{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Nepal"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":698,"relation":"eq"},"page":8,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Nepal&page=8","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Nepal&page=9","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-002559","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002559","title":"Enhancing Biodiversity Co-Benefits From Nature-Based Solutions","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/biodiversity-co-benefits-nature-based-solutions.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report outlines a framework for integrating biodiversity co-benefits into the lifecycle of nature-based solutions (NbS) for climate adaptation. It emphasizes moving beyond simple area-coverage metrics toward indicators of ecosystem functioning and health. The authors advocate for a multidisciplinary approach that integrates Traditional Knowledge, human rights-based frameworks, and inclusive governance to avoid socio-ecological trade-offs. The document provides a step-by-step implementation cycle—from system understanding and risk assessment to monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL)—supported by a list of global standards and technical resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002559#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Nature-based solutions (NbS) for adaptation can provide multiple benefits for biodiversity and society, but they must be implemented with environmental and social protection measures to be effective as part of an integrated adaptation strategy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002559#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a documented tendency in NbS for adaptation projects to neglect 'wetter' habitats and rely on limited metrics that fail to assess functional diversity and habitat connectivity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002559#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The most cost-effective and efficient priority for NbS initiatives is to first retain and maintain existing intact ecosystems, followed by restoring lost ecosystems, and finally constructing new ecosystems with required functions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002559#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To ensure biodiversity co-benefits, practitioners should apply a specific project implementation cycle consisting of six steps: understanding the system, risk assessment, identifying options, appraising options, implementation, and monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002559#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective monitoring of biodiversity co-benefits requires a mix of indicators covering structure, diversity, composition, ecosystem functioning, landscape structure, and conservation status, rather than relying solely on area coverage or species diversity indices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002559#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous-managed lands often maintain higher biodiversity than formally designated protected areas, making the integration of Traditional Knowledge and Indigenous leadership critical for successful NbS.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002559#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NbS projects may face a mismatch between funding timelines and ecological recovery, as biodiversity improvements often take years or decades to materialize after the initial implementation phase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002559#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Poorly designed NbS projects can lead to socio-ecological trade-offs, such as the loss of land access, increased marginalization of vulnerable groups, or the creation of 'ecosystem disservices' like increased mosquito-borne disease transmission from wetland restoration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002559#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","ecosystem-based adaptation","biodiversity","climate change adaptation","ecosystem service","traditional knowledge","climate finance","gender equality","ecological restoration"],"geography_discussed":["Vanuatu","Nepal","The Gambia","Indonesia","Belgium","Canada","Madagascar","Scotland","Singapore","Sudan","South Africa","United Kingdom"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["technical guidance","framework development","literature review"]},{"id":"iisd-002896","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002896","title":"Innovative Financial Instruments and Their Potential to Finance Climate Change Adaptation in Developing Countries","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/financial-instruments-climate-change-adaptation.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes why private finance for climate adaptation in developing countries remains low, citing lack of clear revenue streams and high transaction costs for small-scale projects. It evaluates established and emerging financial instruments—such as blended finance, guarantees, and payment for ecosystem services—and argues that the most effective path forward is not the creation of new instruments, but the innovative combination and application of existing ones to match specific project needs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002896#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Private sector investment in climate adaptation is significantly lower than public investment, accounting for only 2.3% of finance flowing to adaptation projects in 2019/2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002896#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Adaptation projects are often less attractive to private investors than mitigation projects because they frequently lack clear revenue-generating opportunities and are typically smaller in financial scale, leading to higher relative transaction costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002896#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of Green Climate Fund (GCF) data as of January 2023 shows that private sector financiers favor larger projects; the average size of adaptation projects with private financing was over 3.5 times larger than the average size of all adaptation projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002896#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Blended finance, which combines public catalytic capital with private investment, remains the primary means for private sector support in adaptation, though there is a need to move beyond grants and concessional loans toward credit de-risking tools like guarantees and liquidity facilities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002896#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Packaging adaptation projects with revenue-generating activities (e.g., combining seawalls with toll roads) or creating aggregated portfolios can make them more attractive to private investors who require a return on investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002896#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Certain financial instruments, such as stormwater markets and tax increment financing (TIF), are used in developed countries but are currently infeasible in many developing countries due to a lack of institutional capacity for taxation and monitoring.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002896#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) can effectively channel funding to adaptation, as demonstrated by Peru's Quiroz-Chira Water Fund, but success depends on strong institutional trust and early participant buy-in.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002896#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report concludes that the greatest potential to increase private sector financing lies not in developing new instruments, but in innovating how existing instruments are combined and matched to specific projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002896#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Grant and concessional public finance remains the only suitable option for adaptation interventions in the most poor and fragile regions where projects cannot provide an adequate return on investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002896#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","climate change adaptation","Blended Finance","Private sector engagement","climate bond","public–private partnership","nature-based solutions","Climate-smart agriculture","water management"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","Nepal","Peru","Canada","United Arab Emirates"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","financial assessment","case study analysis"]},{"id":"napglob-000253","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/napglob-000253","title":"Addressing Loss and Damage: What can we learn from countries’ National Adaptation Plans?","publisher":{"name":"NAP Global Network","organization":"nap-global-network"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-05","source_url":"https://napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/napgn-en-2023-addressing-loss-damage.