{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["North America"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'North America' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":490,"relation":"eq"},"page":15,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=North+America&page=15","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=North+America&page=16","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"clibonds-000899","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-000899","title":"2019 Green Bond Market Summary","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-02","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/2019-Green-Bond-Market-Summary_2025-02-17-163104_ftzm.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The global green bond and green loan market reached a record USD 257.7 billion in 2019, a 51% increase over 2018. Growth was primarily driven by Europe, which accounted for 45% of global issuance. The USA, China, and France remained the top-ranked countries, together representing 44% of the market. Energy and Buildings were the dominant sectors for use of proceeds, each holding approximately 30% market share. Certified Climate Bonds grew by 86% to reach USD 45 billion, with cumulative certified issuance surpassing the USD 100 billion milestone. The market also saw increased diversification with debut issuances from emerging markets including Kenya, Barbados, and Saudi Arabia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000899#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global green bond and green loan issuance hit a record USD 257.7 billion in 2019, representing a 51% increase from the USD 170.6 billion recorded in 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000899#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Europe was the primary driver of growth in 2019, accounting for 45% of global issuance (USD 116.7 billion), which was a 74% increase year-on-year. Asia-Pacific and North America followed with 25% and 23% shares, respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000899#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The USA, China, and France were the top three countries by issuance, collectively accounting for 44% of the global market. The USA contributed USD 51.3 billion, China USD 31.3 billion, and France USD 30.1 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000899#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy and Buildings were the largest sectors for use of proceeds, each representing approximately 30% of the market. Transport and Water followed with 20% and 9% shares, respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000899#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Certified Climate Bond issuance grew 86% to USD 45 billion in 2019, making up 17% of global volumes. Cumulative certified issuance reached USD 101.4 billion by the end of the year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000899#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-financial corporate issuance nearly doubled from USD 29.5 billion in 2018 to USD 59.3 billion in 2019, representing 23% of total volumes. The energy sector led this segment, with Engie, MidAmerican Energy, and Energias de Portugal SA (EDP) as the top three issuers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000899#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The market expanded into new emerging markets in 2019 with debut issuances from Barbados, Russia, Kenya, Panama, Greece, Ukraine, Ecuador, and Saudi Arabia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000899#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate finance","renewable energy","water distribution system"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","United States","People's Republic of China","France","Barbados","Russia","Kenya","Panama","Greece","Ukraine","Ecuador","Saudi Arabia","Netherlands","Germany","Asia-Pacific","North America","Africa","LAC","Chile","Brazil","Nigeria","Poland","Indonesia","South Africa","Philippines","Italy"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market summary","quantitative analysis"]},{"id":"costratri-000197","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/costratri-000197","title":"A SECURITY THREAT ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE","publisher":{"name":"The Council on Strategic Risks","organization":"the-council-on-strategic-risks"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-02","source_url":"https://climateandsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/a-security-threat-assessment-of-climate-change.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates global security threats under two warming scenarios: a 'Near Term' scenario (1-2°C) and a 'Medium-Long Term' scenario (2-4+°C). It concludes that even low levels of warming present high to very high risks, while higher warming levels pose catastrophic and potentially irreversible threats to global stability. The analysis is structured around U.S. Geographic Combatant Command areas, detailing how climate-induced physical shocks and social tensions act as threat multipliers that can lead to state failure, resource conflict, and the breakdown of international alliances.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000197#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global warming levels of 1-2°C present a 'high-very high' risk to global and homeland security, likely causing intense climate shocks that destabilize vulnerable areas and disrupt key security environments, institutions, and infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000197#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Warming levels of 2-4+°C are categorized as a 'very high-catastrophic' threat, potentially leading to a large-scale breakdown of political institutions, economic and resource stability, and civilian and security infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000197#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Africa, near-term warming (1-2°C) is expected to cause rapid loss of rural livelihoods and the growth of violent extremist groups, while long-term warming (2-4+°C) may trigger renewed interstate conflicts over water resources and severe humanitarian crises.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000197#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Middle East and Central Asia face extreme heat that could exceed human habitability limits in a 2-4+°C scenario, with daily maximums potentially over 60°C (140°F) in some areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000197#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Europe and Russia, near-term warming may fuel ethno-nationalist sentiments and political volatility, while long-term warming could lead to a breakdown in regional political and security cohesion and significant internal displacement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000197#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indo-Asia-Pacific region faces existential risks from sea level rise, with a one-meter rise potentially displacing 37 million people and threatening megacities such as Mumbai, Bangkok, and Jakarta.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000197#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"North America faces risks from more intense hurricanes and wildfires in the near term, and potentially catastrophic infrastructure loss in the long term, with sea level rise potentially sinking $507 billion in coastal infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000197#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In South and Central America and the Caribbean, climate change is expected to drive agricultural collapse and increase the influence of transnational criminal groups and traffickers as local security institutions are strained.