{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Papua New Guinea"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'Papua New Guinea' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":259,"relation":"eq"},"page":7,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Papua+New+Guinea&page=7","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Papua+New+Guinea&page=8","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"wwf-000595","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000595","title":"Whistleblower Protection: An Essential Tool for Addressing Corruption that Threatens the World’s Forests, Fisheries and Wildlife","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2021-02","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/138/5n565devdb_Topic_Brief_Whistleblower_Protection_An_Essential_Tool_for_Addressi_Nx4SNyt.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the role of whistleblowers in combating natural resource corruption, identifying retaliation as a primary barrier to reporting. It outlines the three essential components of effective protection regimes—confidentiality, financial rewards, and independent reporting channels—and analyzes the failures of laws in the UK and Ghana. The briefing highlights how specific U.S. laws, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the Lacey Act, can be utilized globally to target environmental crimes, and provides recommendations for conservation practitioners to support whistleblower protections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000595#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Corruption significantly hinders global environmental conservation, with a critical gap being the failure to implement and enforce existing laws. A 2019 UN report noted that despite a 38-fold increase in environmental laws since 1972, enforcement remains a major challenge for mitigating climate change and preventing habitat loss.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000595#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The primary obstacle to utilizing whistleblowers in the fight against natural resource corruption is the widespread threat of retaliation. This ranges from professional consequences like job termination to physical violence and murder, as seen with the 212 land and environmental defenders killed in 2019 according to Global Witness.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000595#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective whistleblower protection regimes require three core elements: confidential handling of disclosures, financial awards linked to successful outcomes, and independent reporting channels. The document notes that many countries fail because they only implement one or two of these components.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000595#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Certain national laws are cited as ineffective due to poor design or implementation. The UK's Public Interest Disclosure Act (PIDA) is criticized for focusing on post-facto compensation rather than preventing retaliation, while Ghana's Whistleblower Act (Act 720) undermines confidentiality by requiring reports to be made to multiple parties, including traditional chiefs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000595#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"U.S. laws provide powerful transnational tools for combating natural resource corruption regardless of the whistleblower's citizenship. Key examples include the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) for bribes to foreign officials, the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) for ocean pollution, and the Lacey Act for illegal wildlife and plant trafficking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000595#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Lacey Act and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1982 allow for whistleblower rewards across over 40 major wildlife laws, including the Endangered Species Act. These laws can be used to target international wildlife trafficking and unsustainable forest harvesting.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000595#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["illegal logging","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Mexico","South Africa","Philippines","South Korea","Canada","Ghana","Lithuania","United Kingdom","Madagascar","Indonesia","European Union","Colombia","Mongolia","Pakistan","Nigeria","People's Republic of China","Brazil","Papua New Guinea"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","legal review"]},{"id":"costratri-000259","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/costratri-000259","title":"Pacific Islands Climate Storybook 2021","publisher":{"name":"The Council on Strategic Risks","organization":"the-council-on-strategic-risks"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Pacific-Islands-Climate-Storybook-2021-2021.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Pacific Islands Climate Storybook 2021 outlines a methodology for 'Climate Services Dialogs'—three-day workshops designed to bridge the gap between scientific climate data and local experiential knowledge. The process involves sharing climate knowledge, diagnosing existing services using the 'READY-SET-GO' framework, and developing 'Climate Stories' to communicate best practices. The report includes several case studies from the region, such as the impact of the 1997–98 El Niño on water resources in American Sāmoa, coastal flooding in Papua New Guinea and the Marshall Islands, and the link between drought and disease outbreaks in the Marshall Islands. It emphasizes the need for co-production of knowledge, community engagement, and the integration of traditional knowledge with scientific forecasts to enhance regional resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000259#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The 'Climate Services Dialog' is a structured three-day workshop process intended to help stakeholders analyze and strengthen the delivery of climate services, specifically focusing on early warning for El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and other climate events.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000259#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'READY-SET-GO' framework is used to diagnose and design climate early warning systems, dividing the process into seasonal forecasts (Ready), mid-range forecasts (Set), and short-range forecasts (Go!).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000259#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In American Sāmoa, the 1997–98 El Niño caused the worst drought on record since 1966, but impacts were mitigated compared to the 1982–83 event due to early detection by the PEAC Center and proactive community engagement in water conservation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000259#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coastal flooding in Manus, Papua New Guinea, in December 2008 demonstrated the importance of traditional tribal governance (lapan) and family networks in mobilizing communities during disasters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000259#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 2014 coastal flooding in Majuro, Marshall Islands, highlighted a critical failure in early warning, as most residents were unaware of the approaching swell until waves reached their homes at 3am.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000259#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Marshall Islands, severe droughts are linked to public health crises, including water-borne diseases (such as gastritis and hepatitis) due to salty groundwater and vector-borne diseases (such as dengue fever) caused by water storage in outdoor receptacles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000259#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Vanuatu developed an ENSO Handbook and accompanying animations to translate scientific climate early warning into practical coping strategies for farmers, such as planting drought-tolerant taro varieties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000259#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Humåtak Community Foundation in Guam uses youth education and the 'Umatac Coral Reef Ambassadors' program to address reef degradation caused by both climate-induced bleaching and human-caused soil erosion from hillside burning.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000259#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Two Sāmoas, the Coral Reef Advisory Group (CRAG) and Sāmoa's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) collaborated with NOAA's Coral Reef Watch to create a 'virtual station' for localized sea surface temperature monitoring.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000259#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Climate information service","coastal flood","drought","coral bleaching","sea level rise","water management","vector-borne disease","traditional knowledge","Community based adaptation","climate change communication"],"geography_discussed":["American Sāmoa","Papua New Guinea","Marshall Islands","Vanuatu","Guam","Palau","Sāmoa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","methodological framework","policy guidance"]},{"id":"fordecl-000080","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fordecl-000080","title":"PROGRESS ON THE NEW YORK DECLARATION ON FORESTS GOAL 7 PROGRESS REPORT: ANNEX","publisher":{"name":"Forest Declaration Assessment","organization":"forest-declaration-assessment"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2021NYDFReport_Annex.