{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Nicaragua"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":255,"relation":"eq"},"page":13,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Nicaragua&page=13","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"issafri-002635","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-002635","title":"Private security and international law","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/PEACECHAP10.PDF","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes the intersection of private security services and international law, specifically focusing on the definition of mercenaries under Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions and the legal obligations of states where such companies are based. It explores the legitimacy of providing military support to governments versus dissident parties, the risks of privatizing security for corporations in weak states, and the ethical and legal dilemmas humanitarian organisations face when considering armed escorts. The text concludes that the rise of 'new mercenaries' requires a coordinated UN response to prevent the erosion of national sovereignty and ensure adherence to humanitarian principles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002635#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"International humanitarian law distinguishes between the justification for using force and the conduct of military actions, focusing on the latter to preserve humanity during war.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002635#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Under Article 47 of Protocol I, a mercenary is defined by five cumulative criteria, including being specially recruited to fight, motivated by private gain with remuneration exceeding that of regular forces, and not being a national or resident of a party to the conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002635#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The legality of private security services provided to a public entity depends on the legitimacy of that entity; providing support to a dissident party is generally a violation of sovereignty unless the UN acknowledges the government's illegitimacy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002635#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Military advisors and technicians are not considered mercenaries as long as they do not take a 'direct part in the hostilities,' which requires a direct causal relationship between their activity and harm done to the enemy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002635#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In states with disintegrating structures, private security companies protecting corporate interests (such as mining or oil installations) may assume state responsibilities, raising questions about accountability for humanitarian law violations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002635#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"States are not directly responsible for the conduct of private companies unless the company acts on behalf of the state, but they may be liable for a lack of 'due diligence' or for breaching neutrality laws by allowing the recruitment of combatants on their territory.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002635#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Africa's Regulation of Foreign Military Assistance Act of 1998 employs a broad definition of assistance, covering not only combat but also advice, training, logistics, and even medical services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002635#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of private armed escorts by humanitarian organisations is discouraged by the ICRC because it risks compromising impartiality, tarnishing the organisation's image, and creating dangerous dependencies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002635#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ICRC acts as the 'guardian of international humanitarian law,' which includes the potential for establishing a dialogue with private security companies to ensure their staff abide by humanitarian rules.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002635#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Angola","Nigeria","Russia","Kyrgyzstan","Georgia","Ukraine","South Africa","United States","United Kingdom","Somalia","Sierra Leone","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Papua New Guinea","Nicaragua"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["legal analysis","policy review"]},{"id":"napglob-000080","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/napglob-000080","title":"ESTADO DE LA REGIÓN","publisher":{"name":"NAP Global Network","organization":"nap-global-network"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/ERCA-2021-Capitulo_6_Desastres.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report provides a spatial analysis of disaster incidence in Central America and the Dominican Republic between 1950 and 2020. It identifies that hydrometeorological events, specifically floods and landslides, are the most recurrent threats, often coinciding with high-density urban areas and coastal zones. The study highlights a significant increase in recorded disasters since 1990, peaking in 2010. It further correlates disaster risk with physical variables, noting that 70.7% of records occur below 1,000 meters above sea level and that a high percentage of critical territories are located in areas with medium to high population density. The analysis also observes a decline in forest cover and an increase in pasture land from 1990 to 2018, linking these land-use changes to increased disaster vulnerability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000080#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Floods and landslides are the most frequent threats in Central America and the Dominican Republic, accounting for 86% of all disaster records between 1950 and 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000080#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The annual number of recorded disasters rose sharply starting in the 1990s compared to the 1950-1990 period, reaching a peak of 2,544 records in 2010.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000080#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A majority of disaster records (70.7%) are located at altitudes below 1,000 meters above sea level, which is partly attributed to high population concentrations at these elevations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000080#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a strong correlation between the timing of precipitation extremes and disaster occurrence, with 54% of droughts, floods, and landslides occurring during the most common drought months (March and April) and surplus precipitation months (October and November).