{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Kingston"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":17,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Kingston","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"fftreaty-000039","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fftreaty-000039","title":"CITIES FOR A FOSSIL FREE FUTURE POLICY BRIEF","publisher":{"name":"Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative","organization":"fossil-fuel-non-proliferation-treaty-initiative"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2024","source_url":"https://www.fossilfueltreaty.org/s/Cities-for-a-Fossil-Free-Future-From-Enhancing-City-Diplomacy-to-Decarbonising-Key-Sectors.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document positions cities as central actors in the global movement to end fossil fuel dependence, noting that while they are major emitters, they can lead through 'city diplomacy' and local policy. It outlines 21 key recommendations divided into two main categories: enhancing city diplomacy and removing the 'social licence' of the fossil fuel industry, and implementing sectoral decarbonisation in transportation, energy, the built environment, and waste management. The brief emphasizes that urban action must be coupled with national-level pressure to ensure a just transition for workers and marginalized communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fftreaty-000039#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Cities are disproportionately impactful in the climate crisis, housing approximately 50% of the global population while generating around 70% of global carbon emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fftreaty-000039#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The fossil fuel industry actively undermines climate policy through extensive PR, 'artwashing', and 'sportswashing' to maintain its social legitimacy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fftreaty-000039#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"City diplomacy is evolving from 'paradiplomacy' to active global influence, with over 100 mayors now endorsing the call for a Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fftreaty-000039#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Urban transportation is a primary emission source, with petroleum supplying over 90% of the total energy used by world transport.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fftreaty-000039#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Buildings are critical for decarbonisation as they account for more than half of the average energy use in cities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fftreaty-000039#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The plastics crisis is inextricably linked to fossil fuels, as 99% of all plastics are derived from them, and they are projected to drive nearly half of oil demand growth by midcentury.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fftreaty-000039#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Air pollution causes seven million deaths annually, with 89% of the 4.2 million outdoor air pollution deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fftreaty-000039#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A 'just transition' in the urban economy requires including the informal sector, particularly waste pickers who collect approximately 60% of all plastic for recycling globally.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fftreaty-000039#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil-fuel phase-out","just transition","green economy","fossil-fuel divestment","public transport","electric vehicle","Building electrification","renewable energy","plastic pollution","air pollution","greenwashing"],"geography_discussed":["London","Johannesburg","Los Angeles","Amsterdam","Sydney","Edinburgh","Copenhagen","Lappeenranta","Vancouver","Accra","Paris","Rio de Janeiro","Santiago","Venice","Tirana","Rome","Sanchi","Barcelona","Quezon City","Buenos Aires","Louisiana","Kingston","Peruíbe","Lima","Montreal","Sacramento"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy brief","recommendations"]},{"id":"napglob-000263","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/napglob-000263","title":"Envisioning Resilience: What we’re learning about creative methods for policy dialogue on adaptation","publisher":{"name":"NAP Global Network","organization":"nap-global-network"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2023-12","source_url":"https://napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/napgn-en-2023-envisioning-resilience-briefing-note.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The NAP Global Network's 'Envisioning Resilience' initiative uses photography and storytelling training to empower underrepresented women to document their lived experiences with climate change. By presenting these visual stories to decision-makers, the project aims to shift policy dialogue from simple consultation to meaningful engagement, highlighting the intersection of gender, social exclusion, and non-climatic vulnerabilities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000263#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Visual storytelling and photography training enhance both the formal and informal agency of women affected by climate change. Formally, it builds technical skills in photojournalism and climate science; informally, it increases confidence, self-esteem, and aspirations, enabling trainees to represent their communities in policy conversations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000263#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of creative methods in policy dialogues helps transition the participation of affected populations from 'consultation'—which often involves one-off meetings or surveys—to 'engagement,' an ongoing process of dialogue where citizens have more influence over decisions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000263#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Visual stories effectively shift the mindsets of adaptation decision-makers by grounding theoretical knowledge in lived experiences and triggering emotional responses, which can lead to a better appreciation of community knowledge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000263#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The initiative found that climate vulnerability is exacerbated by non-climatic factors, such as poor urban infrastructure, crime, violence, and a lack of plumbing, necessitating holistic, multi-sectoral adaptation solutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000263#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social networks, including mutual support groups and communal farming practices, are critical components of adaptive capacity that decision-makers should recognize and invest in through support for local and informal institutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000263#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project demonstrated that engaging a small group of advocates has ripple effects, as trainees engage family, neighbors, and local leaders in participatory learning about climate change and the importance of being heard by decision-makers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000263#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["national adaptation plan","climate change adaptation","gender equality","social inclusion","adaptive capacity","climate justice","traditional knowledge","Community based adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["Kingston","Montego Bay"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","program evaluation"]},{"id":"cliinstca-000020","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cliinstca-000020","title":"Saint-Laurent Ottawa Nord entreprise gazière décarbonisation","publisher":{"name":"Canadian Climate Institute","organization":"canadian-climate-institute"},"document_type":"case study","language":"fr","date_published":"2023-04-14","source_url":"https://institutclimatique.ca/publications/saint-laurent-ottawa-nord-entreprise-gaziere-decarbonisation/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Ontario Energy Board (OEB) took the unusual step of rejecting Enbridge Gas's $123.7 million Saint-Laurent Ottawa Nord pipeline project, citing the City of Ottawa's electrification plans and a projected decline in natural gas demand. The document explores how this decision challenges traditional utility business models—where returns are often based on pipeline mileage rather than gas volume—and highlights the risk of 'stranded assets' if new infrastructure is built despite decarbonization goals. It further discusses Enbridge's five-year plan, which advocates for a 'diversified' scenario including low-carbon gas and hydrogen, contrasting this with the City of Ottawa's preference for integrated energy planning to meet climate targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000020#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Ontario Energy Board (OEB) rejected Enbridge Gas's $123.7 million Saint-Laurent Ottawa Nord pipeline project, a move described as \"tout à fait inhabituel en 62 ans d’histoire\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000020#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The OEB's decision was influenced by the City of Ottawa's \"Évolution énergétique\" community electrification plan and federal efforts to transition the Cliff Street heating and cooling plant to low-carbon technologies, factors that Enbridge ignored in its demand forecasts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000020#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The current operational model for gas companies may incentivize network expansion regardless of consumer demand because shareholder returns are primarily determined by the \"nombre de kilomètres de pipelines possédés et exploités plutôt que par le volume de gaz fourni\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000020#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant financial risk that users, shareholders, or taxpayers will bear the cost of \"actifs délaissés\" (stranded assets) if new or expanded infrastructure is decommissioned prematurely due to emission reduction efforts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000020#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Enbridge's ten-year capital plan of $15.3 billion still includes the Saint-Laurent Ottawa Nord project for 2024-2025, despite the OEB's rejection.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000020#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A Guidehouse study commissioned by Enbridge proposes a \"diversified\" scenario where gas heating, supplemented by heat pumps, remains essential and is fueled by \"gaz à faible teneur en carbone ou carboneutre\", potentially saving users $181 billion by 2050 by reducing electrical infrastructure needs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000020#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The City of Ottawa advocates for an integrated energy planning approach involving coordination between gas, electricity, and district energy providers to meet climate goals while ensuring \"l’abordabilité et la sécurité énergétique\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000020#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["natural gas","decarbonization","electrification","Integrated resource planning","stranded asset","heat pump","hydrogen","biogas","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Ottawa","Canada","Quebec","Kingston"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]},{"id":"cliinstca-000268","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cliinstca-000268","title":"St. Laurent North Denied","publisher":{"name":"Canadian Climate Institute","organization":"canadian-climate-institute"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2023-04-14","source_url":"https://climateinstitute.ca/publications/st-laurent-north-denied/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Ontario Energy Board (OEB) denied Enbridge Gas's $123.7-million St. Laurent North pipeline project, citing Ottawa's community electrification plan and reduced future gas demand. This decision highlights a tension between traditional utility business models—which reward infrastructure ownership—and the shift toward net-zero emissions. The case underscores the need for integrated resource planning (IRP) and raises concerns about the risk of stranded assets being passed on to ratepayers as Ontario transitions away from fossil fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000268#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"On May 3, 2022, the Ontario Energy Board (OEB) rejected Enbridge Gas's $123.7-million application for the St. Laurent North pipeline replacement project, a move described as nearly unprecedented in the regulator's 62-year history.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000268#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The OEB's denial was influenced by the City of Ottawa's 'Energy Evolution' community electrification plan and the federal government's conversion of the Cliff Street heating and cooling plant to lower-emitting technologies, both of which suggested a reduction in future natural gas demand that Enbridge had not factored into its forecasts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000268#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The OEB indicated that Enbridge failed to prove the urgency of the replacement and suggested the utility should adopt integrated resource planning (IRP) and collaborate with stakeholders like the City of Ottawa for future projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000268#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a systemic risk that the current regulatory model, where gas companies' returns are based on the length of pipe owned rather than gas volume, encourages network expansion regardless of demand, potentially leaving ratepayers to pay for stranded assets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000268#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Enbridge's broader 10-year, $15.3-billion capital plan continues to schedule the St. Laurent North project for 2024-25 and relies on a Guidehouse study that advocates for a 'diversified' scenario where gas heating remains a key role complemented by heat pumps and low-carbon gases.