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The annex evaluates the gap between the economic mitigation potential of forests and the quantitative targets set in NDCs for 32 high-potential countries. It identifies a global annual finance need for forest protection and restoration ranging from USD 45 billion to USD 460 billion, while noting that current 'green finance' flows are significantly lower than 'grey finance' flows directed toward sectors like agriculture.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000080#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The maximum global mitigation potential for forests is estimated at 16.2 GtCO2e per year, with 15.6 GtCO2/e specifically attributed to reduced deforestation, afforestation/reforestation (A/R), and improved forest management. Approximately 50% of this potential is achievable at carbon prices up to USD 100/tCO2e.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000080#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Among the 32 countries with the highest economic mitigation potential for forest activities, only 11 have provided quantitative mitigation targets in their NDCs. For many high-potential countries, such as Brazil and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), NDCs lack clear numerical targets for reducing deforestation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000080#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Brazil and Indonesia exhibit the highest economic mitigation potential for avoided deforestation, with Brazil at 396.7 MtCO2/year and Indonesia at 275.7 MtCO2/year (at USD 20/tCO2).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000080#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The estimated annual global finance required to protect, restore, and enhance forests to meet Paris Agreement goals ranges from USD 45 billion to USD 460 billion. The upper bound includes USD 180 billion per year for reducing deforestation by 45% by 2050 and USD 280 billion per year for A/R, silvopasture, mangrove, and peatland restoration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000080#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2021, total estimated 'green finance' for forest mitigation (including international mitigation finance and REDD+ funding) was USD 24.5 billion, which is substantially lower than the USD 174.6 billion in 'grey finance' flowing into agriculture and forestry in deforestation countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000080#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Nationally Determined Contributions","climate finance","Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation","carbon price","nature-based solutions","Mangrove restoration","peatland restoration","indigenous people"],"geography_discussed":["Brazil","Indonesia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Peru","Colombia","Bolivia","Papua New Guinea","Republic of the Congo","Venezuela","Malaysia","Zambia","Myanmar","Guyana","Mexico","Cameroon","South Africa","Japan","People's Republic of China","Belarus","United States","Ukraine","Chile","Canada","Uganda","Russia","Tanzania","Ghana","Angola","India","Mozambique","Thailand","Ethiopia","Nigeria","Laos","Bhutan","Morocco"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["mitigation potential assessment","policy gap analysis","financial flow analysis"]},{"id":"wwf-000619","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000619","title":"RIVERS AT RISK","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/358/5twtqkiw2t_10_rivers_at_risk__final_.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report highlights 10 specific rivers globally that are threatened by hydropower development, arguing that such projects are based on outdated 20th-century thinking. It asserts that the 'renewable revolution'—specifically the falling costs of solar and wind power—allows the world to meet climate and energy goals without damming remaining free-flowing rivers. The document advocates for a 'LowCx3' (low-cost, low-carbon, low-conflict) approach to energy grids and calls for the protection and restoration of river systems to maintain biodiversity and climate resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000619#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Freshwater biodiversity has experienced a severe decline, with species populations falling by an average of 84 per cent over the last 50 years. Currently, only one-third of the world's long rivers (those exceeding 1,000 km) remain free-flowing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000619#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There are more than 3,700 large new hydropower dams planned or under construction. If these projects proceed, they could fragment over 260,000 km of free-flowing rivers, yet they would contribute less than 2 per cent of the renewable energy required by 2050 to limit global warming to 1.5°C.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000619#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report proposes a 'LowCx3' approach to power grids, defined as being low-cost, low-carbon, and low-conflict with communities and rivers. This strategy could avoid up to 90 per cent of potential river fragmentation caused by hydropower.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000619#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Mekong basin, planned dams in Laos threaten the world's largest freshwater fishery and the stability of the Mekong delta. Sediment supply could be reduced to 10 per cent of natural levels, potentially causing half of the delta to disappear by the end of the century due to sea level rise and erosion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000619#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Proposed hydropower projects on the Tapajós River in Brazil are criticized for using outdated forecasts and potentially generating greenhouse gas emissions comparable to a natural gas plant, with the Cachoeira do Caí dam potentially exceeding the emissions of a coal-fired power station.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000619#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Europe, the report argues that new hydropower is often unnecessary and only viable due to subsidies. It highlights the Vjosa in Albania as the last wild river system in Europe (outside Russia) and calls for its transformation into a National Park to prevent fragmentation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000619#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies several other high-risk projects: the Myitsone dam on the Irrawaddy in Myanmar, which would trap essential sediment; dams on the Mara River in Kenya and Tanzania, threatening the wildebeest migration; and the Mucundi dam in Angola, which threatens the Okavango Delta World Heritage site.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000619#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["hydropower","renewable energy","solar energy","wind power","climate change adaptation","greenhouse gas emissions","ecosystem service","nature-based solutions"],"geography_discussed":["Papua New Guinea","Laos","Myanmar","Kenya","Tanzania","Angola","Albania","Austria","Poland","Brazil","Botswana","Europe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","environmental impact analysis"]},{"id":"wwf-001021","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-001021","title":"DEFORESTATION FRONTS DRIVERS AND RESPONSES IN A CHANGING WORLD","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/508/ocuoxmdil_Deforestation_fronts___drivers_and_responses_in_a_changing_world___f_3DJ6oVP.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies 24 deforestation fronts across Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania, where over 43 million hectares of forest were lost between 2004 and 2017. It argues that while commercial agriculture remains the dominant direct driver, indirect pressures such as population growth, dietary shifts toward meat, and weak governance amplify forest loss. The analysis evaluates a range of responses, from area-based protections and indigenous land rights to commodity-specific certifications and REDD+ frameworks, concluding that no single approach is sufficient and that integrated, context-specific solutions are required to halt deforestation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 2004 and 2017, 24 identified deforestation fronts lost over 43 million hectares of forest, an area approximately the size of Morocco.