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000197#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change acts as a 'threat-multiplier,' where physical shocks like resource scarcity and extreme weather interact with fragile social and political systems to accelerate existing tensions and instability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000197#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends that the world achieve net-zero global emissions as quickly as possible and 'climate-proof' critical infrastructure and institutions to build resilience against unavoidable impacts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000197#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["national security","sea level rise","water scarcity","food security","extreme weather event","Net-zero emissions","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","geoengineering"],"geography_discussed":["Africa","Middle East","Central Asia","Europe","Russia","Indo-Asia-Pacific","North America","South America","Central America","Caribbean","United States","Arctic","Egypt","Ethiopia","Nigeria","Kenya","Niger","Bangladesh","People's Republic of China","India","Vietnam","Indonesia","Canada","Mexico","Brazil","Venezuela"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["threat assessment","scenario analysis","regional analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000197","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000197","title":"Gas at a Crossroads","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-02","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Gas_at_a_Crossroads_EU_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that the EU is proposing or building gas infrastructure worth €99 billion, which would increase import capacity by over 30% despite existing capacity already being nearly double current consumption. This expansion contradicts EU climate goals to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, which require a sharp reduction in fossil gas use. The author highlights that many of these projects, including those on the European Commission's 4th list of Projects of Common Interest (PCI), are unnecessary for energy security and risk becoming stranded assets. Additionally, the report notes that EU gas-fired power plants are currently underutilized compared to global averages and are increasingly uncompetitive against renewable energy portfolios.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000197#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The EU is currently developing gas infrastructure projects totaling €99 billion, comprising €52 billion for pipelines, €12 billion for LNG import terminals, and €35 billion for gas-fired power stations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000197#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Proposed and under-construction infrastructure would add 233 billion cubic meters (bcm) per year to the EU's import capacity, representing an increase of more than 30% over the current capacity of 707 bcm per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000197#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EU already possesses significant excess gas infrastructure, with an import capacity nearly twice as high as its actual gas consumption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000197#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Expansion of gas infrastructure via the 4th list of Projects of Common Interest (PCI) is deemed unnecessary for EU gas security through 2030, even during extreme supply disruptions from Algeria, Belarus, or Ukraine.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000197#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 will require a sharp reduction in fossil gas consumption, meaning new long-lived infrastructure (with lifespans of 30 to 40+ years) risks becoming stranded assets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000197#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"EU gas-fired power plants are significantly underutilized compared to other regions; the average systemwide load factor for gas in the EU was 34.9% in 2018, lower than Japan (51.1%), North America (37.5%), and the global average (40.0%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000197#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Alternative methane sources, such as biogas and synthetic methane, are unlikely to fully replace fossil gas due to high costs and limited potential, with 2050 projections for their combined use being only about one-quarter of the 2018 fossil gas consumption rate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000197#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["natural gas","liquefied natural gas","gas-fired power station","Net-zero emissions","stranded asset","renewable natural gas","hydrogen","carbon capture and storage","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","Japan","North America","United States","Ukraine","Belarus","Algeria"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["infrastructure survey","policy analysis","financial risk assessment"]},{"id":"sei-001864","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001864","title":"Green bonds: a mechanism for bridging the adaptation gap?","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2020-02","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sei-working-paper-green-bonds-tuhkanen.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper finds that while green bonds can finance adaptation, they do so to a very limited extent, with mitigation receiving approximately 95% of current funding. Between March 2010 and April 2019, only 5% of all green bonds issued included adaptation as an eligible project category. The study identifies significant mismatches in geography, project scale, and the types of activities funded, noting that adaptation needs are often too small-scale or lack the revenue streams required for traditional bond issuance. Furthermore, a low level of corporate understanding of physical climate risk limits the adoption of these instruments. The author concludes that green bonds alone will be too slow to close the adaptation finance gap but can serve as awareness-raising tools to encourage broader risk management and investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001864#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Green bonds currently provide very little funding for adaptation compared to mitigation, with mitigation accounting for about 95% of current green bond funding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001864#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Historical data from March 2010 to April 2019 shows that only 5% of all green bonds issued (162 out of 3,266) were categorized as adaptation, meaning they included adaptation as an eligible project category in their frameworks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001864#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Among corporate green bonds categorized as adaptation, the real estate sector was the largest issuer (40% or 8 issuances), followed by forestry, including pulp and paper (20% or 4 issuances).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001864#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There were no corporate green bond issuances in the health or agriculture sectors, despite these being identified as priority areas for adaptation investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001864#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Geographic mismatches exist where regions with high adaptation needs, such as South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, have undeveloped green bond markets, while regions with developed markets, like Europe and North America, show lower prioritization of adaptation in their NDCs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001864#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The high transaction costs of green bonds make them unsuitable for small-scale adaptation projects, such as community-level initiatives or those involving medium-sized, small and micro-enterprises (MSMEs), as most issuances typically exceed $100 million to remain cost-efficient.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001864#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private sector green bonds primarily fund 'hard' adaptation components (concrete assets and infrastructure) but often neglect 'soft' components, such as capacity building and behavioral change, which are essential to avoid maladaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001864#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The scaling of adaptation finance via green bonds is hindered by a low level of corporate understanding and disclosure of physical climate risks, with many investors prioritizing transition risks over physical risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001864#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Green bonds can function as awareness-raising tools; the review processes, such as Second Opinions, can help corporations identify climate risks and improve institutional thinking on resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001864#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate change adaptation","climate finance","Private sector engagement","Climate risk assessment","Nationally Determined Contributions","infrastructure resilience","climate resilience"],"geography_discussed":["East Asia and the Pacific","Latin America and the Caribbean","Europe","North America","Middle East and Africa","South Asia","People's Republic of China","India","Australia","Japan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","policy review","gap analysis"]},{"id":"mearth-000080","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/mearth-000080","title":"Stretching the possibilities for a sustainable rubber industry in 2020","publisher":{"name":"Mighty Earth","organization":"mighty-earth"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2020-01-16","source_url":"https://mightyearth.org/article/stretching-the-possibilities-for-a-sustainable-rubber-industry-in-2020/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Mighty Earth advocates for a sustainable natural rubber industry, highlighting the role of the Global Platform for Sustainable Natural Rubber (GPSNR) in addressing deforestation and human rights abuses. While acknowledging progress in stakeholder cooperation, the author identifies critical gaps in the GPSNR, including the lack of internal company policies, the absence of a grievance mechanism, and the non-participation of Chinese companies. The document calls for increased supply chain transparency, the inclusion of smallholder farmers, and a shift toward binding regulation to ensure a level playing field.