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000268#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Guidehouse study claims a diversified energy scenario could save ratepayers $181 billion by 2050 by reducing the need for electricity infrastructure to handle peak demand, though this finding is contested by some stakeholders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000268#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["natural gas","Integrated resource planning","electrification","Net-zero emissions","heat pump","hydrogen","biogas","stranded asset","carbon capture and storage","demand-side management","energy efficiency"],"geography_discussed":["Ottawa","Kingston","Quebec","Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]},{"id":"earjust-002263","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-002263","title":"TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY’S TOXIC COAL ASH","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/tva_coal-ash_state-fact-sheet_2024-08.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document details the environmental impact of 56 TVA coal ash dumpsites, noting that groundwater monitoring data indicates significant contamination at both regulated and unregulated sites. It calls for the EPA to strengthen the 2015 Coal Ash Rule to eliminate exemptions for legacy ponds and inactive landfills.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002263#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) operates 56 coal ash dumpsites across 12 current and former coal plant sites located in Alabama, Kentucky, and Tennessee.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002263#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"TVA has 29 federally regulated coal ash ponds and landfills containing approximately 119 million cubic yards of toxic waste; groundwater monitoring data shows these sites have caused significant contamination, yet TVA has not initiated plant-wide cleanups despite legal requirements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002263#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There are at least 27 unregulated inactive coal ash landfills and legacy ponds at TVA plants that are exempt from the 2015 Coal Ash Rule. Monitoring and historical data indicate significant groundwater contamination at all but one of the TVA plants containing these legacy sites.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002263#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal ash contains hazardous pollutants—including arsenic, lead, and mercury—linked to severe health issues such as cancer and neurological harm. Nationally, 91% of coal plants are currently polluting groundwater above federal health standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002263#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["environmental regulation","coal-fired power station"],"geography_discussed":["Memphis","Clinton","Tuscumbia","Cumberland City","Gallatin","Rogersville","New Johnsonville","Kingston","Drakesboro","West Paducah","Rhea County","Stevenson","World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["environmental assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003189","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003189","title":"Mining Policy Framework Assessment: Jamaica","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/jamaica-mining-policy-framework-assessment-en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The assessment identifies that while Jamaica has strong mechanisms for bauxite revenue generation and environmental permitting, its overall mining legal framework is outdated and fragmented. Key gaps include limited public access to geological data, inadequate post-mining transition planning, and a lack of local content policies to increase domestic value addition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003189#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Jamaica's mining legal and policy framework is largely outdated and fragmented, relying on the Mining Act of 1947 and several overlapping pieces of legislation, which creates a convoluted environment for stakeholders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003189#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government is in the advanced stages of developing its first national mining policy (2017–2030), which aims to align the sector with international best practices and national development goals like Vision 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003189#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mining revenues, which constitute a significant part of the government's operating budget, are generated through a diverse mix of taxes, royalties, and dividends, including a bauxite levy indexed to the London Metal Exchange aluminum price to manage commodity volatility.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003189#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Environmental permitting for the bauxite/alumina subsector is rigorous, requiring environmental management plans and detailed Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) conducted by independent third parties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003189#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There are significant gaps in the post-mining transition framework; current legislation fails to address the social and economic transition of affected communities after mine closure, and financial assurances for rehabilitation are not standardized.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003189#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public participation in mine decision-making and the EIA feedback process is low, with stakeholders noting that community consultations are often poorly publicized and inadequate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003189#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Jamaica lacks a formal policy on local content, missing an opportunity to increase the industry's contribution to local economies and the use of Jamaican goods and services providers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003189#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Access to geological data is severely restricted, as most maps are only available in hard copy at the Mines and Geology Division offices in Kingston, and the database requires updating.