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000080#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Most critical territories for disaster incidence overlap with areas of medium or high population density (76 or more inhabitants per km2), particularly in capital cities and major urban centers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000080#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 1990 and 2018, there was a significant decrease in forest cover (a 23.3% reduction) and a corresponding increase in pasture land, which grew from 30% to 50% of the territory.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000080#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study identified specific 'multi-hazard' territories where high concentrations of floods, landslides, and droughts coincide, including the canton of Osa in Costa Rica, the municipality of San Pedro Sula in Honduras, and the Distrito Central in the Dominican Republic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000080#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["flood","landslide","drought","climate variability","land-use change","deforestation","urbanization","climate change adaptation","disaster risk reduction"],"geography_discussed":["Costa Rica","Guatemala","Honduras","El Salvador","Nicaragua","Panama","Belize","San Pedro Sula","Osa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["spatial analysis","temporal analysis","correlation analysis"]},{"id":"prio-001190","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001190","title":"A price worth fighting for? Natural resources and conflict recurrence","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/caece463-787d-4449-b8b3-26da280e511b/A Price Worth Fighting For Natural Resources and Conflict Recurrence.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The study analyzes 285 conflict episodes to determine how natural resources affect the duration of postconflict peace. It identifies three primary mechanisms: distribution, financing, and aggravation. The findings indicate that while natural resource conflicts generally show shorter peace periods bivariately, only conflicts driven by disagreements over the distribution of resources and revenues significantly increase the risk of recurrence in a multivariate analysis. This suggests that resource-related grievances are a more persistent driver of conflict relapse than the mere opportunity to finance warfare.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001190#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Bivariate analysis shows that peace periods following conflicts linked to any natural resource mechanism are 41.4% shorter than those following non-resource conflicts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001190#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In a multivariate survival model, only conflicts characterized by the distribution mechanism—disagreements over the ownership or revenue of natural resources—significantly shorten the duration of postconflict peace.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001190#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study refutes the hypothesis that conflicts financed by natural resources are significantly more likely to resume, challenging the theory that conflict recurrence is primarily driven by the feasibility of financing rebellion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001190#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The aggravation mechanism, where resources indirectly fuel conflict through factors like pipeline proximity or environmental degradation, was not found to have a significant impact on peace failure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001190#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The research identifies that natural resource conflicts are more likely to end without a clear resolution, as these mechanisms significantly reduce the probability of the conflict ending in a military victory.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001190#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regional analysis reveals that resource distribution claims are most prevalent in South Asia, while the use of resources for financing is most common in East Asia and the Pacific, largely driven by cases in Burma.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001190#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The risk of peace failure is highest in the first 20 years following conflict termination, with the likelihood of peace continuing to hold increasing as the duration of the peace period grows.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001190#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["natural resource management","petroleum","natural gas","environmental degradation","desertification","drought"],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa","South Asia","East Asia and the Pacific","Myanmar","Middle East and North Africa","Europe and Central Asia","Nigeria","El Salvador","Nepal","India","Senegal","Angola","Liberia","Sierra Leone","Mali","Nicaragua","Indonesia","Chad","Ethiopia","Republic of the Congo"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative","survival analysis","multivariate analysis"]},{"id":"prio-001213","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001213","title":"Armed Conflict and Post-Conflict Justice, 1946–2006: A Dataset","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/a68f71c1-5c51-42f6-957e-ad4314e77750/Armed Conflict and Post-Conflict Justice 1946-2006.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The authors present a dataset of 357 armed conflict episodes (1946–2006) to track post-conflict justice (PCJ) processes. PCJ is defined as any process initiated within five years of a conflict's end to address wrongdoings. The dataset identifies six primary tools: trials, truth commissions, reparations, amnesties, purges, and exiles. Preliminary analysis shows that the choice of justice mechanism is influenced by conflict intensity, incompatibility (territorial vs. government control), and the type of termination (victory vs. bargained solution). For instance, trials are more frequent after decisive victories, while amnesties are more common after bargained solutions and in high-intensity civil wars.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001213#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The dataset covers 357 armed conflict episodes from 1946 to 2006, identifying 272 post-conflict justice processes related to 173 different conflict episodes. Approximately 53% of post-conflict societies implement at least one PCJ tool, and 22% implement two or more.