges of environmental injustice and sinking lands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000115#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The report introduces a screening tool to identify 'climate equity hotspots,' which are areas where climate risks from sea level rise and tidal flooding overlap with socioeconomic risk factors such as poverty, per capita income, educational attainment, and the share of the minority population.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000115#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The analysis evaluated thirty-five coastal counties across nine states on the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts, noting that sea levels are rising most rapidly in these regions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000115#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document recommends that federal, state, and local agencies target funding for preparedness and disaster recovery specifically to the most at-risk communities and direct investments in health, shelter, energy, and transportation to these populations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000115#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Five specific locations are highlighted as case studies for coastal climate equity challenges: Dorchester County, MD; Charleston, SC; Opa-locka and Hialeah, FL; Gulfport, MS; and Plaquemines Parish, LA.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000115#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sea level rise","storm surge","climate justice","climate resilience","environmental justice","carbon dioxide emissions"],"geography_discussed":["East Coast of the United States","Gulf of Mexico","Dorchester County","Charleston","Opa-locka","Hialeah","Gulfport","Plaquemines Parish"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["socioeconomic risk assessment","case study"]},{"id":"ucs-001084","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ucs-001084","title":"Surviving and Thriving in the Face of Rising Seas","publisher":{"name":"Union of Concerned Scientists","organization":"union-of-concerned-scientists"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2015-11","source_url":"https://www.ucs.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/11/surviving-and-thriving-executive-summary.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Union of Concerned Scientists developed a screening tool to identify coastal 'climate equity hotspots' where high climate risk overlaps with socioeconomic vulnerability. Applying this to 35 counties across the East and Gulf Coasts, the report finds that low-income and minority communities face disproportionate burdens from sea level rise and storm surges, often exacerbated by inadequate disaster recovery policies. It advocates for targeted federal funding, inclusive stakeholder engagement, and the use of actionable science to build resilience in frontline communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001084#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The report introduces a screening tool to identify 'climate equity hotspots' by combining a climate risk indicator (sea level rise and tidal flooding projections through 2045) with a socioeconomic risk indicator (per-capita income, poverty rates, race/ethnicity, and education).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001084#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of 35 coastal counties indicates that all will experience more than 4 inches of sea level rise by 2030 and more than 10 inches by 2045 under mid-range projections, with Louisiana and Virginia being particularly affected.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001084#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tidal flooding is projected to increase significantly for nearly all 25 counties with available data, with at least a three-fold increase by 2030 and most seeing at least a 10-fold increase by 2045.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001084#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current disaster aid and recovery policies often fail frontline communities because they prioritize homeowners and businesses over renters or those in public housing, and evacuation plans frequently overlook those without cars or with mobility challenges.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001084#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Historical settlement patterns and systemic isolation have increased the vulnerability of African American communities; for example, in Dorchester County, MD, these communities were historically settled in low-lying, swampy areas that were more affordable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001084#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Gulfport, MS, the loss of coastal wetlands to development has disproportionately increased flooding risks for low-income African American communities, such as Turkey Creek.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001084#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Plaquemines Parish, LA, faces extreme risks from land subsidence and sea level rise, with wetlands being lost at a rate of 40 square miles per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001084#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Charleston, SC, tidal flooding is routine and projected to increase from 24 times per year currently to more than 180 times per year by 2045, with elderly and low-income residents being the most vulnerable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001084#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The cities of Hialeah and Opa-locka, FL, are vulnerable to inland flooding and groundwater contamination because they sit on porous limestone, with projected sea level rise of 9 to 24 inches by 2060.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001084#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sea level rise","storm surge","climate justice","climate resilience","climate change adaptation","environmental justice"],"geography_discussed":["Connecticut","New Jersey","Pennsylvania","Maryland","Virginia","South Carolina","Florida","Mississippi","Louisiana","Dorchester County","Charleston","Hialeah","Opa-locka","Gulfport","Plaquemines Parish"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["risk assessment","policy analysis","case study"]},{"id":"ucs-001085","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ucs-001085","title":"Surviving and Thriving in the Face of Rising Seas","publisher":{"name":"Union of Concerned Scientists","organization":"union-of-concerned-scientists"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2015-11","source_url":"https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/11/surviving-and-thriving-full-report.pdf#page=40","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) report identifies coastal communities where socioeconomic vulnerability and climate risks overlap, creating 'climate equity hotspots.' Using a pilot study of 35 counties across nine U.S. states, the report demonstrates that African American, Latino, and Native American communities often face higher exposure to sea level rise and tidal flooding while possessing fewer resources to adapt. The authors propose a screening tool based on climate and socioeconomic indicators to guide more equitable distribution of federal and state resilience funding. The report concludes with policy recommendations to upgrade affordable housing, improve transportation for evacuations, and ensure inclusive stakeholder engagement in climate planning.