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000080#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Natural rubber production is a significant driver of tropical deforestation, which threatens biodiversity and the global climate balance by destroying carbon sinks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000080#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Global Platform for Sustainable Natural Rubber (GPSNR), founded in March 2019 by rubber producers, processors, tire makers, auto manufacturers, and CSOs, aims to make the industry sustainable through transparency, traceability, and accountability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000080#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite initial progress, the GPSNR faces several internal failures: some member companies lack internal sustainability policies, there is no effective grievance mechanism for policy violations, and monitoring systems for member performance are undeveloped.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000080#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The sustainability of the rubber industry is hindered by external factors, including the absence of Chinese companies from the GPSNR, endemic corruption in producing countries, and low rubber prices that prevent smallholders from investing in sustainable practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000080#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","biodiversity","greenhouse gas emissions","Global supply chain governance","land grabbing","human rights"],"geography_discussed":["Asia","Southeast Asia","North America","Europe","People's Republic of China"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","corporate accountability"]},{"id":"capeca-000116","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/capeca-000116","title":"UNCONVENTIONAL (FRACKED) NATURAL GAS, CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN HEALTH","publisher":{"name":"Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment","organization":"canadian-association-of-physicians-for-the-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2020-01","source_url":"https://cape.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CAPE-Fracking-Bkg-EN.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines the dangers of hydraulic fracturing, noting that in 2018, more than two thirds of Canada's natural gas was \"fracked gas,\" primarily from Northeastern BC. It details health risks including increased incidences of preterm birth, miscarriage, and childhood leukemia (ALL), as well as environmental threats such as water contamination and induced earthquakes. The text highlights that methane leaks from fracking are 86 times more harmful to the climate than CO2 over 20 years, undermining the concept of natural gas as a \"bridge fuel.\" It concludes by urging Canada to implement a moratorium on new wells and develop just transition plans for workers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000116#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Fracking operations are linked to various adverse health outcomes, particularly regarding reproduction and childhood cancer. A 2016 review found \"moderate evidence\" for increased risks of preterm birth, miscarriage, birth defects, decreased semen quality, and prostate cancer. Additionally, some evidence suggests an increased risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in children whose mothers lived near wells during pregnancy, with one study indicating these children were three to four times more likely to live in areas with active wells.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000116#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The process of hydraulic fracturing causes significant environmental degradation and safety hazards. Over 1,000 chemicals are used in fracking fluids, some of which are suspected to cause cancer or disrupt hormones. The process is water-intensive—with US water use increasing three-fold since 2010 to 12 million gallons per well in 2018—and can lead to groundwater contamination and induced seismic activity, such as a 4.6 Richter scale event in North Montney, BC in 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000116#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Methane emissions from fracking undermine the role of natural gas as a transition fuel and threaten the goals of the Paris Agreement. Methane's global warming potential is 86 times that of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period, and fracking in North America is contributing to the global rise in methane emissions seen since 2007.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000116#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Unconventional oil and gas development disproportionately impacts Indigenous people in Canada, who often already face poorer health status and rely on the land for their well-being.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000116#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["hydraulic fracturing","natural gas","methane emissions","global warming potential","Paris Agreement","water pollution","air pollution","public health","just transition","indigenous rights"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Northeastern BC","North Montney, BC","Northern Ontario","North America"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["health impact assessment","environmental assessment","climate impact analysis"]},{"id":"capeca-000117","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/capeca-000117","title":"Une transition fracturée : changements climatiques, santé et fracturation hydraulique","publisher":{"name":"Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment","organization":"canadian-association-of-physicians-for-the-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"fr","date_published":"2020-01","source_url":"https://cape.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CAPE-Fracking-Bkg-FR.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines the risks associated with hydraulic fracturing, specifically focusing on water and air pollution, reproductive health issues, pediatric cancers, and seismic activity. It highlights the role of methane leaks in undermining climate goals and advocates for a phased elimination of fracking wells in Canada to meet Paris Agreement commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000117#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Hydraulic fracturing in Canada is concentrated in the northeast of British Columbia, where more than two-thirds of the country's natural gas was extracted via this method in 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000117#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The process poses significant health risks, including an increased likelihood of premature birth, spontaneous abortion, congenital anomalies, decreased sperm quality, and prostate cancer due to professional or community exposure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000117#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is evidence suggesting a link between maternal proximity to oil and gas wells during pregnancy and an increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000117#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Hydraulic fracturing contributes to climate change through the release of methane, which has a warming potential 86 times higher than carbon dioxide over a 20-year period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000117#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous populations in Canada are among those most frequently and deeply affected by unconventional oil and gas extraction, often facing more precarious health states than other Canadians.