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes 41 multisectoral National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) to explore their role in managing loss and damage. It finds that while nearly half of NAPs explicitly mention loss and damage and almost all incorporate disaster risk management, there are significant gaps in addressing non-economic losses and irreversible impacts. The authors argue that NAPs are essential tools for minimizing loss and damage and recommend that international funding and planning for loss and damage build upon existing NAP risk assessments and institutional frameworks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000253#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Approximately 49% of the reviewed NAP documents make direct references to loss and damage, with a higher prevalence in documents submitted in 2021 and 2022 and among Small Island Developing States.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000253#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Disaster risk management (DRM) is nearly universal in NAPs, with 95% of documents mentioning DRM or disaster risk reduction (DRR), though only 10% explicitly refer to comprehensive risk management (CRM).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000253#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"DRM actions within NAPs are heavily skewed toward ex-ante measures like risk assessment and early warning systems, while ex-post actions such as disaster response and recovery are less common.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000253#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While the specific term 'slow-onset events' is used by only 17% of countries, 100% of the reviewed NAPs mention at least one specific slow-onset event, such as sea level rise or increasing temperatures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000253#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Permanent human mobility, including displacement and resettlement, is addressed in only about 40% of NAPs, despite a higher percentage of documents mentioning mobility in general terms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000253#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-economic losses are rarely addressed, appearing in only 29% of NAPs, with the loss of cultural heritage being the most frequently cited issue.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000253#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NAP documents generally lack detailed analysis of scenarios that exceed the limits of adaptation, leaving a gap in the assessment of existential threats and irreversible impacts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000253#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["loss and damage","national adaptation plan","disaster risk reduction","climate finance","climate justice","early warning system","insurance","ecosystem-based adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["Saint Lucia","Suriname","Tonga","Timor-Leste","Kiribati","Kenya","Madagascar","Sierra Leone","Albania","Cape Verde","Sri Lanka","Peru","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Liberia","Central African Republic","Togo","Brazil","Cameroon","Benin","Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Palestine","Nepal"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["document review","qualitative analysis","stakeholder interviews"]},{"id":"napglob-000344","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/napglob-000344","title":"Hacer frente a las pérdidas y los daños: ¿Qué podemos aprender de los Planes Nacionales de Adaptación de los países?","publisher":{"name":"NAP Global Network","organization":"nap-global-network"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2023-05","source_url":"https://napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/napgn-es-2023-loss-and-damage-in-naps.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes 41 multisectoral NAPs to determine the extent to which they integrate loss and damage (L&D) information and actions. It argues that NAPs are fundamental tools for minimizing L&D through adaptation and disaster risk management, though they often lack detailed analysis of irreversible impacts and non-economic losses. The authors propose a 'spectrum' approach to L&D—ranging from avoidance (mitigation) to minimization (adaptation/DRR) and addressing (humanitarian response/reparations)—and recommend that international financing mechanisms leverage existing NAP risk assessments to avoid duplication and ensure climate justice.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000344#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Approximately 49% of the reviewed National Adaptation Plan (NAP) documents make direct reference to the concept of loss and damage, with a high concentration among small island developing states (37% of those mentioning L&D).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000344#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a very high integration of Disaster Risk Management (DRM) within NAPs, with 95% of documents mentioning DRM or Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), although only 10% specifically reference Integrated Risk Management (IRM).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000344#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"DRM actions in NAPs are heavily skewed toward risk understanding and reduction, such as early warning systems and insurance, while specific actions for disaster response and recovery are less common.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000344#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While 100% of the analyzed NAPs mention slow-onset events—such as sea-level rise, temperature increases, and biodiversity loss—only 17% use the specific term 'slow-onset events'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000344#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Human mobility is mentioned in most NAPs, but only about 40% address permanent mobility, such as relocation or resettlement, rather than seasonal or economic migration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000344#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-economic losses are significantly under-addressed, appearing in only 29% of NAPs, with the loss of cultural heritage being the most frequently cited issue (15%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000344#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a critical gap in NAP documents regarding the analysis of scenarios that exceed adaptation limits, suggesting countries need more support to evaluate existential threats.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000344#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["loss and damage","national adaptation plan","disaster risk reduction","climate finance","climate justice","early warning system","ecosystem-based adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["Saint Lucia","Suriname","Tonga","Timor-Leste","Kenya","Kiribati","Madagascar","Sierra Leone","Albania","Cape Verde","Sri Lanka","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Liberia","Central African Republic","Togo","Cameroon","Benin","Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Palestine","Nepal"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["document review","qualitative analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"napglob-000392","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/napglob-000392","title":"Aborder les pertes et préjudices : que peuvent nous enseigner les plans nationaux d’adaptation des pays ?","publisher":{"name":"NAP Global Network","organization":"nap-global-network"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2023-05","source_url":"https://napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/napgn-fr-2023-loss-and-damage-in-naps.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes 41 multisectoral National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) to assess their integration of loss and damage (L&D) strategies. It finds that while nearly half of NAPs explicitly mention L&D and almost all include disaster risk management (DRM) components, there is a significant gap in addressing non-economic losses and irreversible impacts. The document proposes a 'spectrum' approach to L&D, ranging from avoidance (mitigation) and minimization (adaptation/DRR) to remediation (humanitarian response and reparations). It recommends that governments and international funders leverage existing NAP risk analyses as a starting point for L&D assessments and ensure that new L&D financing targets impacts that exceed adaptation limits to avoid duplicating existing adaptation efforts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000392#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Approximately 49% of the analyzed National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) explicitly mention the concept of loss and damage, with a high concentration of these documents submitted in 2021 and 2022, and 37% originating from small island developing states.