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003189#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Small-scale quarrying is largely formalized and integrated into the legal system, but these operations often suffer from poor compliance with occupational health and safety and environmental standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003189#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Environmental standards for surface and groundwater in the quarry sector are not consistently enforced, and some national sewage effluent limits are less stringent than international standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003189#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["environmental impact assessment","climate change"],"geography_discussed":["Kingston","Saint Catherine Parish","Clarendon Parish","Manchester"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","institutional assessment"]},{"id":"earjust-000776","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-000776","title":"Will the EPA Coal Ash Rule Survive?","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2014-10-28","source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/article/will-the-epa-coal-ash-rule-survive","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Earthjustice warns that the White House OMB's review of the EPA's coal ash rule may lead to the substantive weakening of the regulation due to industry lobbying, citing a 2010 instance where a proposed rule to regulate coal ash as hazardous waste was eviscerated.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000776#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has begun its official regulatory review of the EPA's coal ash rule, a process the author describes as an opaque 'black box' where strong rules are often weakened through revision.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000776#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2009, a proposed rule by Administrator Lisa Jackson to regulate coal ash as hazardous waste, establish national standards, and close unstable ponds was weakened by the White House following six months of meetings with Duke Energy and other utilities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000776#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EPA is legally required to sign a coal ash rule by December 19, 2014, as mandated by a 2013 consent decree with Earthjustice.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000776#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["environmental regulation"],"geography_discussed":["Kingston"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","legal commentary"]},{"id":"earjust-002657","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-002657","title":"Senate bill 3512 leaves communities unprotected from toxic pollution","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2012-09-14","source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/public-interest-letter-in-opposition-s3512.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"A coalition of 301 public interest organizations opposes Senate bill S.3512, claiming it weakens regulations on toxic coal ash, shields utilities from liability, and removes the EPA's authority to regulate the nation's second largest industrial waste.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002657#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Coal Ash Recycling and Oversight Act of 2012 (S.3512) is criticized for providing insufficient regulation of coal ash, which contains toxic heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, lead, and mercury.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002657#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"S.3512 is argued to be dangerous because it allows coal ash ponds to operate without enforceable closure dates or engineering and inspection standards, increasing the risk of large-scale disasters similar to the 2008 Kingston, Tennessee spill.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002657#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The bill is accused of shielding utilities from the responsibility to clean up contaminated sites, upgrade unsafe dumps, or control fugitive dust, while providing no deadlines for states to implement permit programs for over 1,300 aging coal ash dumps.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002657#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document asserts that S.3512 disproportionately harms low-income and minority communities, noting that 70% of ash ponds are located in areas where household income is below the national median.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002657#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Contrary to the sponsors' claims, the letter argues that S.3512 discourages recycling by encouraging the continued use of ash ponds, as ash dumped in water cannot be easily recycled.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002657#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The bill would nullify a proposed EPA coal ash rulemaking that received 450,000 public comments and would prohibit all future EPA rulemakings to control coal ash pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002657#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water pollution","environmental justice"],"geography_discussed":["Kingston"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy opposition"]},{"id":"earjust-000215","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-000215","title":"Tr-Ash Talk: The Coal Breath of Betrayal","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2012-04-20","source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/article/tr-ash-talk-the-coal-breath-of-betrayal","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The author criticizes a House amendment that exempts coal ash ponds and landfills from federal regulation, arguing it prioritizes the interests of the coal industry over public health and ignores the risks demonstrated by the 2008 Kingston, TN spill.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000215#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A House amendment attached to a transportation bill would prevent the EPA from regulating coal ash and establishing minimum standards for safe disposal, effectively allowing coal ash ponds and landfills to operate without federal oversight.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000215#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The lack of regulation poses significant health risks, as the EPA found in 2010 that cancer risk from arsenic near some unlined coal ash ponds was 1 in 50, which is 2,000 times the EPA's regulatory goal. There are over 700 coal ash ponds across 35 states.