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001213#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Trials are the most common PCJ process, with domestic trials being the most frequent. Of the 78 trial processes recorded, 45% involved executions and 12 cases were identified as breaches of justice, such as show trials.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001213#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Amnesties are frequent in post-conflict societies, with 92 cases recorded. Most are granted unconditionally, often as part of peace agreements, and are frequently extended to the losing party as a means to bargain for peace.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001213#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Conflict intensity significantly influences the choice of justice mechanism. Only 17% of civil wars (defined as having at least 1,000 battle deaths) resulted in trial processes, whereas nearly one-third of low-intensity conflicts (fewer than 1,000 battle deaths) did. Civil wars also lead to more amnesties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001213#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The method of conflict termination affects PCJ selection: trials are more frequent after decisive victories (47% of cases), while amnesties are most common after bargained solutions (45% of cases). Purges and exiles are also more prevalent following military victories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001213#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Conflicts fought over government control are more likely to result in the implementation of PCJ processes than those fought over territorial disputes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001213#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Sierra Leone","Rwanda","Liberia","Chile","Argentina","Azerbaijan","South Yemen","Saudi Arabia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Equatorial Guinea","Papua New Guinea","Iran","Russia","People's Republic of China","Nicaragua","Gabon"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["dataset introduction","descriptive statistics","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"prio-001373","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001373","title":"Explaining External Support for Insurgent Groups","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/ba2631d9-71a0-4297-9b5f-93d7d52b73ac/Explaining External Support for Insurgent Groups.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The research examines the determinants of external state support for rebel groups using a new dataset of 403 organizations. It argues that support is not merely a function of the civil war's general characteristics but depends on the specific attributes of the rebel group and the international relations of the target state. The findings indicate that moderately strong groups with transnational constituencies are most likely to receive aid, particularly when the target state is involved in an international rivalry or receives its own external support. Conversely, very strong or very weak groups, and those in democratic states, are less likely to be supported.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001373#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"External support is most likely for rebel groups of moderate strength; the strongest and weakest groups are less likely to receive assistance. Very weak groups are seen as unworthy investments, while the strongest can rely on domestic resources and prioritize autonomy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001373#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Rebel groups with transnational constituencies—including those with ethnic, religious, or ideological ties across borders—are significantly more likely to receive external state support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001373#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Insurgent groups are more likely to receive external assistance if the state they are fighting is engaged in an international rivalry, as sponsoring rebels is a tactic to undermine enemies without initiating full-scale interstate war.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001373#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Counterbalancing interventions are common, where external states support rebel groups specifically because the target government is already receiving external assistance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001373#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Contrary to the authors' initial hypothesis, the ability to control territory did not decrease the likelihood of foreign support; instead, it was found to be positively related to receiving support, possibly because it proves the group's viability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001373#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"General country-level characteristics, such as GDP per capita and overall military capacity (CINC), are not reliable predictors of whether rebel groups receive external support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001373#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Democratic states are generally less likely to be the target of externally sponsored rebel groups compared to non-democracies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001373#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The presence of a strong central command did not increase the likelihood of receiving support, contradicting the expectation that such structures make rebels more reliable agents for state patrons.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001373#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Colombia","Chad","Libya","South Africa","Angola","Mozambique","Sudan","Uganda","Iran","Iraq","Nicaragua","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Rwanda","Turkey","Sri Lanka","Afghanistan","Ethiopia","Philippines"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","principal-agent framework","logistic regression"]},{"id":"prio-001487","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001487","title":"Introducing the Strategies of Resistance Data Project","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/06d8a550-3809-4940-9902-28cfba5a4351/Introducing the Strategies of Resistance data project.