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000392#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Disaster Risk Management (DRM) is nearly universal in NAPs, with 95% mentioning DRM or Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), covering all components from risk understanding and reduction to emergency response and recovery.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000392#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"DRM measures within NAPs are primarily focused on risk understanding and reduction; there are far fewer specific measures for emergency response and recovery, though early warning systems and insurance are common.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000392#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While only 17% of NAPs use the specific term 'slow onset events,' every single analyzed NAP refers to at least one such event, such as sea-level rise, temperature increase, or biodiversity loss.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000392#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Human mobility is mentioned in most NAPs, but only about 40% address it in a permanent sense, such as relocation or resettlement, rather than just seasonal or economic migration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000392#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-economic losses are rarely addressed, appearing in only 29% of NAPs, with the loss of cultural heritage being the most frequently cited issue (15%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000392#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NAPs generally contain limited information on scenarios that exceed adaptation limits, suggesting that countries need more support to assess existential threats as a basis for L&D responses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000392#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["loss and damage","national adaptation plan","disaster risk reduction","climate finance","climate justice","ecosystem-based adaptation","early warning system"],"geography_discussed":["Saint Lucia","Suriname","Tonga","Timor-Leste","Kiribati","Kenya","Madagascar","Sierra Leone","Albania","Sri Lanka","Peru","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Liberia","Central African Republic","Togo","Brazil","Cameroon","Benin","Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Palestine","Nepal"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","systematic review"]},{"id":"sei-001384","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001384","title":"Three key findings on girls and young women in climate activism and advocacy in the region","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2023-05","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/girls-activism-leadership-asia-pacific-sei2023.031.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document identifies that girls and young women in Asia and the Pacific employ diverse strategies for climate advocacy, ranging from grassroots action to digital mobilization, but face significant structural barriers including restrictive gender and age norms, shrinking civic spaces, and 'youthwashing'. It recommends that international and regional policymakers institutionalize inclusive youth-engagement mechanisms and protect the rights of young women to freedom of expression and assembly.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001384#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Girls and young women in Asia and the Pacific utilize a multifaceted approach to climate justice advocacy, combining daily hands-on action, awareness raising, networking with decision-makers, and disruptive activities like protests and legal actions. A survey of 218 advocates aged 18 to 34 revealed that over 40% belong to an ethnic minority or Indigenous group and 40% reside in non-urban areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001384#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media is a primary tool for advocacy, used by over 90% of surveyed girls and young women for communication and raising awareness. However, these advocates note limitations such as misinformation, cybersecurity risks, and a pattern where online attention to their voices peaks only during high-profile events like UN Conferences of Parties (COPs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001384#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Structural and societal barriers significantly hinder the effectiveness of young women's advocacy in the region. These include shrinking civic spaces, a lack of official engagement mechanisms, and restrictive gender and age norms that limit their movement, education, and credibility in decision-making processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001384#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Advocates in the global South face specific challenges regarding misrepresentation and power imbalances compared to those in the global North. Media coverage often focuses on \"individual heroes\" or \"girl power,\" which the document argues diverts attention from the collective action needed to address root causes of inequality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001384#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document identifies the risk of \"youthwashing,\" where young women are included in decision-making spaces at a tokenistic level to provide a veneer of legitimacy without any meaningful commitment to change from adults.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001384#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate activism exposes girls and young women to significant risks to their physical and mental health, including threats of arrest, physical attacks, cyberbullying, and climate anxiety driven by leader inaction and media negativity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001384#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate justice","gender equality","indigenous rights","human rights"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Nepal","Solomon Islands","Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy brief","regional analysis"]},{"id":"prio-001537","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001537","title":"Introducing the Mapping Attitudes, Perceptions and Support (MAPS) Dataset on the Colombian Peace Process","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2023-04-21","source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/d452040b-025f-4be8-8d15-b83f15a8e90a/MAPS_Data_Feature_Paper_423.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The MAPS dataset provides survey data from over 12,000 respondents across 16 'Programs for Development with a Territorial Focus' (PDET) regions in Colombia. Comparing data from 2019 and 2021, the study finds that while overall support for the peace agreement increased over time, perceptions of security deteriorated and satisfaction with the implementation of specific provisions generally declined. The authors argue that the dataset's regional representativity reveals variations in support and trust that are often obscured in nationally-representative surveys.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001537#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The MAPS survey reveals that support for the 2016 peace agreement in war-affected communities is generally lower than levels reported in nationally-representative surveys, such as those by LAPOP and the Observatorio de la Democracia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001537#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There was a statistically significant increase in satisfaction with the peace agreement between the first wave (2019) and the second wave (2021) of the MAPS panel, with 7 of the 16 PDET regions showing significant increases and 9 remaining stable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001537#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Perceptions of security in war-affected regions deteriorated between 2019 and 2021; the proportion of respondents reporting that armed conflict persists in their community rose by 19.3 percentage points to 38.5%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001537#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Satisfaction with the implementation of specific peace agreement provisions generally eroded between 2019 and 2021, with significant declines in areas such as coca crop substitution, safety for social leaders, and truth, justice, and reparations for victims.