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tropical and sub-tropical biomes were the primary sites of global forest loss, accounting for at least two-thirds of the total cover loss from 2000 to 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Forest fragmentation is a widespread issue in these fronts, with nearly half (approximately 45%) of standing forests experiencing some form of fragmentation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Commercial agricultural expansion is the most significant direct driver of deforestation globally, particularly in Asia and Latin America, while small-scale agriculture is the primary driver in Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indirect drivers such as population growth, urbanization, and a global increase in meat consumption place sustained pressure on tropical forests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Area-based responses, including protected areas and the recognition of indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLC) tenure rights, are effective at reducing forest loss but often suffer from a lack of management capacity and financial resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Commodity-specific responses, such as voluntary certification and zero-deforestation commitments, have had limited impact at scale, often due to low uptake by upstream suppliers and difficulties in tracing smallholders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The REDD+ mechanism has faced challenges in achieving its original goals due to complex negotiations and a lack of consistent results-based payments to forest-rich countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Jurisdictional and landscape approaches are viewed as promising for coordinating public-private partnerships to achieve low-carbon development at sub-national scales.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Brazilian Amazon, the Soy Moratorium successfully reduced soy-driven deforestation, but cattle ranching remains a primary driver, complicated by 'cattle laundering' from indirect suppliers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Lower Mekong region, the expansion of cash crops like rubber and oil palm, often through economic land concessions (ELCs), is a major driver of forest loss.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Eastern Australia, cattle ranching is the chief driver of forest loss, accounting for 75% of the total.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001021#insight-12","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","forest degradation","carbon sink","Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation","indigenous people","land tenure","mining","carbon dioxide emissions","nature-based solutions"],"geography_discussed":["Brazil","Colombia","Peru","Bolivia","Venezuela","Guyana","Paraguay","Argentina","Mexico","Guatemala","Liberia","Ivory Coast","Ghana","Cameroon","Gabon","Republic of the Congo","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Central African Republic","Angola","Zambia","Mozambique","Madagascar","Cambodia","Laos","Myanmar","Indonesia","Malaysia","Papua New Guinea","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative analysis","spatial analysis","policy review"]},{"id":"fordecl-000185","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fordecl-000185","title":"PROGRESS ON THE NEW YORK DECLARATION ON FORESTS","publisher":{"name":"Forest Declaration Assessment","organization":"forest-declaration-assessment"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-11","source_url":"https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/2020NYDFReport-low-res.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that progress toward reducing deforestation from infrastructure, extractive industries, and basic-needs activities is slow. While some governments and companies have adopted policies and commitments, implementation is often weak, transparency is limited, and large-scale development projects continue to threaten intact forests. The report emphasizes the need for a paradigm shift toward alternative development pathways and the empowerment of Indigenous peoples and local communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The rate of natural forest loss has increased since 2014, failing to meet the NYDF Goal 1 target of halving the loss by 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Infrastructure is estimated to be directly responsible for 9% to 17% of deforestation in tropical and subtropical forest countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mining is the fourth-largest driver of deforestation, accounting for approximately 7% of global forest loss.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Approximately 18% of global forests are designated as protected areas, but over 32% of these areas face intense pressure from illegal or informal activities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Corporate transparency in the extractive sector is very limited; only 23 out of 225 companies invited to disclose forest impacts to CDP in 2019 and 2020 did so.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The number of people engaged in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) has more than tripled since 1999, growing from 13 million to over 40 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsistence agriculture is estimated to be responsible for one-third of deforestation in the tropics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"REDD+ initiatives have mobilized at least USD 7.6 billion in public finance, but many programs remain in early stages and few countries have received payments for results.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) poses significant risks to biodiversity, with corridors potentially intersecting 1,738 important bird areas and 46 biodiversity hotspots.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) are critical stewards of forests, with their legally owned lands linked to lower rates of deforestation and better biodiversity conservation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Environmental defenders in the extractive sector faced the highest number of murders in 2019, totaling 50 deaths.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Congo Basin, tree cover loss rates have doubled over the last two decades, with small-scale agriculture and charcoal production driving 84% of canopy forest loss between 2000 and 2014.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-12","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Indonesia, the area under palm oil cultivation grew from 300,000 hectares in 1980 to 14.7 million hectares in 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-13","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Western Amazon, planned road construction over the next 5 years could cause the deforestation of approximately 2.4 million hectares over 20 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000185#insight-14","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","forest degradation","extractive industry","mining","Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation","biodiversity conservation","indigenous people","climate finance","land tenure","carbon dioxide emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Congo Basin","Southeast Asia","Western Amazon","Brazil","Indonesia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Peru","Ghana","Ivory Coast","Guatemala","Mexico","Papua New Guinea","Liberia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["progress assessment","policy analysis","regional case studies"]},{"id":"gem-000240","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000240","title":"GAMBLING ON GAS","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-06","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/JapanLNG_2020_r2_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Between January 2017 and June 2020, Japanese public and private institutions provided at least US$23.4 billion in financing for LNG infrastructure across 10 countries. The report argues that the original rationales for this policy—energy security, climate friendliness, and economic viability—are now flawed due to the vulnerability of supply chains exposed by COVID-19, the high global warming potential of methane leakages, and the declining costs of renewable energy. It highlights that major Japanese banks (MUFG, Mizuho, and SMBC) provided the bulk of this funding, while five major trading companies saw a combined year-on-year profit drop of US$625 million in LNG-related businesses by March 2020. The document concludes that continuing to fund LNG infrastructure risks creating stranded assets and contradicts the UN's Principles for Responsible Banking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000240#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"From January 2017 to June 2020, Japanese public and private entities provided at least US$23.4 billion in financing for LNG infrastructure, including terminals, tankers, and pipelines across 10 countries. This total consists of US$5.0 billion from public institutions and US$18.4 billion from private institutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000240#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japanese private financiers dominated the funding, with the 'big three' multinational commercial banks—Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG), Mizuho, and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC)—accounting for 65.7% of all public and private funding during the 2017–2020 period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000240#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that the energy security rationale for LNG is flawed, citing a period in late April 2020 where Japan reportedly had only a two-week stockpile of LNG due to COVID-19 disruptions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000240#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"From a climate perspective, the report states that methane leakages in the supply chain and the energy required for liquefaction and transport negate the carbon dioxide advantages of gas over coal, meaning new infrastructure will worsen the climate crisis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000240#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Economic shifts have made renewables more competitive than gas; a 2019 Rocky Mountain Institute study found clean energy portfolios cheaper than 90% of proposed gas-fired power capacity in the US, and the IEA projected that offshore wind could meet Japan's total power demand by over ninefold by 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000240#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Five major Japanese trading companies—Itochu Corporation, Marubeni, Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsui & Co., and Sojitz Corporation—experienced a combined year-on-year profit decrease of US$625 million in their LNG-related businesses for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000240#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japanese investments in US LNG projects were partially motivated by a desire to improve diplomatic relations with the Trump administration and address criticisms of Japan's trade surplus.