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Strategies of Resistance Data Project (SRDP) provides a global dataset of 1,124 organizations involved in self-determination disputes between 1960 and 2005. Unlike previous datasets that focus on mass campaigns or violent actors, SRDP uses the organization as the unit of analysis to track tactical shifts. Findings indicate that nonviolent tactics are more common than violence in these movements, and organizations are more likely to switch from violence to nonviolence than vice versa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001487#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The SRDP dataset includes 1,124 organizations involved in movements for national self-determination across 76 countries and 138 movements between 1960 and 2005.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001487#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nonviolent tactics are more prevalent than violent tactics among organizations in self-determination movements; 40% of organizations used nonviolent tactics at some point, compared to approximately 30% that employed violence against the state.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001487#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant portion of organizations employ a diversity of tactics, with about 15% using both violent and nonviolent tactics in the same year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001487#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of tactical switching reveals that organizations are more likely to transition from violence to nonviolence than from nonviolence to violence, contradicting the assumption that actors simply 'resort' to violence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001487#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A comparison with the NAVCO 2.0 dataset shows that the majority of resistance activity occurs outside of large-scale mass campaigns; nearly 70% of nonviolent and 54% of violent organization-years in SRDP took place outside the context of a NAVCO campaign.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001487#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The SRDP categorizes nonviolent tactics into five distinct types: economic noncooperation, protest and demonstration, nonviolent intervention, social noncooperation, and political noncooperation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001487#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"At the organization level, a higher degree of movement fragmentation is associated with a switch from violence to nonviolence, but not with a switch from nonviolence to violence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001487#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"At the movement level, the presence of at least one organization demanding independence is associated with a decreased likelihood of stopping nonviolence and an increased likelihood of ceasing violence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001487#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Spain","Morocco","Myanmar","Bangladesh","Ethiopia","Comoros","Chile","Nicaragua","Iraq","Algeria","Canada","Belgium","Moldova","Slovakia","Indonesia","Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","dataset introduction","multinomial logistic modeling"]},{"id":"prio-001510","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001510","title":"Kjønnsbasert vold i krig: Hvordan få god kunnskap og på hvilken måte?","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"no","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/6ef80b15-928b-4bb4-8b81-947120c0f9d9/Kjonnsbasert vold i krig Hvordan få god kunnskap og på hvilken måte.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The author examines the challenges of gathering data on sexual violence in war, noting that it is often used as a political tool to demoralize enemies and reinforce masculinity. The text highlights historical examples from Nanking, Berlin, Rwanda, and Bosnia to illustrate the systemic nature of these crimes. It argues that current data collection is hindered by victim stigma, lack of uniform definitions, and poor baseline data. To move from 'overview to insight,' the author suggests that researchers must analyze how sexual violence interacts with national and gender identities, noting that victims who view themselves as 'ethnic victims' often find more social support than those who view themselves as 'female victims.'","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001510#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Sexual violence in war has evolved from being viewed as an unfortunate consequence of soldierly violence to being recognized as a deliberate part of the political strategy of war, where the female body is used as a battlefield to express revenge and spread fear.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001510#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Historical evidence shows widespread systemic sexual violence across various conflicts: Japanese forces used a 'comfort women' system of sexual slavery in Asia (affecting approximately 200,000 women, 80% of whom were Korean); Soviet forces in Berlin (1945) committed mass rapes with a prevalence estimated between 6% and 1 million victims; and the 1994 Rwandan genocide involved systematic sexual violence against Tutsi women.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001510#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Data collection on gender-based violence faces four primary challenges: victims' reluctance to speak due to shame or trauma, the lack of a uniform definition of 'sexualized violence' across organizations, the absence of pre-conflict baseline data for comparison, and the risk of creating 'hierarchies of rape' where only politically significant cases are prioritized.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001510#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The psychological and social recovery of victims in Bosnia depends heavily on how they categorize their trauma: those who define themselves as 'ethnic victims' often receive more family support because the violence is viewed as a political act rather than a result of personal behavior, whereas those who see themselves as 'female victims' often face greater stigma and fear of abandonment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001510#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International legal frameworks have progressed through the ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR), and the permanent International Criminal Court (ICC), which have helped establish that rape can be a component of genocide and a breach of international humanitarian law.