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001537#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"At the individual level, positive changes in security assessments and increased satisfaction with overall implementation are positively correlated with increased support for the peace agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001537#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Interpersonal trust is extremely low among PDET residents, with 97% of respondents in 2021 stating they need to be very cautious when dealing with most people. Trust in FARC ex-combatants also declined significantly from 27% in 2019 to 19% in 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001537#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Japan","Norway","Zimbabwe","Venezuela","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Cyprus","Sri Lanka","Nepal","Guatemala","Northern Ireland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["panel survey","regression analysis","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"sei-002255","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002255","title":"Integrating rights and equality in disaster preparedness and response: Insights from six countries","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/drr-rights-six-asian-countries-sei2023.023.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates how Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka integrate human rights and gender equality into disaster management. Using the FIRE framework, it finds that while national policies often recognize these rights, implementation at local levels is uneven and frequently lacking. Key barriers include restrictive social norms, lack of disaggregated data, and under-resourced institutions. The authors provide ten recommendations to improve inclusivity, emphasizing the need for meaningful participation of marginalized groups and stronger collaboration between disaster management agencies and human rights institutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002255#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The integration of human rights and gender equality in disaster preparedness and response is inconsistent across the six studied countries, often appearing well-mainstreamed at the national policy level but weakly applied at the local level.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002255#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Most of the six countries have established legal foundations for rights integration through national constitutions and the ratification of international human rights treaties, though translating these to ground-level implementation remains a major challenge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002255#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social norms, particularly patriarchal values and the perception of women's roles as primarily reproductive and caregiving, continue to drive inequality and increase vulnerability in disaster contexts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002255#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a systemic lack of disaggregated data by social group (such as gender, age, and disability) across all six countries, which hinders the ability to understand specific vulnerabilities and establish baselines for policy interventions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002255#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While national policies generally mandate the participation of women and marginalized groups, in practice, this participation is often treated as a 'head-counting exercise' rather than a meaningful governance process, and can be exclusionary at the local level.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002255#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governance for gender equality is generally more integrated into national disaster systems than human rights governance, and there is a lack of independent third-party accountability for disaster-related complaints.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002255#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["disaster risk reduction","climate change adaptation","human rights","gender equality","intersectionality","Sustainable Development Goals"],"geography_discussed":["Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","stakeholder interviews"]},{"id":"iisd-000382","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000382","title":"Multilateral Development Bank Efforts to Mainstream Climate Adaptation","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-03-21","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/multilateral-development-bank-efforts-mainstream-climate-adaptation","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines how the African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, and World Bank are mainstreaming climate adaptation. While global finance flows for adaptation have increased and climate risk screening has become standard, the report finds that trends at the country level in Kenya, Nepal, and Peru are less clear. It highlights a lack of transparency in project-level finance allocations and argues for more funding of discrete adaptation projects and the use of programmatic finance and innovative instruments aligned with National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000382#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, and World Bank have increased global adaptation finance flows over the last ten years, though trends within Kenya, Nepal, and Peru are harder to identify.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000382#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate risk screening and vulnerability assessments are now standard for most MDBs, which has likely increased the amount of project budgets tagged as having adaptation co-benefits, especially for large infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000382#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"MDBs have started using national documents, specifically National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), to inform project identification and programming at the country level.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000382#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant barriers to scaling adaptation finance remain, including a lack of transparency regarding project-level finance allocations and a need for finance ministries to better understand the economic benefits of adaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000382#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 2013 and 2020, the World Bank provided USD 1,197.8 million in adaptation-related financing to Nepal, which was significantly higher than the USD 453.6 million provided for projects with mitigation co-benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000382#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","climate finance","national adaptation plan","Nationally Determined Contributions","multilateral development bank"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy assessment"]},{"id":"trendas-000036","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/trendas-000036","title":"Report on Development Finance and Human Rights","publisher":{"name":"Trend Asia","organization":"trend-asia"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2023-03-06","source_url":"https://trendasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/3.6.23-OHCHR-DFI-Comment_Final-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that development finance institutions (DFIs) often cause harm to communities and must strengthen Independent Accountability Mechanisms (IAMs) to provide effective remedy. It calls for DFIs without IAMs to create them through public consultation, urges DFI networks to mandate these mechanisms for membership, and asserts that States must facilitate access to remedy for DFI-funded projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000036#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Independent Accountability Mechanisms (IAMs) are essential governance tools for communities to address environmental, social, and human rights harms through dispute resolution, compliance reviews, and advisory functions. While over 1,600 complaints have been filed to IAMs since the World Bank created the first one 30 years ago, communities face barriers including inequitable treatment, lack of resources for remediation, and DFIs ignoring compliance investigation findings.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000036#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Existing IAMs should be strengthened by expanding their scope to investigate client compliance with project requirements and granting them the power to make binding recommendations for remedy. Additionally, DFIs should establish public-consulted remedy frameworks to ensure resources are available throughout the project cycle.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000036#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The International Finance Corporation's (IFC) draft approach to remedy is considered insufficient and requires improvements, specifically regarding the detailing of remedy types, a commitment to directly finance remedial measures, and extending the pilot to existing projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000036#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant accountability gap in DFI networks; for instance, few of the 15 EDFI Association members and the vast majority of the over 500 public development banks in Finance in Common lack full-fledged IAMs. The document recommends that these associations require IAMs as a condition for membership.