{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["OECD"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'OECD' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":85,"relation":"eq"},"page":5,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=OECD&page=5","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"client-000744","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/client-000744","title":"market-standards-on-climate-related-risk-by-asset-owners-clientearth-sustineri-coll-en-18b7fa4993ead56b.pdf","publisher":{"name":"ClientEarth","organization":"clientearth"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.clientearth.org/media/3i1by34b/market-standards-on-climate-related-risk-by-asset-owners-clientearth-sustineri-coll-en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that climate risk is increasingly viewed as a material financial risk rather than a niche ethical concern, driving asset owners to improve governance and risk management. While 67% of the sampled asset owners have divestment policies and many are adopting TCFD-aligned reporting, there is a significant gap between public and private sector disclosure. Most asset owners focus on long-term risks and equity portfolios, with limited progress in quantifying risks or performing scenario analysis across all asset classes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"client-000744#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Fiduciary duty and the pursuit of long-term risk-adjusted returns are the primary drivers for asset owners addressing climate risk, as it is increasingly recognized as a material financial risk.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"client-000744#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governance structures are strengthening, with 97% of the 30 analyzed asset owners disclosing participation in governance activities. 67% of these are classified as 'Highly Robust', meaning they have board-level updates, formal management responsibilities, and climate-related investment policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"client-000744#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Asset owners are lagging in the full adoption of TCFD strategy recommendations; most focus on long-term effects, and only one asset owner in the sample publicly disclosed the quantification of climate-related financial risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"client-000744#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Divestment and exclusion policies are common risk management tools, with 67% of the reviewed asset owners having such policies in place, often targeting high-emitting industries like fossil fuels or mining.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"client-000744#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon footprinting is widely used but primarily limited to public equity portfolios; 50% of the sample only disclose metrics for public equity, while 40% cover both public equity and corporate bonds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"client-000744#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a disparity in disclosure between public and private sector asset owners, with the latter providing significantly less public information. No reviewed asset owner has fully embedded climate risk within its mainstream financial and investment risk disclosures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"client-000744#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate risk","fiduciary","fossil-fuel divestment","environmental, social and corporate governance","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["France","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market standards assessment","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"reclfin-000543","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/reclfin-000543","title":"5 questions écrites pour AXA","publisher":{"name":"Reclaim Finance","organization":"reclaim-finance"},"document_type":"statement","language":"fr","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://reclaimfinance.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/5-questions-ecrites-pour-AXA-Reclaim-Finance-et-Amis-de-la-Terre-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document demands that AXA cease providing insurance for new oil and gas projects, divest from unconventional hydrocarbons, and adopt a stricter definition of the Arctic region. It specifically calls for AXA to vote against Total's climate strategy, divest from Fortum due to pro-coal lobbying, and implement an exclusion policy for soy traders linked to deforestation in the Cerrado.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000543#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The authors demand that AXA stop providing insurance coverage for all new oil and gas development projects, arguing that the UN Production Gap Report indicates oil and gas production must decrease by 4% and 3% annually, respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000543#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"AXA is urged to stop supporting companies developing unconventional oil and gas, including shale oil and gas, oil sands, heavy oil, and deep-water drilling. The document notes that AXA had invested $313 million in the 30 most active companies in Arctic drilling and held $2.3 billion in investments and bonds in the 100 companies most exposed to shale oil and gas in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000543#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document requests that AXA adopt the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) definition of the Arctic, as AXA's current definition only covers 172 of the 408 projects identified by AMAP.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000543#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"AXA is called upon to vote against Total's climate strategy on May 18, 2021, because Total plans to increase gas production by 30% and allocates 80% of its 2030 investment expenditures to oil and gas, which the authors claim is incompatible with a 1.5°C trajectory.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000543#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors demand AXA divest from Fortum by the end of 2021, citing Fortum's ownership of Uniper, which has launched the Datteln IV coal plant in Germany and legally challenged the Netherlands' decision to exit coal by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000543#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"AXA is urged to adopt an exclusion policy for global soy traders (specifically mentioning ADM, Bunge, Cargill, and Louis Dreyfus) that do not commit to zero deforestation, particularly to protect the Cerrado ecosystem in South America.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000543#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["petroleum industry","shale gas","oil sands","coal","deforestation","carbon capture and storage","climate finance","fossil-fuel divestment","biodiversity"],"geography_discussed":["OECD","Arctic","Germany","Netherlands","South America","Cerrado"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy demand","corporate accountability"]},{"id":"reclfin-000656","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/reclfin-000656","title":"Notes sur les politiques charbon","publisher":{"name":"Reclaim Finance","organization":"reclaim-finance"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"fr","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://reclaimfinance.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Liste-39-acteurs-financiers-charbon.