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001510#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Bosnia and Herzegovina","Rwanda","China","Germany","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Sudan","Nicaragua","El Salvador","Sierra Leone","Liberia","Korea","Taiwan","Philippines","Indonesia","Myanmar","Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"prio-001701","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001701","title":"Resolving Civil Wars before they Start: The UN Security Council and Conflict Prevention in Self-Determination Disputes","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/9b582245-5d5e-4085-aff6-21c31ba863b9/Resolving Civil Wars before They Start The UN Security Council and Conflict Prevention in Self-Determination Disputes.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The study analyzes 142 self-determination movements across 77 countries to determine the preventive effects of UNSC actions. It finds that direct diplomatic engagement significantly reduces the probability of armed conflict onset. Additionally, while direct force and sanctions show limited or positive correlations with conflict, indirect authorizations of force and sanctions—those applied in a broader regional or state-wide context—act as powerful deterrents, reducing the likelihood of civil war for related self-determination groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001701#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Direct diplomatic engagement by the UNSC is strongly associated with a decrease in the likelihood of armed conflict in self-determination disputes. Specifically, periods immediately following resolutions containing instructions for diplomatic measures are estimated to be about 60 percent less likely to experience the onset of armed conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001701#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indirect authorizations of new force and sanctions—resolutions that do not explicitly name a specific self-determination movement but address a broader regional or state-wide conflict—have significant deterrent effects. Indirect force authorizations almost entirely eliminate the likelihood of conflict onset, while indirect sanctions reduce it by approximately 40 percent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001701#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Direct authorizations of new force do not show a statistically significant preventive effect, and direct sanctions are actually positively correlated with an increased likelihood of civil war.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001701#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Passive UNSC actions, including simple condemnations and the reauthorization of existing force mandates, do not have a statistically significant relationship with the onset of armed conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001701#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The preventive effect of diplomacy is not merely a result of managing existing conflicts, as the effect remains robust when the sample is limited to self-determination movements that had never previously participated in a civil war.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001701#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Several state and group-level factors correlate with the likelihood of civil war: increased numbers of movement factions, the presence of ethnic kin groups in neighboring states, and a higher total number of self-determination groups within a state all increase the probability of conflict. Conversely, democracy and higher GDP per capita are associated with a lower likelihood of onset.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001701#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["North Macedonia","Cyprus","Afghanistan","Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","South Africa","Nicaragua","Iran","Iraq"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","event-history modeling","logit regression"]},{"id":"rmi-001075","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/rmi-001075","title":"SECURITY WITHOUT WAR","publisher":{"name":"RMI","organization":"rmi"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://rmi.org/app/uploads/2017/05/RMI_Document_Repository_Public-Reprts_S93-23_SecurityWoutWar.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report critiques the U.S. reliance on military force and nuclear deterrence, arguing that such policies create instability and economic decay. It proposes a 'Security Without War' model centered on nonprovocative defense (NPD), where military forces are structured exclusively for defense to avoid provoking adversaries. The authors advocate for addressing the root causes of conflict through sustainable resource management, debt relief for the Third World, and the promotion of 'strong democracy'—characterized by minority protections and civil society—both domestically and abroad. The document also calls for the total international control and eventual disarmament of nuclear weapons, the strengthening of the United Nations and World Court, and the empowerment of municipal governments to conduct non-military foreign policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001075#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"U.S. national security is threatened by a broad array of non-military forces, including economic instability and environmental destruction, which are often ignored by planners focused on military threats.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001075#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cold War military interventions, including covert actions and proxy wars, have frequently been counterproductive, creating 'endless enemies' and undermining the foundations of democracy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001075#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'controlled arms race' of the Cold War imposed severe economic costs on the U.S., diverting funds from civilian infrastructure and research, and contributing to a decline in commercial competitiveness.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001075#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Environmental degradation, such as global warming and ozone depletion, constitutes a primary security threat that can lead to mass starvation and interstate competition for scarce resources like fresh water.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001075#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Strong democracy—defined by constitutional protections for minorities, the principle of subsidiarity, and a vibrant civil society—is a vital tool for preventing both interstate and intrastate wars.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001075#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nonprovocative Defense (NPD) is a strategy where military forces are structured to be incapable of preemptive deep strikes, thereby reducing the fear of attack and the incentive for adversaries to engage in arms races.