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000117#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["hydraulic fracturing","methane emissions","natural gas","Paris Agreement","climate change","air pollution","water pollution","public health","indigenous health services"],"geography_discussed":["British Columbia","United States","North America"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy recommendation","health impact assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002912","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002912","title":"How Food Export Restrictions Could Worsen a Looming Food Crisis","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2020","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2020-08/food-export-restrictions-worsen-food-crisis.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the impact of COVID-19-related food export restrictions on vulnerable importing nations. It identifies high-risk areas in Central Asia, North Africa, the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa, noting that many affected countries already suffer from high undernourishment and calorie production deficits. The authors argue that because global food stocks remain plentiful, countries should refrain from banning staple food exports to prevent hunger and potential famines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002912#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Export restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic have disproportionately affected several low-income and fragile states. In Central Asia, countries such as Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan have been hit, while in North Africa and the Middle East, affected nations include Libya, Sudan, Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, Turkey, and Yemen. In sub-Saharan Africa, the impact has been particularly significant for Burundi, Djibouti, Kenya, Rwanda, and Malawi.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002912#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The vulnerability of importing countries is heightened when export restrictions coincide with high existing levels of undernourishment. For instance, 62% of the population in the Central African Republic is undernourished, and over 40% of the population is undernourished in Madagascar, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002912#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Many regions face a calorie production deficit, meaning they rely on imported calories to meet domestic demand. This dependency is prevalent across most countries in Africa and the Middle East, much of South and East Asia, the Caribbean, the Andean region of South America, and parts of Europe including Scandinavia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002912#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite warnings of potential famines, there is no immediate justification for food export bans because global food stocks are plentiful, harvests are expected to be large, and oil prices are low.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002912#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["food security"],"geography_discussed":["Central Asia","Uzbekistan","Kyrgyzstan","Tajikistan","Afghanistan","Mongolia","Azerbaijan","Georgia","North Africa","Middle East","Libya","Sudan","Egypt","Jordan","Tunisia","Turkey","Yemen","sub-Saharan Africa","Burundi","Djibouti","Kenya","Rwanda","Malawi","North America","South America","Kazakhstan","Central African Republic","Madagascar","Zambia","Zimbabwe","Haiti","Africa","South Asia","East Asia","Caribbean","Andean region","Europe","Scandinavia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["vulnerability assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"clipolin-000258","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000258","title":"Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-11-07","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/global-landscape-of-climate-finance-2019/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Annual tracked climate finance averaged USD 579 billion in 2017/2018, a 25% increase from 2015/2016, though it remains far below the USD 1.6 trillion to USD 3.8 trillion annually needed for energy system transitions. Renewable energy remains the largest destination for finance, while low-carbon transport is growing rapidly. Private finance accounts for 56% of total flows, with a strong domestic preference as 76% of investment stays within the sourcing country.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000258#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Annual tracked climate finance reached a record high of USD 612 billion in 2017, before dropping 11% to USD 546 billion in 2018. Over the 2017/2018 period, annual flows averaged USD 579 billion, marking a USD 116 billion (25%) increase compared to 2015/2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000258#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current investment levels are insufficient for a 1.5 ˚C scenario. Supply-side energy system investments alone are estimated to require between USD 1.6 trillion and USD 3.8 trillion annually from 2016 to 2050, while adaptation costs are estimated at USD 180 billion annually from 2020 to 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000258#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Renewable energy is the primary sector for climate finance, receiving USD 337 billion annually (58% of total flows). Low-carbon transport is increasing rapidly, with average annual finance rising 54% from 2015/2016 levels to USD 141 billion in 2017/2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000258#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private finance represents approximately 56% of total climate finance, averaging USD 326 billion annually in 2017/2018. Within this, 85% is directed toward renewable energy and 14% toward low-carbon transport.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000258#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public finance averaged USD 253 billion annually in 2017/2018 (44% of total commitments), with transport as the largest beneficiary at USD 94 billion (37% of the public total).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000258#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mitigation dominates climate finance, accounting for 93% of total flows (USD 537 billion annually). Adaptation finance represents 5% of flows, averaging USD 30 billion annually in 2017/2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000258#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a strong domestic preference in climate investment, with 76% of tracked finance invested in the same country where it was sourced. Finance for non-OECD countries increased to USD 356 billion, representing 61% of global flows.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000258#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Market-rate debt is the most used financial instrument, averaging USD 316 billion annually, while total debt (including low-cost project debt) averaged USD 380 billion, or 66% of all tracked finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000258#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","renewable energy","adaptation finace","energy efficiency","land use","electric vehicle","climate bond","Blended Finance","Paris Agreement","Sustainable Development Goals","stranded asset","fossil fuel finance"],"geography_discussed":["East Asia & Pacific","North America","People's Republic of China","United States","India","Western Europe","Japan","South Korea","Israel"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","trend analysis"]},{"id":"zca-000106","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/zca-000106","title":"The IPCC report on land use and climate change","publisher":{"name":"Zero Carbon Analytics","organization":"zero-carbon-analytics"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2019-08-10","source_url":"https://zerocarbon-analytics.org/science/the-ipcc-report-on-land-use-and-climate-change/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document analyzes how human land use drives climate change and how climate change, in turn, degrades land. It highlights that while land currently acts as a net carbon sink, it could become a source of emissions. The brief emphasizes the role of agriculture and deforestation in land degradation and warns that current policy trajectories could significantly expand drylands and threaten global food security. It argues that sustainable land management, incorporating indigenous knowledge and gender-sensitive policies, is essential for limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000106#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Land use change is a significant driver of global emissions, accounting for approximately 23% of total net human emissions between 2007 and 2016, with carbon dioxide emissions from this sector primarily caused by deforestation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000106#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Although the land system currently functions as a net carbon sink, removing 29% of total human carbon