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000215#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 2008 coal ash spill in Kingston, TN, involving the Tennessee Valley Authority’s Kingston Fossil Plant, is cited as the largest toxic waste spill in U.S. history, where 1 billion gallons of toxic ash covered 300 acres and contaminated drinking waters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000215#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["environmental regulation","public health","water pollution"],"geography_discussed":["Kingston","Tennessee"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy critique"]},{"id":"earjust-002293","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-002293","title":"COAL ASH WALL OF SHAME","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2012","source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/wall_of_shame_0.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document criticizes 260 U.S. House members who voted on June 21, 2012, to include a provision in a transportation bill that allows coal ash ponds to operate without basic safety standards and prevents the EPA from establishing national health and safety regulations. It highlights that these members represent districts containing the vast majority of the U.S.'s hazardous coal ash sites and notes a correlation between these votes and campaign contributions from the electric utility and mining industries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002293#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"On June 21, 2012, 260 House members voted for a provision in a transportation bill that allows coal ash ponds to operate indefinitely without mandatory inspections or engineering safeguards and prevents the EPA from establishing national health and safety standards for coal ash.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002293#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 260 members who voted for the provision represent districts that contain a high concentration of hazardous coal ash sites, including 79 percent of all coal ash ponds in the U.S., 85 percent of significant hazard-rated ponds, and 77 percent of high hazard ponds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002293#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document identifies 25 members who voted against EPA regulations despite having at least 8 coal ash ponds in their districts; it further notes that most of the top 10 listed members received their highest 2012 corporate campaign contributions from the mining or electric utility industries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002293#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document states there are currently over 260 coal ash ponds presenting a significant or high hazard to the environment and human health, and nearly 200 sites where coal ash has contaminated water with arsenic, lead, and other toxic heavy metals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002293#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["environmental regulation","water pollution","electric power industry","mining industry","Environmental Protection Agency"],"geography_discussed":["Kingston","Tennessee","West Virginia","Illinois","Kentucky","Indiana","Wisconsin","South Carolina","Texas","Iowa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","political accountability"]},{"id":"earjust-000109","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-000109","title":"Tr-Ash Talk: Gearing Up for a Nasty Coal Ash Vote","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2011-10-07","source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/article/tr-ash-talk-gearing-up-for-a-nasty-coal-ash-vote","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document opposes H.R. 2273, a bill that would prevent the EPA from designating coal ash as hazardous waste and limit federal oversight of coal ash management. It highlights the 2008 Kingston coal ash disaster in East Tennessee as evidence of the risks associated with poor management and alleges that the bill's sponsors have received significant financial donations from coal interests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000109#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"House bill H.R. 2273 seeks to block the EPA from designating coal ash as a hazardous waste and would only allow, rather than require, states to create coal ash management plans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000109#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The bill's sponsor, Rep. David McKinley, and five other Energy and Commerce Committee supporters of H.R. 2273 received more than $433,000 in donations from coal interests in the current year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000109#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"An Earthjustice report titled 'State of Failure' indicates that most states are not interested in properly regulating coal ash, particularly in the Southeast.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000109#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 2008 Kingston coal ash disaster in East Tennessee serves as a primary example of the dangers of toxic coal ash and the consequences of poor management on communities and waterways.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-000109#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["environmental regulation","public health","Environmental Protection Agency"],"geography_discussed":["East Tennessee","Knoxville","Kingston"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","advocacy"]},{"id":"earjust-002264","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-002264","title":"TVA KINGSTON DISASTER and FEDERAL COAL ASH REGULATIONS","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2008","source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/tva_disaster_coal_ash_timeline_2014.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document details the aftermath of the 2008 Kingston disaster, where over 1 billion gallons of coal ash slurry were released. It tracks TVA's legal battles, the health impacts on local communities and cleanup workers, the disposal of ash in Perry County, Alabama, and the prolonged struggle to compel the EPA to finalize federal coal ash disposal regulations by 2014.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002264#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The 2008 Kingston disaster is described as the largest toxic spill in U.S. history, releasing over 1 billion gallons of coal ash slurry across 300 acres with sludge depths reaching 6 feet. The spill released more arsenic (140,000 pounds), chromium, lead, manganese, and nickel into the Emory River than the entire U.S. power industry reported releasing into all waterways in 2007.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002264#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The disaster led to significant community health issues and legal actions. A survey of residents within 1.5 miles of the spill found 52% experienced stress and anxiety, and 40% reported health changes including upper respiratory symptoms. TVA purchased 180 properties for approximately $147 million, though settlements required waivers of medical claims. Over 140 lawsuits were filed by Harriman residents, and a 2012 court ruling found that TVA's failure to act appropriately led to the catastrophic failure of the north dike.