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001075#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors propose a UN-led collective security system where a standing military force, shorn of offensive capabilities, protects subscriber nations from external aggression.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001075#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nuclear weapons are fundamentally incompatible with nonprovocative defense and collective security because they are designed for devastation rather than protection.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001075#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proliferation of nuclear weapons is facilitated by 'peaceful' nuclear power programs, which provide a civilian cover for the acquisition of bomb-building materials.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001075#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sustainable development in the Third World, including debt relief and the promotion of self-reliance, is essential to eliminate the economic roots of conflict and instability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001075#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Municipal foreign policies, where cities engage in direct international cooperation, provide a non-provocative and accountable alternative to centralized national security planning.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-001075#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","sustainable development","energy efficiency","renewable energy","deforestation","nuclear power"],"geography_discussed":["Soviet Union","Europe","Iraq","Kuwait","Nicaragua","People's Republic of China","Japan","Germany"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy proposal","strategic analysis","historical critique"]},{"id":"sei-001597","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001597","title":"Toward Climate Finance Reporting Systems in Latin America","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-2017-AdaptationWatch-1-rvsd.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document highlights the difficulty of tracking climate finance in Latin America due to fragmented funding channels and inconsistent definitions of key terms. It presents data from the Climate Finance Group for Latin America and the Caribbean (GFLAC) showing that international public climate finance for eight countries between 2010 and 2015 primarily consists of loans and is skewed toward mitigation over adaptation. The authors call for mutually agreed definitions, clear reporting guidelines, and capacity building within national governments to improve the collection and use of climate finance data for decision-making.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001597#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Tracking climate finance in Latin America is hindered by the fragmented nature of global funding, which flows through four primary public channels: bilateral agreements, multilateral climate funds, multilateral development banks, and national government budgets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001597#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Existing assessments of climate finance in the region often conflict because they use different timelines (such as fiscal versus calendar years) and differing definitions for terms like 'climate finance' and 'climate adaptation'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001597#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of international public climate finance across eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Peru) between 2010 and 2015 shows that 74.9% of the total 5,570 million USD received were loans, and 39.5% was allocated to mitigation compared to 26.0% for adaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001597#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To improve reporting, the region requires mutually agreed definitions for climate finance, mitigation, and adaptation, as well as the development of effectiveness indicators and increased national capacity to interpret data for resource allocation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001597#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","Low carbon development","multilateral development bank"],"geography_discussed":["Argentina","Bolivia","Chile","Ecuador","Guatemala","Honduras","Nicaragua","Peru"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["financial analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"sei-001693","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001693","title":"Improved Cookstoves in Central America: Health Impacts and Uptake","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-desk-study-2015-cookstoves-central-america.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the impact of improved cookstoves in Central America, noting that while many stoves reduce emissions, they often fail to meet WHO air quality guidelines for personal exposure. It identifies user-centered design, training, and financing as critical for adoption, while highlighting a lack of longitudinal data on sustained use.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001693#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Household air pollution (HAP) causes approximately 37,000 premature deaths annually in Central America, primarily affecting women and children.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001693#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Self-reported data from 30 stove models indicate an average reduction of CO emissions by 59% and particulate matter (PM) by 95% compared to open fires, though only 16% of these stoves have third-party certification.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001693#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite significant reductions in indoor air pollution, high-performance stoves like the plancha stove do not reduce particulate matter to levels that meet WHO guidelines, and reductions in personal exposure are often more modest than reductions in general indoor concentrations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001693#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Successful adoption of improved cookstoves in the region is driven by user-centered design, thorough training, community involvement, cost-sharing models, and the availability of after-sales services and spare parts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001693#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The cost of improved cookstoves in Central America is often prohibitively high for low-income households because they must include a “plancha” (griddle) for baking tortillas, a regional staple.