dioxide emissions from 2007 to 2016, climate change may degrade this capacity and potentially turn land into a net source of emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000106#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Human activity affects 75% of the Earth's land surface, with agriculture and timber/logging acting as primary drivers of degradation. Specifically, the expansion of cropland, driven by demand for livestock products, and a nine-fold increase in nitrogen fertilizer use have intensified land degradation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000106#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Desertification is a critical challenge affecting drylands, which cover nearly half of the world's land surface and house nearly 40% of the population. While causes vary by region—such as drought in Africa and human activity in northern China—desertification reduces soil fertility and carbon sequestration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000106#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Food systems contribute an estimated 25% to 30% of total human emissions. Climate change threatens food security by reducing crop yields—such as a 5.2% reduction in India between 1981–2009—and increasing the risk of crop failure, price spikes, and malnourishment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000106#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Future climate scenarios indicate that land management could influence temperature rise by as much as 0.5°C. Under a 4°C warming trajectory, the global area of drylands is projected to increase by 23%, reaching 56% of the total land surface.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000106#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Achieving temperature limits of 1.5°C or 2°C requires land-based mitigation, though the deployment of negative emissions technologies over large areas could inadvertently cause further land degradation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"zca-000106#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["land use","land degradation","desertification","carbon sink","greenhouse gas emissions","deforestation","agriculture","food security","traditional knowledge"],"geography_discussed":["North America","Brazilian Amazon","sub-Saharan Africa","South America","Southeast Asia","Africa","People's Republic of China","India","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["assessment","scenario analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000242","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000242","title":"The New Gas Boom","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-06","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/NewGasBoom2019_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a massive global expansion of LNG infrastructure, with at least 202 terminal projects in development representing $1.3 trillion in capital outlays. This growth is heavily concentrated in North America, where the U.S. and Canada account for 74% of proposed new export capacity. The authors argue that this expansion risks creating stranded assets as renewable energy costs fall and that the lifecycle greenhouse gas impact of these projects is comparable to, or exceeds, that of new coal-fired power plants. Consequently, the report calls for a moratorium on new LNG construction to align with IPCC targets requiring gas use to decline by 2030 and 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The natural gas industry is attempting to transition from regional markets to an integrated global system through a massive increase in LNG vessels, floating offshore terminals, and portside infrastructure. This expansion involves at least 202 LNG terminal projects worldwide, consisting of 116 export and 86 import terminals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global LNG export capacity expansion is heavily concentrated in North America. The United States and Canada account for 74% of all proposed new export capacity, with 352.7 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) under development in the U.S. and 281.6 MTPA in Canada.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The total capital expenditure for LNG terminals under development is $1.3 trillion. North American export terminals represent 70% of this total, amounting to $914.5 billion. The top three countries by capital outlay for combined import and export terminals are the United States ($507 billion), Canada ($410 billion), and Russia ($86 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The expansion of LNG infrastructure faces significant stranded asset risks due to the falling costs of renewable energy. Unsubsidized solar PV and wind power are now cheaper or comparable in cost to natural gas peaking power and combined cycle gas turbines in several major economies, including the U.S., Australia, Brazil, India, South Africa, Japan, and Northern Europe.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The lifecycle global warming impact of proposed LNG terminal capacity is roughly equivalent to that of proposed new coal-fired power plants when measured on a 100-year horizon. On a 20-year horizon, the impact of the LNG proposals exceeds that of the coal proposals by 25%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current LNG expansion is incompatible with IPCC pathways for limiting warming to 1.5°C, which require natural gas use to decline by 15% by 2030 and 43% by 2050 relative to 2020 levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["liquefied natural gas","methane emissions","stranded asset","renewable energy","photovoltaics","wind power","hydraulic fracturing","climate finance","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Canada","Russia","Australia","Tanzania","People's Republic of China","Indonesia","Mozambique","Iran","Papua New Guinea","North America","Asia Pacific"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["infrastructure assessment","financial risk analysis","climate impact comparison"]},{"id":"greeneur-000303","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/greeneur-000303","title":"Solidarity Economy and the Commons: Implications for Central and Eastern Europe","publisher":{"name":"Green European Journal","organization":"green-european-journal"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-04-10","source_url":"https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/solidarity-economy-and-the-commons-implications-for-central-and-eastern-europe/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The author argues that while Central and Eastern Europe has a long tradition of informal mutual help and solidarity practices, these have historically functioned as 'bottom-up subsidies' to capital by absorbing the costs of social reproduction. The paper suggests that for a modern solidarity economy to be emancipative in this region, it must move beyond mere survival strategies and address the hierarchical, patriarchal, and extractive nature of existing informal networks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greeneur-000303#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In Central and Eastern Europe, practices of mutual help and informal economy are not new post-2008 developments but are rooted in local traditions of survival during frequent crises and dispossessions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greeneur-000303#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The region's history includes a 'semi-proletarian household' system during socialist industrialisation, where formal wages were supplemented by subsistence farming and informal sources to support industrial labour.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greeneur-000303#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Informal economic activities during the late stages of state socialism, often termed the 'second economy', functioned to absorb the costs of the global crisis of the 1970s rather than to facilitate a market transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greeneur-000303#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Post-1990 transition crises led to a bifurcated informal sector: grassroots solutions for everyday survival at the bottom and the localisation of multinational companies at the top.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greeneur-000303#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Existing solidarity practices, such as urban-rural food networks, can inadvertently sustain capitalist integration by reducing reproduction costs and optimizing family expenses for the benefit of capital.