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002264#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal ash from the cleanup was shipped to the Arrowhead Landfill in Uniontown, Perry County, Alabama, leading to civil rights complaints. The area is predominantly African-American (88% in Uniontown; 68% in Perry County) and characterized by high poverty. Residents reported respiratory illness, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting, leading to a Title VI Civil Rights Act complaint against the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002264#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The disaster revealed systemic failures in coal ash impoundment safety. An inspection of 24 impoundments at 11 plants across 3 states found that 12 dams required repairs because their factor of safety was below minimum federal criteria. Additionally, industry data submitted to the EPA showed the number of coal ash ponds increased to 1,070 (up from 30 known in 2008), with 79 identified as high hazard and 230 as significant hazard dams.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002264#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Following years of delay and litigation, including a 2012 lawsuit by Earthjustice and other groups, the EPA agreed to a settlement to finalize the first-ever federal regulations for coal ash disposal by December 19, 2014.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002264#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","water pollution","environmental regulation","environmental justice"],"geography_discussed":["Perry County","Uniontown","Alabama","Tennessee","Oak Creek","Wisconsin"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["timeline","fact sheet"]},{"id":"earjust-001368","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-001368","title":"EPA GUTTED COAL ASH RULE BY DELAYING CLOSURE OF LEAKING TOXIC PONDS","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/ccr-part-a-rule_oct1320.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document criticizes a July 2020 EPA rule that postpones the closure of coal ash ponds, allowing utilities to continue dumping toxic waste into leaking basins until as late as 2038. It asserts that this rollback ignores the risks of groundwater contamination, catastrophic dam failures, and the increased threat of storm-driven flooding due to climate change, disproportionately impacting low-income communities and communities of color.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-001368#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A July 2020 EPA rule rollback allows utilities to delay the closure of coal ash ponds until 2038, extending the period for dumping toxic waste by at least 4.5 years for most plants and up to 9.5 years for some compared to the 2015 rule.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-001368#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal ash is the second largest industrial waste stream in the U.S., exceeding 100 million tons annually, and contains hazardous substances including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and lithium.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-001368#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 2015 EPA rule established disposal standards for over 700 coal ash dumps across all 50 states and Puerto Rico, following a major spill at a TVA plant in Kingston, TN, which released one billion gallons of sludge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-001368#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There are over 50 coal ash ponds classified as high hazard dams where failure would cause loss of life, and more than 175 significant hazard dams where failure would cause significant economic or environmental damage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-001368#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of storms, which creates new hazards for coal ash ponds typically located near lakes, streams, or in flood plains.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-001368#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water pollution","environmental justice","climate change"],"geography_discussed":["Puerto Rico","Kingston","North Carolina"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"earjust-001370","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-001370","title":"EPA CONTINUES TO GUT COAL ASH RULE BY DELAYING CLOSURE OF LEAKING TOXIC PONDS","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/ccr-rule-fact-sheet_11-05.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document criticizes a proposed EPA rule that would allow coal ash ponds to remain open until 2038, arguing that this delay prolongs the leakage of toxins into groundwater and increases the risk of catastrophic dam failures, disproportionately affecting low-income communities and communities of color.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-001370#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The proposed EPA rule would introduce exemptions and loopholes allowing utilities to delay the closure of coal ash ponds until 2038, extending the deadline by 4.5 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-001370#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Groundwater monitoring data indicates that 92 percent of coal plants with coal ash ponds have contaminated groundwater with toxins exceeding federal health standards, including arsenic, lithium, cadmium, cobalt, selenium, and lead.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-001370#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal ash ponds pose significant structural risks, with over 50 classified as high hazard dams where failure would cause loss of life, and more than 175 classified as significant hazard dams that could cause major economic or environmental damage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-001370#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of storms, which creates new hazards for coal ash ponds typically located near lakes, streams, or in flood plains.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-001370#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EPA has previously determined that pollution and spills from coal ash ponds disproportionately impact communities of color and low-income communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-001370#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["environmental justice","climate change","electric power industry"],"geography_discussed":["Kingston","North Carolina"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"earjust-002141","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-002141","title":"Senate Coal Ash Bill Leaves Americans in Harm’s Way","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/S1751-fact-sheet.