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000036#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"States have an international duty to protect against human rights abuses by ensuring national DFIs operate effective IAMs and by encouraging accountability in regional and multilateral development banks where they are shareholders. States should also provide judicial and non-judicial avenues to hold corporations accountable for private sector investments within their jurisdiction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000036#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["human rights","multilateral development bank"],"geography_discussed":["Switzerland","Nepal","Philippines"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy recommendation","human rights assessment"]},{"id":"ciel-000939","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ciel-000939","title":"Breathing Plastic","publisher":{"name":"Center for International Environmental Law","organization":"center-for-international-environmental-law"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2023-03","source_url":"https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Breathing-Plastic-The-Health-Impacts-of-Invisible-Plastics-in-the-Air.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the ubiquity of airborne micro- and nanoplastics, detailing how they originate from diverse sources, travel long distances via the atmosphere, and enter the human body through inhalation and ingestion. It highlights the 'Trojan Horse' effect, where these particles carry toxic chemicals and pathogens into internal organs, potentially causing respiratory diseases, endocrine disruption, and developmental issues. The briefing concludes that current voluntary measures are insufficient and calls for legally binding global regulations to reduce plastic production and phase out hazardous chemicals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000939#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Airborne micro- and nanoplastics are ubiquitous and can travel thousands of kilometers in days or weeks, allowing them to affect remote populations far from the original pollution sources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000939#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Humans are exposed to significant quantities of atmospheric plastics, with estimates suggesting an annual inhalation of up to 22 million micro- and nanoplastics and the ingestion of up to 1 million pieces deposited on food and beverages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000939#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Micro- and nanoplastics act as a “Trojan Horse” by carrying intrinsic pollutants from manufacturing—such as plasticizers and flame retardants—as well as adsorbed contaminants from the environment, including heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000939#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Once inhaled, these particles can penetrate deep into the lungs, cross the cell barrier, and enter the bloodstream, potentially migrating to the brain, heart, spleen, liver, kidneys, and placenta.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000939#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Chronic exposure to inhaled plastic particles is linked to a range of adverse health effects, including asthma-like reactions, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, interstitial lung diseases, and the potential onset of cancer.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000939#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Plastic exposure poses specific risks to vulnerable populations; for example, in-utero exposure to phthalates is associated with shorter gestation periods and lower birth weights in children.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000939#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global plastic production is projected to increase from 9.2 billion metric tons in 2017 to 34 billion metric tons by 2050, which will likely increase the volume of airborne microplastic emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000939#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["air pollution","plastic production","human health"],"geography_discussed":["France","Iran","People's Republic of China","Japan","Vietnam","Nepal","United States","Colombia","Saudi Arabia","South Korea","Kuwait","Greece","Romania","Pakistan","India","Arctic","Antarctic","European Union","London"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["health impact assessment","environmental transport analysis","policy recommendation"]},{"id":"clibonds-000966","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-000966","title":"SUSTAINABLE FINANCE POLICIES FOR 1. 5°C","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2023-03","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/Climate-Bonds_101-Sustainable-Finance-Policies-for-1.5C_Mar-2023.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines a comprehensive framework of 101 sustainable finance policies categorized by three primary ambitions: speed, steer, and simplify. It provides specific recommendations across various government departments—including fiscal, trade, energy, and industrial policy—as well as for central banks and financial regulators. The guide emphasizes the need for science-based targets, the removal of fossil fuel subsidies, the use of green taxonomies, and the implementation of derisking mechanisms like blended finance to mobilize private capital for the 1.5°C transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000966#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The global economy could lose USD178tn over the next 50 years if climate change remains unmitigated. Physical climate risk has already increased the cost of capital for the Vulnerable 20 (V20) nations, resulting in USD62bn of higher external interest payments over a 10-year period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000966#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To meet the 1.5°C goal, climate finance needs are estimated to increase sixfold to over USD4tn by 2030. While the global bond market is approximately USD130tn, market failures in risk-opportunity assessments currently cause investment flows to be dominated by fossil fuels and carbon-intensive sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000966#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governments can steer the economy by phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, which rose above USD1tn in 2022. Implementing carbon pricing, such as a carbon tax or emissions trading scheme (ETS), can improve the business case for green technologies; for instance, a EUR10/tCO2 price could reduce a country's emissions by 7%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000966#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To mobilize private finance for higher-risk projects, particularly in emerging markets, policymakers should use blended finance and guarantees. Blended finance leverages concessional funding to absorb junior capital risks, while sovereign-to-sovereign guarantees from developed markets can decrease the cost of capital for emerging market sovereigns.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000966#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Central banks can address climate risk as a threat to financial stability by adjusting monetary and prudential tools. This includes tilting asset purchases toward green performers, adjusting collateral haircuts to reflect climate risk, and implementing green capital and reserve requirements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000966#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regulators can simplify sustainable investment by establishing science-based green taxonomies and mandatory climate disclosure requirements. These tools provide clarity on what constitutes a sustainable investment and help prevent greenwashing, while transition plan requirements ensure corporate pathways align with 1.5°C.