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000240#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant financial risks remain with approximately US$190 billion in capital outlays for over a dozen major LNG projects still under development or construction involving Japanese interests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000240#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["liquefied natural gas","methane leak","offshore wind power","renewable energy","climate finance","stranded asset","Paris Agreement","energy security","decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Australia","Russia","Mozambique","Canada","Nigeria","Papua New Guinea","Indonesia","Sri Lanka","Mexico","Brazil","France","Germany","Senegal","Panama","Bangladesh"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["financial analysis","policy review","climate impact assessment"]},{"id":"glowit-000202","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000202","title":"BENDING THE TRUTH","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-05-07","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/documents/144/Bending_the_Truth_-_Proposed_rubber_plantation_in_Papua_New_Guinea_yields_ques_5QM0rDY.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report alleges that Maxland (PNG) Limited is using a rubber plantation project on Manus Island, Papua New Guinea, as a cover for illegal logging. Global Witness claims the company has bypassed provincial approvals, ignored landowner consent, and failed to plant the promised rubber trees while exporting millions of dollars in timber to China and Japan. The investigation links the operation to the Joinland Group and identifies several international financial institutions in Malaysia, Singapore, Norway, and the US that provide funding or investment to the entities involved.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000202#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Pohowa Integrated Agro-Forestry Project on Manus Island is allegedly a cover for illegal logging, with evidence showing that while the company claimed to be establishing a rubber plantation, it had cleared fewer than 100 hectares for planting as of January 2020, while conducting selective logging across approximately 1,000 hectares.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000202#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Maxland (PNG) Limited appears to have obtained its clearance permit unlawfully by overruling the Manus Provincial Forest Management Committee, which had rejected the application due to land disputes and overlaps with community conservation zones.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000202#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project lacks legitimate landowner consent because the essential land demarcation process to verify ownership claims never occurred, and the company allegedly used bribery by gifting houses to local leaders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000202#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Maxland (PNG) Limited is controlled by the Joinland Group, founded by Dato’ Sri Thomas Hah Tiing Siu, which has a history of similar failed agricultural projects, such as an operation on New Hanover Island where no rubber was exported despite over $50 million in timber exports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000202#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The illegal timber from the Manus operation was exported to customers in China and Japan, specifically Ningbo Hong Guang Decorate Materials Co. Ltd and the Sojitz Corporation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000202#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Joinland Group received over £3 million in financing between 2011 and 2016 from Malayan Banking Berhad (Maybank), CIMB Bank Berhad, and United Overseas Bank (Malaysia) BHD (UOB).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000202#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major global financial institutions, including BlackRock and Norway’s Government Pension Fund Global, are among the top 20 shareholders of the Malaysian banks that financed the Joinland Group.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000202#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["illegal logging","deforestation","biodiversity loss","climate finance","land tenure","indigenous rights"],"geography_discussed":["New Hanover","People's Republic of China","Japan","Malaysia","Singapore","Norway","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["investigative report","corporate accountability","financial flow analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003516","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003516","title":"Global Market Report: Bananas","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/ssi-global-market-report-banana.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the global banana market, noting that while bananas are the most valuable traded fruit, the sector faces significant challenges including climate change, the Tropical Race 4 fungal disease, and poor farmer livelihoods. It highlights the growth of voluntary sustainability standards (VSSs), which accounted for 7% of production in 2016, and identifies opportunities to expand these standards in countries like India, China, and specific LHDCs such as Tanzania and Rwanda to improve environmental and social outcomes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003516#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Bananas are the most valuable traded fruit globally; in 2017, 22.7 million tonnes were traded with a value of USD 11 billion, and Latin America and the Caribbean produced approximately 80% of these exports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003516#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The banana sector is threatened by the Tropical Race 4 strain of Fusarium wilt, which targets the Cavendish variety—the most commercialized type accounting for about 47% of global production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003516#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Banana farmers and workers face severe economic pressure, with workers earning only 5% to 9% of the total banana value while retailers capture 36% to 43%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003516#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Voluntary sustainability standards (VSSs) grew significantly, with VSS-compliant production increasing by 43.11% from 2008 to 2016, representing at least 7% of total production in 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003516#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"VSSs can reduce the societal costs of production; for example, the external cost of Fairtrade-produced bananas was estimated at USD 3.70 per box in 2017, compared to USD 6.70 for conventional bananas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003516#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is significant potential to expand VSS-compliant production in large producing countries like India, China, Indonesia, Brazil, and the Philippines, as well as in LHDCs such as Tanzania and Rwanda.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003516#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","greenhouse gas emissions","sustainable agriculture","biodiversity","food security"],"geography_discussed":["Latin America and the Caribbean","Asia","Africa","Ecuador","Costa Rica","Philippines","United States","Belgium","Russia","Colombia","Guatemala","Honduras","Panama","India","People's Republic of China","Uganda","Rwanda","Cameroon","Germany","United Kingdom","Brazil","Tanzania","Papua New Guinea","Burundi","Sudan","Mozambique","Togo","Ivory Coast","Indonesia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","sustainability assessment"]},{"id":"foei-000403","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000403","title":"Suspendan todas las negociaciones de tratados comerciales y de inversiones durante la crisis del COVID-19 y enfóquense en el acceso a suministros médicos y en salvar vidas","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"statement","language":"es","date_published":"2020-04-21","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/es/suspendan-todas-las-negociaciones-de-tratados-comerciales-y-de-inversiones-durante-la-crisis-del-covid-19-y-enfoquense-en-el-acceso-a-suministros-medicos-y-en-salvar-vidas/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The statement argues that the COVID-19 pandemic has created an urgent need for governments to focus all resources on public health, specifically the procurement of medical supplies, vaccines, and medicines. It calls for the immediate suspension of trade and investment negotiations at the WTO, bilateral, and regional levels, asserting that such activities divert critical resources and personnel. The authors highlight that intellectual property rules under the WTO's TRIPS agreement and free trade agreements may obstruct the affordability and accessibility of life-saving supplies. The document demands the removal of all trade barriers and unilateral sanctions that hinder medical procurement and urges a fundamental rethink of trade rules that encourage monopolies and limit healthcare access.