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001693#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gap in comprehensive, longitudinal studies regarding the sustained household adoption of improved cookstoves over time in Central America.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001693#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["household air pollution","bioenergy","indoor air quality","public health","energy transition","clean cooking"],"geography_discussed":["Guatemala","Honduras","Nicaragua","El Salvador","Kenya","Mexico"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["desk study","literature review"]},{"id":"sei-001940","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001940","title":"Transforming Gender Relations in Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SIANI-Gender-Africa-book/SIANI-2013-Transforming-Gender-Relations-Front-matter.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document serves as a guide for designing agricultural development efforts that empower both women and men in Sub-Saharan Africa. It originated from a process initiated by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Swedish International Agricultural Network Initiative (SIANI) to move beyond the analysis of gender roles toward devising mechanisms for changing attitudes and roles to support food security, agricultural sector growth, and poverty alleviation. The report includes analytical frameworks and case studies covering topics such as land rights, value chains, household methodologies, and 'climate-smart' agriculture.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001940#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The report is based on a process to identify mechanisms for changing gender attitudes and roles in agriculture, specifically focusing on the importance of women for food security in an African context, agricultural sector growth, and poverty alleviation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001940#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document utilizes a variety of case studies from across Africa to illustrate successful approaches to gender transformation, including research on aquatic agricultural systems, land rights under the 2010 Constitution of Kenya, and the use of biogas as a sustainable energy and manure source.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001940#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report addresses specific thematic areas for gender transformation in agriculture, including the enabling environment, data capture, household methodologies, community empowerment, land rights, value chains, and 'climate-smart' agriculture.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001940#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Climate-smart agriculture","biogas","food security","gender equality","land tenure"],"geography_discussed":["Ethiopia","Kenya","Mozambique","Zambia","Uganda","Zimbabwe","Nicaragua"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy guide"]},{"id":"transfor-000111","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/transfor-000111","title":"AMÉRICA LATINA Y SUS MERCADOS DE CARBONO","publisher":{"name":"Transforma","organization":"transforma"},"document_type":"guide","language":"es","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://transforma.global/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Guia-Mercados-De-Carbono-Latinoamerica.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document explains the mechanics of carbon credits, distinguishing between regulated markets under the Paris Agreement and voluntary markets. It highlights that while Latin America and the Caribbean accounted for 22% of global carbon credit sales in 2021, the region lacks the robust regulation needed to prevent environmental and social risks. The guide warns against over-reliance on the forestry sector, the risk of 'greenwashing' in voluntary markets, and the potential for 'double counting' of emission reductions. It recommends establishing transparent national registries, ensuring fair benefit-sharing with local communities, and prioritizing structural decarbonization over simple offsetting.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"transfor-000111#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A carbon credit or bond is defined as a single unit representing one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) that has been either reduced or removed from the atmosphere.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"transfor-000111#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon markets are divided into regulated markets, which operate under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and voluntary markets, where entities offset emissions without government regulation, creating a risk of 'greenwashing'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"transfor-000111#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2021, carbon credits sold from Latin America and the Caribbean represented 22% of global trade, with the majority associated with the forestry and land-use sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"transfor-000111#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The current global price of carbon is considered too low to reflect the actual cost of atmospheric emissions; in 2021, the global average was 3.82 USD per tonne of CO2e, far below the 25 to 100 USD 'floor' prices suggested by experts based on national income levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"transfor-000111#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document identifies several critical risks in the region, including 'double counting' (where two countries claim the same reduction), the use of outdated Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) credits under the Paris Agreement, and the danger of prioritizing offsets over actual structural decarbonization.