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document identifies 39 French financial institutions committed to phasing out coal by 2030 in OECD and European countries and by 2040 elsewhere. It further specifies that 25 of these actors require their clients to adopt exit plans, with 15 setting a deadline of late 2021 for such plans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000656#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"To limit global warming to 1.5°C, coal must be phased out by 2030 in European and OECD countries, and by 2040 in all other countries, with most existing infrastructure closed by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000656#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"According to the Coal Policy Tool, 39 French financial actors have committed to exiting coal by the 2030 (OECD/Europe) and 2040 (other countries) deadlines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000656#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Among the committed French financial actors, 25 require their remaining portfolio companies to adopt exit plans, and 15 of those have set a deadline of the end of 2021 for the adoption of these plans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000656#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Coal phase-out","climate finance","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","OECD"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy tracking"]},{"id":"reclfin-000705","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/reclfin-000705","title":"Analysis of the updated version of the Net Zero Asset Owners Alliance (NZAOA) Target Setting Protocol","publisher":{"name":"Reclaim Finance","organization":"reclaim-finance"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://reclaimfinance.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Reclaim-Finance-recomendations-to-the-updates-of-the-NZAOA-Target-Setting-Protocol_Oct-2021.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Reclaim Finance critiques the updated NZAOA Target Setting Protocol for failing to align with the IEA net zero scenario, specifically regarding fossil fuel phase-out dates and the lack of rigorous engagement standards. The organization argues that the Protocol contains loopholes for coal plants under construction and lacks clear requirements for absolute emission targets and Scope 3 inclusion. Reclaim Finance recommends a full coal exit by 2030 in OECD countries and 2040 globally, an immediate end to oil and gas supply project support, and the implementation of transparent, time-bound engagement escalation policies leading to divestment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000705#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The NZAOA Target Setting Protocol contains loopholes that allow for continued fossil fuel expansion, specifically by permitting coal plants \"under active construction\" to continue and failing to include coal mining and related infrastructure in its position.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000705#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Guidance for greenfield and brownfield projects is insufficient to prevent fossil fuel production increases; for later-stage greenfield projects, the Alliance does not recommend that members stop investing or providing debt even if the project does not align with net zero ambitions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000705#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Protocol lacks a standard for effective engagement, providing no clarity on the processes or results required to trigger escalation tactics such as voting against boards or divestment, nor does it address how to defuse negative climate lobbying by investee companies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000705#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There are significant uncertainties regarding target scope and metrics, as Scope 3 emissions are only included \"wherever possible\" without a firm deadline, and the Alliance permits the use of carbon intensity targets instead of requiring absolute emissions targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000705#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Net-zero emissions","fossil-fuel phase-out","coal power","fossil-fuel divestment","Scope 3","emission intensity"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","OECD","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","recommendations"]},{"id":"reclfin-000725","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/reclfin-000725","title":"Analyses et commentaires des banques en réaction au rapport Actifs fossiles : les nouveaux subprimes ?","publisher":{"name":"Reclaim Finance","organization":"reclaim-finance"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://reclaimfinance.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Reponses-des-banques-Etude-Actifs-Fossiles-RF-AT-IR.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document details the reactions of eleven major European banks to a report on fossil fuel asset exposure. It provides specific 2019 data on fossil assets and equity for each bank, calculating a risk ratio. While some banks like BNP Paribas, Société Générale, and BPCE provided detailed rebuttals or highlighted their transition policies and green financing, others, such as Deutsche Bank and Santander, declined to respond. The banks generally contest the report's methodology, arguing that it ignores portfolio selectivity, client transition strategies, and the broader solvency of banking groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000725#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The report identifies Crédit Agricole SA as having the highest ratio of fossil assets to equity among the eleven studied Eurozone banks, at 131%, with 71 billion euros in fossil assets against 54 billion euros in equity in 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000725#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Crédit Agricole SA formally contests the report's figures, stating that its fossil energy financing for 2020 was 13,514 million euros (down 4.9% from 14,213 million in 2019) and investments were 14,087 million euros (down 14.8% from 16,538 million in 2019).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000725#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Société Générale, with a reported 124% ratio (54 billion euros in fossil assets vs 44 billion in equity), argues that the report's single-indicator approach fails to account for portfolio selectivity and the transition strategies of its clients.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000725#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Société Générale has set a target to reduce its exposure to the oil and gas extraction sector by 10% by 2025 and aims for zero exposure to thermal coal for companies with assets in the EU and OECD by 2030, and elsewhere by 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000725#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"BNP Paribas reported a 99% ratio in 2019, with 80 billion euros in fossil assets (41 billion in credit assets and 39 billion in market portfolios) against 81 billion euros in equity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000725#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"BPCE, which had a ratio of 84% (55 billion euros in fossil assets vs 66 billion in equity), highlighted that its subsidiary Natixis committed in December 2017 to stop financing oil sands and Arctic oil exploration/production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000725#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Among the banks that did not provide official responses, Santander had the lowest ratio at 68% (48 billion in fossil assets vs 71 billion in equity), while Commerzbank had a high ratio of 117% (28 billion in fossil assets vs 24 billion in equity).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000725#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate risk","financial stability","energy transition","renewable energy","oil sands","shale gas","climate bond","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["France","OECD","Arctic"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["financial analysis","policy response"]}]}