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000403#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a critical shortage of essential medical supplies, including test kits, personal protective equipment (masks and respirators), vaccines, and medicines, which is particularly acute in developing countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000403#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Intellectual property obligations within the WTO's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and various free trade agreements may act as barriers to the sourcing, access, and affordability of COVID-19 vaccines and treatments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000403#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors argue that continuing trade negotiations via virtual technologies is unfeasible for many developing and least-developed countries due to the digital divide and the need to prioritize emergency health resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000403#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The statement demands the immediate removal of all trade obstacles, including intellectual property rules, that prevent timely and affordable access to life-saving medical devices, diagnostics, and vaccines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000403#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document calls for an end to unilateral sanctions that prevent countries from obtaining essential medical supplies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000403#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a call for a fundamental reassessment of trade rules that promote monopolies and restrict affordable access to medical supplies, which the authors claim puts lives at risk globally.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000403#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["public health","developing country"],"geography_discussed":["Argentina","Australia","Austria","Bahrain","Bangladesh","Belgium","Benin","Bolivia","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Brazil","Burkina Faso","Burundi","Cape Verde","Cameroon","Canada","Chad","Chile","Colombia","Costa Rica","Czech Republic","Dominican Republic","Ecuador","Finland","France","Germany","Ghana","Greece","Haiti","Hungary","India","Indonesia","Ireland","Italy","Jamaica","Japan","Kenya","Lebanon","Lesotho","Luxembourg","Malaysia","Morocco","Mauritius","Mexico","Nepal","Netherlands","New Zealand","Nigeria","Norway","Pakistan","Papua New Guinea","Paraguay","Peru","Philippines","Portugal","Senegal","South Africa","South Korea","Spain","Sri Lanka","Switzerland","Togo","Tunisia","Tuvalu","Uganda","United Kingdom","United States","Uruguay","Vanuatu","Venezuela"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy advocacy"]},{"id":"foei-000417","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000417","title":"Stop all trade and investment treaty negotiations during COVID-19 crisis and focus on access to medical supplies and saving lives","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2020-04-21","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/stop-all-trade-and-investment-treaty-negotiations-during-covid-19-crisis-and-focus-on-access-to-medical-supplies-and-saving-lives/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Friends of the Earth International and a broad coalition of global endorsers call for an immediate cessation of trade and investment treaty negotiations. They argue that governments, particularly in developing and least developed countries, lack the resources to engage in these negotiations while managing the COVID-19 health crisis. The statement demands that trade negotiators focus exclusively on removing obstacles, such as intellectual property rules and unilateral sanctions, that hinder access to affordable vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000417#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic has created severe shortages of essential medical supplies, including personal protective equipment, masks, ventilators, vaccines, and medicines, placing intense pressure on governments, especially in developing countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000417#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Existing intellectual property obligations under the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and various free trade agreements may act as barriers to the supply, affordability, and access of COVID-19 vaccines and medicines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000417#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Continuing trade negotiations via virtual technologies is deemed unfeasible for many developing and least developed countries due to the digital divide and the urgent need to allocate all governmental resources to the public health emergency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000417#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document asserts that the sole priority for trade negotiators should be the removal of all obstacles, including intellectual property rules, that prevent timely and affordable access to diagnostics, devices, vaccines, and lifesaving medicines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000417#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The statement calls for an end to unilateral sanctions that obstruct countries from obtaining essential medical supplies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000417#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors argue that the pandemic necessitates a fundamental reconsideration of trade agreement rules, specifically those that encourage monopolies and restrict affordable access to medical supplies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000417#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["public health","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":["Argentina","Australia","Austria","Bahrain","Bangladesh","Belgium","Benin","Bolivia","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Brazil","Burkina Faso","Burundi","Cape Verde","Cameroon","Canada","Chad","Chile","Colombia","Costa Rica","Czech Republic","Dominican Republic","Ecuador","Finland","France","Germany","Ghana","Greece","Haiti","Hungary","India","Indonesia","Ireland","Italy","Jamaica","Japan","Kenya","Lebanon","Lesotho","Luxembourg","Malaysia","Morocco","Mauritius","Mexico","Nepal","Netherlands","New Zealand","Nigeria","Norway","Pakistan","Papua New Guinea","Paraguay","Peru","Philippines","Portugal","Senegal","South Africa","South Korea","Spain","Sri Lanka","Switzerland","Togo","Tunisia","Tuvalu","Uganda","United Kingdom","United States","Uruguay","Vanuatu","Venezuela"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy advocacy"]},{"id":"wwf-000438","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000438","title":"Safety at the Helm: A Plan for Smart Shipping through the Bering Strait","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-04","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/821/3w8rtbuh00_WWF_Bering_Straits_Shipping_Report_UPDATE.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Bering Strait is experiencing a significant increase in vessel transits due to climate-driven sea ice decline and the expansion of the Northern Sea Route. This growth elevates risks of oil spills, ship strikes on marine mammals, and pollution in a biologically productive region vital to Indigenous subsistence. While the IMO approved two-way routes and Areas to Be Avoided in 2018, the report argues that current frameworks like the Polar Code have gaps regarding heavy fuel oil and underwater noise. WWF recommends that the US and Russia collaborate to implement e-navigation technologies, a joint Sea Traffic Coordination Center, and a transboundary Area to Be Avoided around the Diomede Islands, alongside industry-led speed restrictions and zero-discharge zones.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000438#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Ship traffic in the Bering Strait has increased significantly over the last decade, rising from 262 AIS-recorded transits in 2009 to approximately 494 in 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000438#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The decline of Arctic summer sea ice is facilitating increased commercial traffic, including LNG tankers from Russian ports in the Kara and Barents Seas and expected growth in cruise tourism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000438#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Bering Strait is a critical biological corridor for several species, including at least 17,000 bowhead whales that migrate north from the Bering Sea, as well as gray whales, belugas, and Pacific walruses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000438#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Polar Code, adopted by the IMO in 2014, contains significant gaps as it does not address risks from heavy fuel oil, grey water, underwater noise, or the concerns of local Indigenous subsistence activities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000438#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2018, the IMO approved recommended two-way routes and Areas to Be Avoided (ATBAs) around St. Lawrence, King, and Nunivak Islands to enhance safety and environmental protection.