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"transfor-000111#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Over-reliance on the forestry sector for carbon bonds can lead to biodiversity loss, water pollution, and the neglect of urgent decarbonization needs in the energy and transport sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"transfor-000111#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social risks include unfair treatment and territorial conflicts, particularly regarding the distribution of financial benefits and land rights for indigenous, peasant, and Afro-descendant communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"transfor-000111#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon emission trading","carbon credit","Paris Agreement","Kyoto Protocol","Nationally Determined Contributions","greenwashing","forestry","renewable energy","electromobility","climate finance","land tenure","biodiversity","decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":["World","Singapore","Costa Rica","Mexico","Colombia","Ecuador","Haiti","Nicaragua","Peru","Dominican Republic","Chile","Uruguay","Australia","Panama"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["educational guide","risk assessment"]},{"id":"wri-000127","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-000127","title":"Securing Rights, Combating Climate Change","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.wri.org/research/securing-rights-combating-climate-change","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The executive summary argues that strengthening legal forest rights for Indigenous Peoples and local communities is a vital tool for mitigating climate change. It finds that forests under strong legal recognition and government protection experience significantly lower deforestation rates than those without such protections. The document emphasizes that legal rights alone are insufficient if governments undermine them through the allocation of resource concessions or failure to prevent illegal encroachments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-000127#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Deforestation rates are significantly lower in community forests that possess strong legal recognition and government protection compared to forests outside these areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-000127#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Brazilian Amazon, community forests with strong legal recognition and government protection had deforestation rates 11 times lower than other areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-000127#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Legal forest rights are associated with the maintenance or improvement of carbon storage, but government actions that weaken these rights—such as granting mining, gas, and oil concessions—can lead to high deforestation and CO2 emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-000127#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Community forests currently hold legal or official rights to at least 513 million hectares, which represents approximately one eighth of the world's total forests and contains 37.7 billion tonnes of carbon.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-000127#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","carbon capture and storage","greenhouse gas emissions","indigenous people","land tenure","forest degradation"],"geography_discussed":["Bolivia","Brazil","Colombia","Ecuador","Guatemala","Honduras","Indonesia","Mexico","Nepal","Nicaragua","Niger","Papua New Guinea","Peru","Tanzania","Amazon rainforest"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["evidence review"]},{"id":"wri-001832","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-001832","title":"The Economic Case for Landscape Restoration in Latin America","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/The_Economic_Case_for_Landscape_Restoration_in_Latin_America.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that large-scale landscape restoration in Latin America and the Caribbean is economically attractive, estimating a net present value of $23 billion over 50 years for the restoration of 20 million hectares. The analysis identifies agricultural productivity gains and carbon sequestration as the primary drivers of economic value, though results vary significantly by biome and degree of degradation. The study emphasizes that such efforts are critical for the region to achieve a low-carbon development path and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from land-use change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001832#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Restoring 20 million hectares of degraded land in Latin America and the Caribbean is estimated to yield a net present value (NPV) of approximately $23 billion over a 50-year period, averaging about $1,140 per hectare.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001832#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agricultural outputs provide the highest net gain in net present value per hectare ($274), followed closely by carbon revenues ($270) and non-wood forest products ($245).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001832#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Economic returns from restoration vary by biome, with wet biomes yielding an average NPV of about $1,700/ha and dry biomes yielding about $600/ha.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001832#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The highest economic gains are associated with the restoration of severely degraded lands in wet biomes, while the lowest gains are expected from moderately degraded lands in dry biomes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001832#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Meeting the goals of Initiative 20x20 would result in the sequestration of approximately 1.34 gigatons of carbon (or 4.8 to 4.92 gigatons of CO2e) over 50 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001832#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The net present value of restoration is highly sensitive to carbon pricing; at $0/ton of CO2, the NPV is $869/ha, but it rises to $3,291/ha if the price is $20/ton.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001832#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Land-use change and unsustainable agricultural activities are the primary drivers of climate change in the region, accounting for 56 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001832#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Degraded lands, which have lost natural productivity due to human activity, account for over 20 percent of forest and agricultural lands in Latin America and the Caribbean, totaling approximately 300 million hectares of degraded forests and 350 million hectares of deforested lands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001832#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon sequestration","greenhouse gas emissions","agroforestry","deforestation","land-use change","sustainable agriculture","climate finance","ecosystem service","Low carbon development"],"geography_discussed":["Brazil","Colombia","Costa Rica","Nicaragua"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic valuation","net present value analysis","sensitivity analysis"]}]}