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001085#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The report introduces a screening tool to identify \"climate equity hotspots,\" which are communities where \"a combination of socioeconomic and climate risk factors creates a heightened risk to coastal flooding exacerbated by sea level rise.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001085#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In a sample of 35 coastal counties, Orleans Parish, LA, was identified as the most vulnerable hotspot, followed by St. Bernard, Jefferson, and Plaquemines parishes in Louisiana, and Harrison County, MS.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001085#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sea level rise projections for 2030 and 2045 indicate that all 35 analyzed counties will experience more than 4 inches of rise by 2030 and more than 10 inches by 2045; Louisiana and Virginia are expected to be particularly affected.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001085#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends that federal and state agencies prioritize funding for the most at-risk communities and specifically calls for public funds to \"upgrade public housing to make it climate-safe while maintaining affordability.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001085#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Traditional cost-benefit analyses for coastal protection can marginalize low-income areas; one study cited found that over 99 percent of the most socially vulnerable people in the Gulf Coast live in areas unlikely to be protected if \"pure economic efficiency criteria\" are used.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001085#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sea level rise","storm surge","climate justice","climate resilience","environmental justice","affordable housing","coastal management"],"geography_discussed":["Connecticut","New Jersey","Pennsylvania","Maryland","Virginia","South Carolina","Florida","Mississippi","Louisiana","Orleans Parish","Plaquemines Parish","Charleston","Gulfport","Dorchester County"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["risk assessment","policy analysis","case study"]},{"id":"ucs-001086","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ucs-001086","title":"Sobrevivir y prosperar ante el crecimiento de los mares","publisher":{"name":"Union of Concerned Scientists","organization":"union-of-concerned-scientists"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"es","date_published":"2015-11","source_url":"https://www.ucs.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/11/surviving-and-thriving-spanish-executive-summary.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) identifies a critical need for equitable climate resilience planning in the United States, specifically for frontline coastal communities. The report introduces a screening tool that combines climate risk indicators (sea-level rise and tidal flooding) with socioeconomic data (income, poverty, race, and education) to identify 'climate equity hotspots'. Applying this tool to 35 counties across nine states, the analysis finds that the Gulf Coast and Mid-Atlantic regions face the highest risks, with Orleans Parish, Louisiana, identified as the most vulnerable hotspot. The report argues that current disaster aid often fails marginalized groups due to bureaucratic hurdles and a focus on homeowners over renters. It recommends that federal and state agencies direct funding to high-risk communities, integrate the best available climate science into planning, and increase overall funding for climate resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001086#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"All 35 analyzed coastal counties are projected to experience a sea-level rise of more than 4 inches by 2030 and more than 10 inches by 2045 under a medium-range projection.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001086#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tidal flooding events are expected to increase significantly for nearly all 25 counties with available data, with a projected three-fold increase by 2030 and a ten-fold increase by 2045 for the majority.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001086#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major urban centers including Miami, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, as well as specific counties in Virginia and New Jersey, are identified as significant risk areas when combining climate and socioeconomic indicators.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001086#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current disaster recovery and aid policies are insufficient because they often prioritize homeowners and car owners, neglecting renters, those in public housing, and people with mobility or health issues.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001086#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sub-county analysis reveals that risk varies significantly within a single county; for example, in Fairfield County, Connecticut, cities like Bridgeport show a high overlap of sea-level rise and socioeconomic risks compared to other areas in the same county.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001086#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Louisiana is experiencing some of the highest relative sea-level rise rates globally, driven by land subsidence from oil and gas operations, sediment compaction, and upstream flood control, resulting in a loss of 40 square miles of wetlands per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001086#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sea level rise","climate justice","climate resilience","coastal flood","climate change adaptation","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Connecticut","New Jersey","Pennsylvania","Maryland","Virginia","South Carolina","Florida","Mississippi","Louisiana","Orleans Parish","Harrison County","Dorchester County","Charleston","Hialeah","Opa-locka","Gulfport","Plaquemines Parish"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["risk assessment","policy analysis","case study"]}]}