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000438#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Maritime safety in the region is hindered by a lack of infrastructure, including only three ports on the Alaskan side (Nome, Kotzebue, and the DeLong Mountain Terminal at Red Dog Mine), and the absence of a permanent US Coast Guard presence in the Strait.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000438#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"WWF recommends the adoption of Sea Traffic Management (STM) and the creation of a US-Russian Sea Traffic Coordination Center (STCC) to provide real-time data exchange and monitor vessel adherence to route plans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000438#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report suggests establishing a transboundary Area to Be Avoided (ATBA) surrounding the Diomede Islands and implementing speed restrictions of 10 knots to reduce bowhead whale mortalities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000438#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous communities in the Bering Strait have advocated for the entire region to be designated as a zero-discharge zone to prevent pollution from shipping activities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000438#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity conservation"],"geography_discussed":["Alaska","Chukotka Autonomous District","Australia","Papua New Guinea"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","environmental risk analysis","regulatory recommendation"]},{"id":"wwf-001052","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-001052","title":"Addressing corruption in CITES documentation processes","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2020-03","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/2479/Topic-Brief-Addressing-corruption-in-CITES-documentation-processes.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the global issue of CITES document abuse, where permits and certificates are falsified or obtained corruptly to legalize the trade of endangered species. It identifies key methods of abuse, such as counterfeiting and mis-declaration, and highlights the role of corrupt officials as gatekeepers. To mitigate these risks, the brief recommends a combination of prosecuting corrupt officials, implementing e-permitting systems (eCITES), enhancing technical capacity for inspectors, and improving the security of paper documents.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001052#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Abuse of CITES permits and certificates is a global problem particularly affecting the trade of precious timber, caviar, and live animals such as primates, birds, and reptiles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001052#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Methods of document abuse are diverse and include the intentional declaration of false information (such as species or source), modifying documents after issuance, using counterfeit or expired documents, re-using or photocopying permits, and using stolen documents.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001052#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Corruption among government officials is a primary enabler of illegal wildlife trade, as 'legitimate' documents can be obtained directly from corrupt officials, removing the need for falsification.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001052#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Corruption risks are highest at the point of issuance, where officials act as gatekeepers and may use their discretion to extort bribes or accept payments to circumvent procedures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001052#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The eCITES initiative aims to reduce corruption by automating processes and removing direct interactions between applicants and issuers, though it is noted to be more effective against petty corruption than grand corruption involving high-level officials.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001052#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To secure paper-based systems, the document recommends using standard forms, security paper, security stamps, and avoiding the retrospective issuance of documents.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001052#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity","illegal logging"],"geography_discussed":["Guinea","Madagascar","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Nigeria","South Africa","Vietnam","People's Republic of China","Malaysia","Tajikistan","Russia","Bulgaria","Romania","Thailand","Singapore","Cambodia","Solomon Islands","Indonesia","Papua New Guinea"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy briefing","risk assessment"]},{"id":"wwf-000871","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000871","title":"DEFORESTATION FRONTS DRIVERS AND RESPONSES IN A CHANGING WORLD","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/507/9bsfj8aq5v_deforestation_fronts___drivers_and_responses_in_a_changing_world____8p3if5q.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies 24 'deforestation fronts' across Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania where over 43 million hectares of forest were lost between 2004 and 2017. It argues that while commercial agriculture, tree plantations, and extractive activities are primary drivers, responses must be tailored to local contexts and integrated across area-based and sector-specific approaches to be effective.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000871#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 2004 and 2017, over 43 million hectares of forest were lost within 24 identified 'deforestation fronts', an area comparable in size to Morocco.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000871#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 24 deforestation fronts cover 710 million hectares, of which half is forested; approximately 45% of the remaining forest in these areas has experienced fragmentation, increasing vulnerability to fire and human intervention.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000871#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Commercial agriculture and tree plantations are the primary global drivers of deforestation, though specific drivers vary by region: cattle ranching and soy dominate in Latin America, while timber and oil palm are primary in Southeast Asia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000871#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In sub-Saharan Africa, subsistence agriculture is a key driver of forest loss, though commercial agriculture is expanding and small-scale timber extraction for energy contributes to forest degradation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000871#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Area-based responses, such as protected areas and the recognition of indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLC) tenure rights, are effective at preventing loss within their boundaries but cannot prevent 'leakage' (the displacement of deforestation) to other areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000871#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sector-specific responses, including voluntary certification and zero-deforestation supply chains, have had limited impact at scale and often struggle without supportive national laws and policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000871#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Integrated approaches, such as REDD+ and jurisdictional or landscape-based partnerships, aim to combine multiple interventions to achieve sustainable development and low-carbon economies at sub-national scales.