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greeneur-000303#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Informal and household-based exchanges in the region are often characterized by hierarchical and patriarchal relations, where unpaid labour is frequently divided by gender roles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greeneur-000303#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global capitalist accumulation relies on the fact that capital does not pay the full costs of labour reproduction, forcing people to create alternative subsistence sources that act as a subsidy to capital.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greeneur-000303#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainability"],"geography_discussed":["North America","Western Europe","Southern Europe","United Kingdom","United States","Africa","West Africa","Latin America"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["theoretical analysis","socio-economic assessment"]},{"id":"clibonds-001015","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-001015","title":"Green Bonds Market Summary Q1 2019","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-04","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/Green-Bonds-Market-Summary-Q1-2019.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In Q1 2019, global green bond issuance reached USD 47.9 billion, a 42% increase over Q1 2018. The market was driven by non-financial corporates, particularly in the energy sector, and dominated by developed markets in the USA, France, and Canada. Energy, buildings, and transport accounted for 81% of the use of proceeds. The report also highlights that while post-issuance reporting is common among larger issuers and those with external reviews, there is a lack of consistency in the metrics used to report environmental impacts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001015#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global green bond issuance in Q1 2019 totaled USD 47.9 billion, representing a 42% increase compared to the USD 33.8 billion issued in Q1 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001015#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-financial corporates were the primary drivers of issuance, accounting for 33% (USD 15.9 billion) of the quarterly global total, with the energy sector contributing USD 9.3 billion and property companies contributing USD 2.4 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001015#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Developed markets accounted for 81% of issuance volume, with the USA (USD 11.4 billion), France (USD 8.1 billion), and Canada (USD 3.3 billion) being the top three countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001015#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The vast majority of funds (81%) were allocated to three sectors: energy (USD 14.2 billion, 30%), buildings (USD 12.8 billion, 27%), and transport (USD 11.4 billion, 24%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001015#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Certified Climate Bonds represented 14% of quarterly volumes, an increase from 6% in Q1 2018, with the highest issuance coming from France (USD 2.9 billion) and Australia (USD 1.1 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001015#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of post-issuance reporting for 1,927 bonds issued before November 2017 shows that 87% of issuance by amount provides reporting, though 14% of raised funds remain unallocated.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001015#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Post-issuance reporting is more prevalent among larger issuers and benchmark-sized bonds (USD 500 million or more), and is positively correlated with the presence of an external review.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001015#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The sustainability and social bond markets in Q1 2019 were led by Germany (USD 2.5 billion), South Korea (USD 1.2 billion), and France (USD 1.1 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001015#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate finance","renewable energy","green building","sustainable transport"],"geography_discussed":["United States","France","Canada","People's Republic of China","Poland","Indonesia","Spain","Australia","North America","Europe","Asia-Pacific","Germany","South Korea","Brazil","Singapore","Lithuania","United Arab Emirates","Italy","United Kingdom"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market summary","quantitative analysis","trend analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000250","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000250","title":"Pipeline Bubble","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Pipeline-Bubble-2019_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a significant surge in global oil and gas pipeline development, with North America leading the trend. It contends that this expansion is predicated on a 'super cycle' of demand from Asia that is incompatible with IPCC climate goals and threatened by the rise of renewables and competing production in other regions. The authors compare the current situation to the 2011–2016 coal mining crash, warning that high leverage and a loss of 'social license' create a high risk of stranded assets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global oil and gas pipeline construction has accelerated significantly, with the pace of building tripling since 1996. As of the report, 302 new pipelines are under development, which would increase the total number of global pipelines by 29% if completed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"North America is the primary driver of the global pipeline boom, accounting for over half of the projects under development by number and 34% by length. This includes 64% of all oil pipelines and 48% of all gas pipelines currently in development worldwide.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The North American expansion is not driven by domestic demand, which is projected to decline for petroleum liquids and grow insufficiently for natural gas between 2020 and 2035. Instead, the boom relies on a 'super cycle' of demand from overseas, particularly in the Asia Pacific region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report estimates that North American oil and gas infrastructure expansion plans exceed $1 trillion, with $232.5 billion specifically allocated to pipelines in pre-construction or construction stages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current infrastructure expansion is incompatible with IPCC pathways to limit global warming to 1.5°C, which require oil use to be reduced by 65% and gas use by 43% by 2050 relative to 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investors face significant risks from 'overexpansion' as other regions are projected to increase production more than North America between 2025 and 2040. Specifically, global production outside North America is projected to grow by 31%, compared to 12% within North America.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The oil and gas sector is experiencing a loss of 'social license,' evidenced by divestment actions from over 1,043 institutions representing more than $8.7 trillion in capital and restrictive measures adopted by governments including France, New Zealand, and Costa Rica.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","fossil-fuel divestment","stranded asset","natural gas","crude oil","energy transition","renewable energy","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Texas","New Mexico","Pennsylvania","Ohio","West Virginia","Alberta","Asia Pacific","Middle East","Brazil","Argentina","People's Republic of China","India","Australia","Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["financial risk assessment","infrastructure analysis"]},{"id":"sei-002500","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002500","title":"Citizen science and food waste","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2019-03","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/sei-2019-p2cs-summary-citsci-food-waste.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The project aimed to address knowledge gaps regarding consumer food waste by leveraging citizen science to gain insights into behaviors and decision-making. Key activities included a literature review, the identification of network members, and a workshop in Geneva on 6 June. The resulting network connects researchers, experts, and practitioners to foster collaborative research proposals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002500#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that approximately 30% of food produced for human consumption is lost between the farm and the plate, with a significant portion occurring at the point of consumption due to factors like purchasing decisions, storage, preparation, and eating.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002500#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gathering reliable data on food waste is difficult because it is highly distributed and influenced by a complex mix of consumer behavior factors; however, citizen science can provide unique insights into these behaviors and raise consumer awareness.