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000966#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nature-based solutions (NBS) could provide up to one-third of the emissions reductions needed for the 1.5°C limit. Policies such as Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) and the use of biodiversity metrics in sustainability-linked bonds can incentivize the protection of carbon sinks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000966#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The transition requires the early decommissioning of fossil fuel plants. Advanced economies are expected to phase out unabated coal generation by 2030, and the rest of the world by 2040. Energy transition mechanisms can be used to buy and retire these assets while supporting a just transition for workers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000966#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Net-zero emissions","climate finance","climate bond","carbon price","Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism","Blended Finance","fossil fuel subsidy","nature-based solutions","renewable energy","Sustainable Aviation Fuel","carbon capture and storage","just transition","sustainable procurement"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","European Union","People's Republic of China","Brazil","India","Philippines","Nepal","Denmark","France","Singapore","Kazakhstan","Chile","Fiji","Belize","Seychelles","Thailand","Indonesia","Turkey","Bangladesh","South Africa","Costa Rica","Mexico","Norway","Sweden","Hungary","Japan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy guide","toolkit"]},{"id":"prio-001448","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001448","title":"Collective Reintegration: Social and Political Advantages for Female Ex-Combatants","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2023-03","source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/4d18d774-1711-4dc2-9ffa-910556339f65/Hauge - Collective Reintegration Social and Political Advantages for Female Ex-Combatants GPS Policy Brief 3-2023.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Based on a study of 153 interviews in Colombia, Guatemala, and Nepal, the document finds that female ex-combatants who reintegrate collectively are more socially and politically active than those who reintegrate individually. Collective reintegration helps women maintain the progressive gender relations experienced within certain armed groups, providing security, economic support, and childcare that facilitate leadership and political participation. The author notes that the UN Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards (IDDRS) currently neglect collective reintegration in favor of breaking down command structures, and recommends that the UN explicitly include it as a viable alternative to improve post-conflict gender equality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001448#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Female ex-combatants who choose collective reintegration exhibit higher levels of social and political activity post-conflict than those who reintegrate individually or with a spouse.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001448#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Collective reintegration allows women to preserve progressive gender relations experienced in armed groups, protecting them from returning to traditional patriarchal structures and gender-based violence in their home societies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001448#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The benefits of collective reintegration include increased leadership opportunities, high levels of interaction with neighboring communities to promote gender equality, and practical supports such as childcare and shared economic security.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001448#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Female ex-combatants who reintegrate individually face greater obstacles, including male chauvinism, harassment for having joined armed groups, and the need to conceal their identities to avoid stigmatization.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001448#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UN Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards (IDDRS) do not explicitly list collective reintegration as an alternative, likely because the standards prioritize the \"breakdown of armed groups’ command structures.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001448#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["gender equality"],"geography_discussed":["Mexico","El Salvador","South Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative study","policy analysis"]},{"id":"sei-002334","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002334","title":"Inclusive urban development to reduce biological hazards and disaster risks","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2023-03","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/inclusive-urban-planning.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines how inadequate waste management and unplanned urban growth in Bharatpur, Nepal, exacerbate biological hazards and disproportionately affect marginalized groups. It proposes the Framework for Integrating Rights and Equality (FIRE) to improve policy coherence across urban planning, public health, and disaster risk reduction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002334#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In Bharatpur, biological hazards are significantly driven by poor waste management, including infrequent municipal garbage collection and the use of riversides for landfills, which leads to illegal dumping and the contamination of the Narayani river.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002334#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biological risks are compounded by frequent flooding, which is exacerbated by government-licensed riverbed material extraction and a recently constructed dam that diverts water flow, leading to outbreaks of water-borne diseases like cholera and typhoid.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002334#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Rapid, haphazard urban growth in Bharatpur has outpaced the provision of infrastructure and governance capacity, resulting in an incremental planning approach that primarily benefits the urban core while neglecting the periphery.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002334#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Vulnerability to hazards is driven by structural inequalities, including tenure insecurity in informal settlements along riverbanks and social discrimination based on caste, gender, and ethnicity, which limits access to essential services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002334#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Marginalized communities, such as the Chepang Indigenous group, face significant barriers to accessing vital government information and decision-making processes, as evidenced by limited knowledge of Covid-19 vaccination and relief programmes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002334#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors recommend five policy shifts: increasing policy coherence and institutional coordination, addressing the differentiated impacts of hazards on various groups, boosting local government capacity and resources, customizing policies for peri-urban and rural areas, and ensuring meaningful community engagement for marginalized groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002334#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["disaster risk reduction","urban planning","waste management","flood","land-use planning","human rights","gender equality","public health"],"geography_discussed":["World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy analysis"]},{"id":"prio-001731","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001731","title":"Sealing Borders with Diplomacy","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2023-02","source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/e088147d-526c-4ba2-8cba-58180e39c81e/Schram - Sealing Borders with Diplomacy - Conflict Trends 2-2023.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The document analyzes how host governments treat foreign rebel groups, finding a global trend toward increased suppression and decreased support since the mid-1990s. It identifies leadership transitions and US-led 'naming and shaming' after 9/11 as primary drivers of anti-rebel cooperation. The analysis concludes that joint counterinsurgency operations are more effective at destroying rebel bases than unilateral actions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001731#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Approximately half of all global insurgencies utilize external sanctuaries in neighboring countries to protect their leadership, troops, and supplies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001731#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Since the mid-1990s, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of rebel sanctuaries being attacked by host governments, with roughly two-thirds of transnational groups now under attack.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001731#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Active state support for rebel sanctuaries declined sharply after the 2001 September 11 attacks; by 2017, only 10% of sanctuaries received active support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001731#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Leadership transitions in host countries are a major driver of anti-rebel cooperation, accounting for one in six crackdown campaigns since 1989.