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000871#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","forest degradation","carbon sink","biodiversity","Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation"],"geography_discussed":["Latin America","sub-Saharan Africa","Southeast Asia","Oceania","Brazil","Colombia","Peru","Bolivia","Venezuela","Guyana","Paraguay","Argentina","Ecuador","Mexico","Guatemala","Liberia","Ivory Coast","Ghana","Cameroon","Gabon","Republic of the Congo","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Central African Republic","Angola","Zambia","Mozambique","Madagascar","Cambodia","Laos","Myanmar","Indonesia","Malaysia","Papua New Guinea","Australia","Morocco"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["driver analysis","policy evaluation"]},{"id":"iisd-000534","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000534","title":"Mining Project Rehabilitation and Closure Guidelines: Papua New Guinea","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2019-09-10","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/mining-project-rehabilitation-and-closure-guidelines-papua-new-guinea","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The guidelines emphasize that mine closure and reclamation should be planned from the early stages of a project to maximize beneficial outcomes, as opportunities for sustainable post-mining land use decrease over time. The document provides direction on the evolution of Rehabilitation and Mine Closure (RMC) Plans, financial assurance provisions, closure criteria, and community engagement in Papua New Guinea, aligning with APEC and ICMM standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000534#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Mine closure and reclamation must be planned and conducted progressively from the early stages of a mining project to ensure the best possible outcomes; delays in planning can negatively impact land stability, fertility, water quality, biodiversity, and aesthetics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000534#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The guidelines provide a framework for RMC planning in Papua New Guinea, covering the evolution of plans throughout the mine's life, submission requirements, financial assurance (FA) provisions, closure criteria, and community engagement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000534#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The guidance is designed to be consistent with the International Council on Mining and Metals Integrated Mine Closure – Good Practice Guide (2nd edition) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Mine Closure: Checklist for Governments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000534#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity","water quality","community engagement"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["regulatory guidance"]},{"id":"fordecl-000062","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fordecl-000062","title":"Progress on the New York Declaration on Forests Goal 1 Assessment","publisher":{"name":"Forest Declaration Assessment","organization":"forest-declaration-assessment"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-09","source_url":"https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2019NYDFGoal1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that the world is not on track to meet the Goal 1 target of halving natural forest loss by 2020. Between 2014 and 2018, average annual global gross tree cover loss increased by 43 percent compared to a 2001-13 baseline. Carbon emissions from tropical tree cover loss also rose, averaging 57 percent higher than before the declaration. While Indonesia saw a significant decline in primary forest loss in 2018, tropical Africa experienced the highest percent increase in loss. The report highlights that primary forests are particularly critical due to their carbon storage and the fact that they cannot be restored within the NYDF timeframe.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000062#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The world is not on track to halve natural forest loss by 2020; average annual global gross tree cover loss from 2014 to 2018 increased by 43 percent (7.8 million hectares per year) compared to the 2001-13 baseline.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000062#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon dioxide emissions from tropical tree cover loss have increased significantly, with average annual emissions since the signing of the NYDF being 57 percent higher than previous levels, rising from 3.0 to 4.7 gigatons of CO2 per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000062#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tropical humid primary forest loss increased by 44 percent between 2014 and 2018 relative to the 2002-13 baseline, rising from 3.0 to 4.3 million hectares per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000062#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tropical Africa experienced the most significant relative increase in forest loss, with annual average loss in 2014-18 being 146 percent higher than in 2001-13, an increase of 2.6 Mha/yr.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000062#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Indonesia, primary forest loss reached its lowest rate since 2003 in 2018, following a decline that began in 2017; this reduction is attributed to government, private sector, and civil society actions, as well as wetter weather.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000062#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Brazil remains a major deforestation hotspot, losing 18 million hectares of tree cover since 2014, primarily driven by commercial agriculture such as cattle and soy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000062#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In West Africa, specifically Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, tree cover loss since 2014 has been 181 percent higher than the 2001-13 baseline, driven by mining and commercial agriculture, particularly cocoa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000062#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","forest degradation","carbon dioxide emissions","Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation","carbon capture and storage","land-use change"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Brazil","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Ghana","Ivory Coast","Cameroon","Republic of the Congo","Argentina","Bolivia","Paraguay","Colombia","Mexico","Madagascar","Papua New Guinea","Peru","Malaysia","Africa","Latin America","Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["progress assessment","quantitative analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003259","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003259","title":"Mining Project Rehabilitation and Closure Guidelines","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2019-09","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/mining-rehabilitation-closure-guide-papua-new-guinea.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The guidelines establish a framework for the lifecycle of mining project rehabilitation and closure in Papua New Guinea, emphasizing early planning, stakeholder engagement, and the provision of financial assurance. It details the evolution of Rehabilitation and Mine Closure (RMC) Plans from the feasibility phase through to post-closure monitoring, outlining the requirements for physical and chemical stability and socioeconomic transition. The document specifies the contents of RMC Plans and the calculation and management of financial assurance to ensure that the state has sufficient funds to rehabilitate sites in the event of abandonment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003259#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Mining project closure in Papua New Guinea is based on four fundamental objectives: the post-closure landscape must be physically stable, chemically stable, reasonably safe and healthy for humans, wildlife, and the ecosystem, and promote a smooth socioeconomic transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003259#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Rehabilitation and Mine Closure (RMC) Plans must evolve through the mine life: a conceptual plan is submitted during the feasibility phase, updated plans are submitted at least every five years during operations, and a final plan must be submitted at least two years before scheduled closure or lease expiry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003259#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tenement holders are required to provide financial assurance (FA) as a surety to the state before commencing land disturbance to cover RMC obligations. FA must be calculated assuming work is performed by a third-party contractor and is revised every five years or upon major changes to the mine plan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003259#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial assurance calculations must include costs for decommissioning, demolition, remediation, earthworks, revegetation, and long-term post-closure monitoring, but must exclude employee severance, taxes, social costs, and the salvage value of equipment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003259#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The guidelines mandate that RMC planning be an iterative process incorporating stakeholder engagement, including women, youth, disabled persons, and elders, to inform post-closure land use and closure goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003259#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable development","climate change"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["guidelines"]},{"id":"wacc-000145","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wacc-000145","title":"Pacific Region Report to the Board of Directors","publisher":{"name":"World Association for Christian Communication","organization":"world-association-for-christian-communication"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-09","source_url":"https://new.waccglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Doc-4F-Pacific-Region-Report.