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002500#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Europe and North America, the FAO reports that consumers discard between 95 and 115 kg of food per capita annually, and in industrialized countries, around 40% of food losses occur in restaurants, homes, and shops.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002500#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project successfully established a network of researchers, experts, and practitioners in citizen science and food waste, which has already led to the development of several collaborative research proposals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002500#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["food waste","sustainable consumption"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","North America","Geneva"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["literature review","network building","workshop"]},{"id":"sei-001341","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001341","title":"Estimating consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions at the city scale","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2019-02","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/estimating-consumption-based-greenhouse-gas-emissions.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document explains that consumption-based emissions inventories (CBEIs) capture the full carbon footprint of a city by including emissions from goods and services produced outside city borders. It identifies that for wealthy, industrialized cities, CBEIs are often significantly higher than territorial inventories. The guide details three main estimation approaches: spending data with input-output models, physical data with life-cycle analysis, and hybrid methods. It advises city planners to align their choice of methodology with their specific goals, such as resident education, peer comparison, or local policy design, while emphasizing the importance of detailed categorization to identify high-leverage areas for emissions reduction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001341#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Consumption-based emissions inventories (CBEIs) typically reveal a larger carbon footprint than territorial inventories because they include emissions from the production and transport of goods occurring outside city boundaries. For cities in North America, a CBEI is typically about twice as high as territorial emissions, while a C40 Cities study of 79 global cities found CBEIs were 60% higher on average than territorial GHG inventories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001341#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Residents of wealthy, industrialized countries have consumption-based emissions that far exceed the global average. Specifically, emissions associated with residents in the U.S., Canada, Norway, UK, and Sweden are between two and four times higher than the global average resident consumption of 6.3 t CO2e.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001341#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While territorial inventories highlight emissions from local transport, buildings, and power, CBEIs expand the focus to include goods, food, services, and air travel. In the U.S., these additional categories generally contribute another 2 tons of CO2e per person, with meat production identified as having a larger footprint than other food types.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001341#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There are three primary methods for estimating consumption: using spending data with input-output models (suitable for full CBEIs but often lacking local resolution), using physical data with process-based life-cycle analysis (LCA) (more accurate for specific goods but cumbersome for full inventories), or using a hybrid approach that combines both to balance comprehensiveness with local detail.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001341#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The choice of CBEI methodology should be driven by the city's objective: pre-existing or national analyses may suffice for resident education; standardized multi-regional data is best for city comparisons; and locally sourced physical data or hybrid models are necessary for designing and evaluating specific local policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001341#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","carbon footprint","life cycle assessment","sustainable consumption"],"geography_discussed":["North America","Europe","United States","Canada","Norway","United Kingdom","Sweden","London","Berlin","Copenhagen","Vancouver","Gothenburg","San Francisco","Minneapolis","Eugene"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodological guide","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"ciel-000592","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ciel-000592","title":"INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE","publisher":{"name":"Center for International Environmental Law","organization":"center-for-international-environmental-law"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Indigenous-Peoples-and-Traditional-Knowledge-in-the-Context-of-the-UNFCCC-2019-Update.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report serves as a reference tool listing over 60 UNFCCC decisions and reports that acknowledge the role of Indigenous Peoples and their traditional knowledge in climate mitigation and adaptation. It highlights the establishment of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform and recalls the minimum standards for survival and dignity set by the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000592#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indigenous Peoples are disproportionately affected by climate change due to their reliance on fragile ecosystems, yet they contribute very little to greenhouse gas emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000592#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate policies can negatively impact Indigenous Peoples by restricting their access to natural ecosystems or causing forced relocations for infrastructure and energy projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000592#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), adopted in 2007, establishes a universal framework of minimum standards for the survival, dignity, and well-being of Indigenous Peoples.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000592#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform was established under the Paris Agreement to facilitate the exchange of best practices and experiences regarding mitigation and adaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000592#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform Facilitative Working Group consists of 14 representatives, including seven from indigenous peoples organizations representing the seven UN indigenous sociocultural regions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000592#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Traditional knowledge is recognized by the IPCC and the UNFCCC as an invaluable basis for developing natural resource management and adaptation strategies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000592#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"UNFCCC decisions have increasingly integrated Indigenous Peoples' rights and knowledge across various thematic areas, including deforestation (REDD+), finance (Green Climate Fund), and technology transfer.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000592#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["indigenous people","traditional knowledge","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","human rights","United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","Paris Agreement","deforestation","climate finance","technology transfer","gender equality","loss and damage","capacity building"],"geography_discussed":["Asia","Asia-Pacific","Africa","Arctic","Latin America","North America","Russia","Philippines"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["compilation","policy review"]},{"id":"clibonds-001016","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-001016","title":"Q3 2019 green bond market report","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/Green-bonds-market-summary-Q3-2019.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Q3 2019 green bond market report by the Climate Bonds Initiative tracks global trends in green finance, highlighting the dominance of energy projects in both green bonds and loans, the growth of the Asia-Pacific green loan market, and the leading roles of Euronext Paris as a listing venue and HSBC as an underwriter.