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001731#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Diplomatic pressure and 'naming and shaming' following 9/11 increased the implementation of anti-rebel pledges, particularly for countries with high trade dependence on the US.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001731#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Joint and multilateral operations are more successful at dislodging rebel strongholds than unilateral efforts, with a success rate near 60% compared to less than 40% for unilateral actions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001731#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Senegal","The Gambia","Guinea-Bissau","Cameroon","Nigeria","Colombia","Venezuela","Horn of Africa","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Uganda","Rwanda","Burundi","India","Bhutan","Bangladesh","Myanmar","Pakistan","Sudan","Nepal","Republic of the Congo","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"iisd-003278","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003278","title":"Multilateral Development Bank Efforts to Mainstream Climate Adaptation","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-01","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-03/multilateral-development-banks-climate-adaptation.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates how the African Development Bank (AfDB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and World Bank integrate climate adaptation into their projects in Kenya, Nepal, and Peru. While global adaptation finance is increasing, country-level trends are mixed and often skewed by large individual projects. MDBs have largely standardized climate risk screening, though capacity gaps remain within national finance ministries. Alignment with National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) is improving but remains nascent, with a need for more programmatic finance and transformational adaptation projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003278#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global MDB financial flows for adaptation have risen steadily from USD 4.52 billion in 2011 to USD 17.61 billion in 2021, though they remain lower than mitigation flows and insufficient for developing country needs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003278#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Country-level trends in adaptation finance are inconsistent and difficult to discern because the approval of a single large project can significantly distort annual allocations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003278#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Kenya (2013–2019), World Bank adaptation-related financing totaled USD 797.2 million (14.7% of total commitments), while the AfDB did not release disaggregated country-level data on climate finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003278#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Nepal (2013–2020), World Bank adaptation financing reached USD 1,197.8 million (26.1% of total commitments), while ADB adaptation financing totaled USD 321.5 million (10.5% of total commitments).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003278#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Peru (2013–2020), World Bank adaptation finance was 4.1% of total investments (USD 149.5 million), and IDB adaptation finance remained low until a spike to USD 104.1 million in 2019 due to one large project.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003278#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate risk screening has become mandatory for the AfDB, ADB, IDB, and World Bank, leading to increased climate-proofing of infrastructure and the inclusion of adaptation in non-traditional sectors like education and health.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003278#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"MDBs are beginning to align their programming with national priorities in NAPs and NDCs, but the process is often reactive to government requests rather than integrated into the initial identification of priorities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003278#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant barrier to scaling up adaptation finance is the lack of awareness and capacity within national finance ministries regarding the economic benefits and costs of adaptation investments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003278#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","climate finance","multilateral development bank","national adaptation plan","Nationally Determined Contributions","infrastructure resilience","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy assessment","financial analysis"]},{"id":"cdkn-000654","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cdkn-000654","title":"Appel à notes conceptuelles : Résilience au changement climatique - De la connaissance à l’action résiliente au climat dans les pays africains","publisher":{"name":"Climate and Development Knowledge Network","organization":"climate-and-development-knowledge-network"},"document_type":"guide","language":"fr","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/K2A%20_%20Appel%20a%CC%80%20Notes%20Conceptuelles_Final_0.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) is seeking concept notes for projects in Africa that leverage local and indigenous knowledge for climate resilience. Up to five projects will be selected for grants of up to $150,000 over a maximum of three years. Projects must align with themes such as gender equality, social inclusion, resilience financing, ecosystem-based approaches, climate knowledge, and youth empowerment. Priority is given to organisations founded and led within Africa, with a strong emphasis on locally-led adaptation and the inclusion of marginalised groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000654#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"CDKN is offering grants of up to 150,000 US$ per project for a maximum duration of 36 months, with a final closing date no later than October 2026. Up to ten projects will be invited to develop full proposals, and up to five will be selected for funding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000654#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Eligible projects must be led by organisations based in Africa, with a preference for those founded and led within the continent. Applicants must have an established presence in the project's location and at least one team member proficient in English or French.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000654#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Projects must align with at least one of five key CDKN themes: promoting gender equality and social inclusion, improving access to financing for locally-led climate resilience, supporting just and appropriate ecosystem-based approaches, improving climate knowledge, or empowering and strengthening the role of youth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000654#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The evaluation process prioritises the mobilisation of indigenous and local knowledge for locally-led action (30% weight), alignment with CDKN themes (20%), integration of gender equality and social inclusion (20%), sustainability (20%), and a realistic scope (10%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000654#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The program emphasizes the importance of indigenous and local knowledge in Africa as a foundation for local adaptation, citing IPBES and IPCC findings that such knowledge systems provide a strong basis for local-scale adaptation actions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000654#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"CDKN aims to support 'transformative' projects regarding gender and social inclusion, meaning they create long-term practical changes in structural power relations, norms, and inequalities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000654#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate resilience","Community based adaptation","traditional knowledge","gender equality","social inclusion","climate finance","ecosystem-based adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["Burkina Faso","Burundi","Cameroon","Chad","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Eritrea","Ethiopia","Libya","Mali","Mozambique","Niger","Nigeria","Somalia","South Sudan","Sudan","Tunisia","Zimbabwe","India","Bangladesh","Nepal","Colombia","Ecuador","Peru"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["funding call","programmatic guide"]},{"id":"cdkn-000655","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cdkn-000655","title":"Call for concept notes: From knowledge to climate-resilient action in African countries","publisher":{"name":"Climate and Development Knowledge Network","organization":"climate-and-development-knowledge-network"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/K2A_Call%20for%20concepts_Final_1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) issued a call for concept notes in 2023 to fund projects led by African organisations that use Indigenous and local knowledge to drive inclusive, locally-led climate-resilient action.