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report describes a complex media environment in the Pacific Small Island Developing States, where traditional radio remains vital for reaching remote areas, but mobile phone and ICT penetration is rapidly increasing. It identifies significant barriers to communication, including geographic isolation, infrastructure instability, and gender disparities. To address these, the report proposes that WACC focus on network development through the Pacific Conference of Churches, support youth-led 'artivism', and follow up on Global Media Monitoring Project findings, specifically linking communications to regional priorities like climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000145#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The media landscape in Pacific Small Island Developing States is highly diverse and influenced by geography, with larger media industries in Fiji and Papua New Guinea, while smaller nations like Tonga and Samoa have less diverse landscapes. Radio remains a critical platform for reaching audiences across vast distances, though there is a growing trend toward satellite and cable television in urban areas, which often increases access to foreign content at the expense of local content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000145#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Access to information is heavily dictated by geography, creating 'media-rich' and 'media dark' areas; in Papua New Guinea, 'media dark' areas are primarily located in the islands. In countries such as Kiribati, Palau, the Marshall Islands, and Tuvalu, isolation often limits outer islands to government radio or no mass media access at all.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000145#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mobile phone usage has grown significantly, with ITU statistics showing access increased from 10 per cent in 2006 to around 60 per cent of Pacific Islanders in 2012. In Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, and Tonga, mobile devices are used for banking and transnational remittances, and in some areas, mobile phone access has surpassed radio access.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000145#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant infrastructure and social barriers persist, including unstable internet connections in Tuvalu, varying signal strength across the region, and limited access for women and youth. The report notes that the region's climate and lack of maintenance capacity have historically hindered the adoption of new digital infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000145#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"WACC identifies a strategic opportunity to support gender and youth-inclusive media initiatives focused on the regional priority of 'Climate Change, Peace and Security'. Proposed future directions include developing a communications network within the Pacific Conference of Churches and supporting 'artivism' campaigns for youth aged 18-30.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000145#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":["Fiji","Papua New Guinea","Tonga","Samoa","Solomon Islands","Tuvalu","Marshall Islands","Palau","Kiribati","Niue","Nauru"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["landscape assessment","strategic planning"]},{"id":"wwf-001069","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-001069","title":"CRACKING THE CODE","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-08","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/1635/wwf_a4_dna_report_digital_9082019_embargoed_copy.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details a successful pilot study to extract high-quality mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from hawksbill turtle carapace samples, enabling the tracing of illegal tortoiseshell products back to their source populations. By comparing DNA from market products in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands against a nesting baseline, the study demonstrated that most products likely originated from the Solomon Islands stock. The authors emphasize the need for a comprehensive regional genetic database (the 'Shell Bank') to reduce the number of 'orphan' haplotypes and improve the accuracy of forensic investigations into the illegal wildlife trade.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001069#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The study successfully developed a reliable protocol for extracting and sequencing mtDNA from hawksbill turtle carapace, achieving high-quality sequences of more than 770 base-pairs for 20 turtle products.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001069#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Validation tests using live turtles from the Howick Group foraging ground showed that DNA sequences obtained from shell samples were identical to those from soft tissue samples of the same individual, confirming the method's accuracy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001069#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of tortoiseshell products collected from markets in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands suggests they most likely originated from the Solomon Islands genetic stock rather than from Southeast Asia or Australia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001069#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant portion of the market samples (33%) resulted in 'orphan' haplotypes, which are genetic signatures not yet identified in any known nesting population, highlighting a critical gap in the current regional baseline dataset.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001069#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"New sampling at Milman Island (Queensland) and the Arnavon Islands (Solomon Islands) confirmed that these two rookeries are significantly differentiated and represent demographically independent stocks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001069#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a need to better define the geographical boundaries of genetic stocks, noting that the 'Solomon Islands' stock likely extends across the broader Bismarck-Solomon sea region rather than being limited to a single nesting beach.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-001069#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity conservation"],"geography_discussed":["Australia","Solomon Islands","Papua New Guinea","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["pilot study","methodological development","genetic analysis"]},{"id":"gclifun-004864","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gclifun-004864","title":"Adapting Pacific Island Tuna Fisheries to Climate Change","publisher":{"name":"Green Climate Fund","organization":"green-climate-fund"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-06-07","source_url":"https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/22230-adapting-pacific-island-tuna-fisheries-climate-change_0.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The project aims to address the decline of coral reef fish and the climate-driven redistribution of tuna in the Pacific. It proposes a two-pronged approach: scaling up nearshore fish aggregating devices (FADs) to improve food security for coastal communities and establishing an early warning system (EWS) to help governments maintain industrial tuna revenues. The project targets eight countries and requests USD 116.5 million in grant funding from the Green Climate Fund.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004864#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Climate change is expected to severely impact marine resources in the Pacific, with ocean warming and acidification projected to reduce coral cover by 50–75% and coral reef fish production by 20–50% by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004864#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ocean warming is predicted to shift the distribution of skipjack and yellowfin tuna eastward by 2050, potentially reducing tuna biomass by 25–40% for several western countries while increasing it by approximately 20% for two eastern countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004864#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The redistribution of tuna poses a significant economic risk, as six Pacific Island nations—including Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu—derive over 45% of their total government revenue from tuna fishing licence fees. A preliminary assessment suggests a potential annual loss of over $60 million in licence revenue across the region by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004864#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To address food security gaps caused by reef degradation, the project will scale up nearshore fish aggregating devices (FADs) and provide training in safety-at-sea and post-harvest methods to help coastal communities transition to tuna fishing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004864#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project will establish an early warning system (EWS) to model the response of individual tuna stocks to climate change, moving away from the assumption that each species forms a single stock across the basin.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004864#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The total indicative cost of the project is USD 148 million, with USD 116.5 million requested as a grant from the Green Climate Fund and USD 31.5 million in co-financing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004864#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coral reef restoration","ocean acidification","food security","climate finance","early warning system","disaster risk reduction"],"geography_discussed":["New Caledonia","Samoa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["adaptation strategy","economic impact assessment","funding proposal"]}]}