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001016#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Energy is the primary sector for the use of proceeds in both the green bond and green loan markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001016#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Euronext Paris was the leading venue for green bond listings during the first three quarters of 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001016#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"HSBC, BAML, and BNP Paribas were the top green bond underwriters globally from January to September 2019, with HSBC specifically being the largest underwriter in emerging markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001016#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The share of the green loan market held by the Asia-Pacific region is increasing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001016#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate finance","energy transition","emerging market"],"geography_discussed":["Asia-Pacific","Europe","North America","Africa","LAC","Paris"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","statistical summary"]},{"id":"greenca-000294","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/greenca-000294","title":"Electric Vehicles: Market Intelligence Report 2019","publisher":{"name":"GreenCape","organization":"greencape"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://greencape.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ELECTRIC-VEHICLES-MARKET-INTELLIGENCE-REPORT-WEB4-3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines South Africa's nascent electric vehicle (EV) market, highlighting a strong existing automotive manufacturing base that could be leveraged for EV production. While global EV sales are growing exponentially, South Africa faces significant barriers including high import duties, lack of policy certainty, and a lack of affordable products for the middle class. Key opportunities are identified in electric bus manufacturing, lithium-ion battery production, and passenger vehicle exports. The document also details the role of the Western Cape as a greentech hub and outlines the transition from the Automotive Production & Development Programme (APDP) to the South African Automotive Masterplan (SAAM) 2021-2035.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000294#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global electric vehicle sales are experiencing exponential growth, with projections estimating five million units sold in 2019, compared to one million in 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000294#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Africa's automotive sector is a major economic contributor, generating over R500 billion in revenue in 2017 and employing approximately 900,000 workers, though it remains focused on internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000294#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The public transport sector, specifically electric buses, is identified as the most viable business case for electrification in South Africa due to existing domestic production and high local content requirements (70% to 80%) for public procurement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000294#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Africa is well-positioned for lithium-ion battery (LIB) production because it possesses 78% of the world's manganese, a key material for nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) cathode chemistry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000294#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High import duties and luxury taxes create a significant price barrier for EVs in South Africa; total taxes on EVs and hybrids reach 42%, compared to 18% for ICE vehicles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000294#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The transition to EVs could provide a balance of trade saving of ZAR 8.1 billion per year if one million EVs were introduced, by reducing oil imports by 58 PJ/a.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000294#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Widespread EV adoption poses a fiscal risk to the South African government as it relies heavily on fuel levies, which were expected to collect R77.5 billion in the 2018/19 financial year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000294#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The South African Automotive Masterplan (SAAM) 2021-2035 aims to increase local content of assembled vehicles to 60% (from 38.74%) and double employment in the automotive value chain to 224,000 jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000294#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Charging infrastructure in South Africa is currently limited to approximately 120 publicly accessible stations, mostly located in Gauteng and consisting primarily of AC chargers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000294#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["electric vehicle","electric vehicle charging network","greenhouse gas emissions","energy security","carbon tax","green economy"],"geography_discussed":["Western Cape","Gauteng","Eastern Cape","KwaZulu-Natal","People's Republic of China","Europe","North America","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market intelligence","policy analysis","economic assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-003517","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003517","title":"Global Market Report: Cocoa","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/ssi-global-market-report-cocoa.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The global cocoa market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.3% from 2019 to 2025, driven by demand in Western Europe, North America, and emerging Asian economies. While VSS-compliant cocoa grew significantly between 2008 and 2016, the sector faces long-term supply risks from ageing trees, climate change, and systemic poverty. The report highlights the potential for VSS expansion in LHDCs, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, and Togo, to improve farmer livelihoods and environmental outcomes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003517#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The global cocoa beans market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.3 per cent from 2019 to 2025, reaching a value of USD 16.32 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003517#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Demand for cocoa is increasing in traditional markets like Western Europe and North America for health-focused and premium products, while emerging economies such as China, Mexico, Indonesia, Turkey, and India are seeing growth due to rising GDP per capita.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003517#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"VSS-compliant cocoa production grew at a CAGR of approximately 46 per cent from 2008 to 2016, representing at least 29 per cent of total global production in 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003517#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant supply-side risks threaten long-term growth, including ageing trees that reduce yields, rising temperatures in West Africa that may trigger deforestation, and systemic poverty affecting the majority of producers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003517#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Income disparity is a persistent issue; cocoa farmers in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire earn only 3 to 6 per cent of the retail market value of chocolate bars.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003517#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Low Human Development Countries (LHDCs) produced 43 per cent of total cocoa and 61 per cent of VSS-compliant cocoa in 2016. Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, and Togo are identified as having the most potential for maximizing sustainable development outcomes through VSS expansion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003517#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","climate change","agroforestry","sustainable agriculture","poverty reduction","smallholder"],"geography_discussed":["Ivory Coast","Ghana","Nigeria","Netherlands","Germany","United States","People's Republic of China","Mexico","Indonesia","Turkey","India","Japan","Philippines","United Kingdom","Dominican Republic","Ecuador","Peru","Togo","Papua New Guinea","Uganda","Guinea","Cameroon","Brazil","Western Europe","North America","Asia","West Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","sustainability assessment"]}]}