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000655#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"CDKN is offering up to five grants of up to US$ 150,000 each for projects with a duration of up to 36 months, ending no later than October 2026.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000655#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Eligible projects must be led by organisations based in Africa, with a preference for those founded in and led from the continent, and must align with at least one of five themes: empowering young people, enhancing climate literacy, supporting just and appropriate ecosystem-based approaches, improving access to finance for locally-led climate-resilient action, and driving gender equity and social inclusion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000655#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"All projects, regardless of their primary theme, are required to incorporate a substantial element of gender and social inclusion (GESI). CDKN seeks projects that are either 'GESI-integrated', integrating these considerations into design and team composition, or 'GESI-specific', where outcomes are centred on supporting gender equality and inclusion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000655#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The primary objective of the call is to mobilise Indigenous and local knowledge to support climate-resilient action that is shaped by local experience. The evaluation process heavily weights the degree to which a project is locally led and mobilises this knowledge, accounting for 30% of the total score.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000655#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"CDKN provides support to selected projects beyond funding, including mentoring on knowledge brokering tools, capacity strengthening in GESI and ecosystem-based approaches, and facilitating access to global and regional platforms to share expertise.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000655#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The selection process involves a committee reviewing concept notes to shortlist up to ten projects, which will then be asked to submit a short proposal and budget and attend an interview.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000655#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate resilience","locally-led adaptation","indigenous knowledge","gender equity and social inclusion","ecosystem-based adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["India","Bangladesh","Nepal","Colombia","Ecuador","Peru"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Funding Call","Guidance Document"]},{"id":"cdkn-000933","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cdkn-000933","title":"FROM CONSUMERS TO CLIMATE LEADERS","publisher":{"name":"Climate and Development Knowledge Network","organization":"climate-and-development-knowledge-network"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/From%20low%20carbon%20consumers%20to%20climate%20leaders%20Dupar%20and%20Tan%202023.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds a general lack of integration of women's economic empowerment in economy-wide low-carbon transitions, with mainstream 'green economy' and 'just transition' narratives often remaining gender-blind or biased toward male-dominated industries. While feminist literature has historically focused on climate adaptation and vulnerability, sectoral practice—particularly in agriculture and forestry—shows more advanced integration of women as agents of change. Some national climate plans, such as those of Nepal and the Republic of the Marshall Islands, are identified as role models for embedding gender equality into mitigation strategies. The authors argue that current global economic recovery efforts following the Covid-19 pandemic have failed to connect decarbonisation with gender equality, risking further marginalisation of women in low- and middle-income countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000933#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Mainstream 'green economy' and 'green growth' literature is generally superficial regarding gender issues and fails to integrate women's economic empowerment at an economy-wide level.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000933#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'just transition' narrative has historically been biased toward the Global North and male-dominated fossil-fuel industries, often overlooking informal and rural workers in the Global South.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000933#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change mitigation","green economy","just transition","gender equality","Nationally Determined Contributions","climate finance","agriculture","forestry","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["Nepal","Marshall Islands","Antigua and Barbuda","India","Kenya","Vietnam","Brazil","Colombia","Tanzania","Ghana","Pakistan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["literature review","policy analysis"]},{"id":"clihealth-000092","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clihealth-000092","title":"Healthy NDC Scorecard 2023","publisher":{"name":"Global Climate and Health Alliance","organization":"global-climate-and-health-alliance"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://climateandhealthalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Report-Healthy-NDCs-Scorecard-12-May-2023.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Healthy NDC Scorecard 2023 analyzes 58 NDCs to evaluate the integration of health into national climate policies. While 90% of analyzed NDCs mention health and climate linkages, the report finds a significant mismatch between health recognition and actual climate ambition, particularly in G20 nations. Low- and middle-income countries generally achieved the highest health scores, while several high-income nations scored zero. The report recommends enhanced intersectoral collaboration, the quantification of health co-benefits to secure financing, and the exclusion of the fossil fuel industry from climate policymaking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clihealth-000092#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A vast majority of the analyzed NDCs (90%) include some reference to the linkages between health and climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clihealth-000092#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a disparity in health scoring based on national income levels; all 16 countries that scored 11/18 points or higher were low- and middle-income countries, whereas Australia, Japan, and New Zealand scored zero.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clihealth-000092#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regional analysis shows that Parties from the United Nations Latin America and Caribbean Region had the highest average health scores (10.2 points), followed by Africa (9.4 points), Asia-Pacific (6.3 points), Eastern Europe (2.3 points), and the Western Europe and Others Group (1.2 points).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clihealth-000092#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a lack of correlation between a country's recognition of health implications and its level of climate ambition. For example, Egypt and the UAE both included health in their NDCs (scoring 8 and 10 points respectively) but are rated by Climate Action Tracker as having emissions targets in line with a >4°C temperature rise.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clihealth-000092#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a specific lack of recognition regarding the health co-benefits of phasing out fossil fuels in the energy sector, with only 28% of NDCs mentioning these co-benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clihealth-000092#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Burundi's NDC is highlighted as exemplary for its integrated governance, including the health sector's contribution to the NDC's development and plans to electrify 455 health centres using solar energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clihealth-000092#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Nationally Determined Contributions","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","effects of climate change on human health","fossil-fuel phase-out","renewable energy","climate finance","loss and damage","public health","solar energy"],"geography_discussed":["Burundi","Ivory Coast","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Dominica","Palestine","Venezuela","Australia","Japan","New Zealand","Latin America and Caribbean","Africa","Asia-Pacific","Eastern Europe","Western Europe","Indonesia","Saudi Arabia","Turkey","Egypt","United Arab Emirates","Bangladesh","Nepal","Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","scorecard analysis"]}]}