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This fact sheet by Earthjustice opposes Senate Bill S.1751, claiming it undermines federal oversight of coal ash disposal and poses significant risks to public health. The document argues that the bill is weaker than existing RCRA subtitle D regulations for household waste, fails to prevent catastrophic dam failures, and discourages the recycling of coal ash by allowing the indefinite operation of 676 ash ponds. It highlights the toxicity of coal ash—noting cancer risks 2,000 times the EPA's regulatory goal in some areas—and cites a Tufts University study suggesting a stronger EPA rule could have generated 28,000 jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002141#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"S.1751 is characterized as being less protective than the EPA's subtitle D proposal and weaker than existing federal household waste regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Specifically, it fails to establish a standard requiring the protection of human health and the environment, does not require the closure of dumps in floodplains or unstable areas, and does not require enforceable permits for coal ash dumps.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002141#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The bill is argued to hinder the economy and recycling efforts by allowing the indefinite operation of 676 coal ash ponds and permitting the construction of new ones, which removes billions of pounds of ash from the recycling market. Conversely, a study by a Tufts University senior economist indicated that a strong coal ash rule, like the 2010 EPA proposal, would have created 28,000 jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002141#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal ash is identified as the second largest industrial waste stream in the U.S., containing toxic chemicals such as arsenic, lead, mercury, selenium, and hexavalent chromium. A 2010 EPA risk assessment found that cancer risks from drinking water contaminated by arsenic near some unlined ponds are 50 times higher than normal and 2,000 times the EPA's regulatory goal for risk reduction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002141#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document claims S.1751 fails to prevent large-scale disasters, citing the 2008 TVA disaster in Kingston, Tennessee, where a dam failure flooded over 300 acres and cost more than $1 billion to clean up. The bill is criticized for allowing ponds to contain more toxic sludge than they were designed for and exempting states from restricting stormwater and other liquids entering ponds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002141#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Obama Administration opposed the bill (and the nearly identical HR 2273), stating it is insufficient to address risks associated with coal ash disposal and management and undermines the federal government's ability to ensure protective requirements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002141#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water pollution","environmental regulation","recycling","public health"],"geography_discussed":["Kingston"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","legislative critique"]},{"id":"earjust-002668","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-002668","title":"Senate Bill Threatens Public Safety: Fails to Protect Communities from Toxic Coal Ash","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/s3512-fact-sheet_2012-11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The fact sheet contends that S.3512 is a threat to public health and safety because it lacks firm deadlines for state permit programs, fails to mandate engineering standards for coal ash ponds, and strips the EPA of its authority to regulate the nation's second largest industrial waste. The author asserts that the bill ignores the 2008 Kingston disaster and discourages recycling by permitting the continued use of water-based ash ponds. Furthermore, the document highlights a lack of public participation guarantees and the potential for utilities to withhold groundwater monitoring data as 'Confidential Business Information'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002668#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"S.3512 removes the EPA's ability to regulate coal ash and enforce standards, creating a regulatory vacuum where the agency cannot respond to health threats or enforce the bill's own requirements under state programs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002668#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The bill lacks essential safety and operational mandates, including firm closure dates for dangerous ponds, engineering standards for new ponds, and requirements to control toxic fugitive dust.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002668#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"S.3512 is described as detrimental to the economy and recycling efforts because it encourages the use of ash ponds—which makes ash harder to recycle—and ignores a Tufts University study suggesting a stronger EPA rule could have generated 28,000 jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002668#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The bill fails to protect vulnerable populations and the general public by omitting requirements for meaningful public participation in permitting and allowing utilities to hide groundwater data as 'Confidential Business Information'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002668#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document highlights the severity of coal ash pollution in the U.S., noting that nearly 200 sites across 36 states have been contaminated and some ponds pose a cancer risk 2,000 times the EPA's regulatory goal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002668#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water quality","air quality","environmental regulation","Environmental Protection Agency","recycling","public health","environmental justice"],"geography_discussed":["Kingston"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","critique"]},{"id":"wri-001257","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-001257","title":"Coastal Capital: Jamaica","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"http://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/coastal_capital_jamaica_summary_0.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates the economic contributions of Jamaica's coral reefs, highlighting their critical role in maintaining beaches for tourism, supporting reef-associated fisheries, and reducing coastal flooding. It warns that further reef degradation will lead to increased beach erosion, reduced tourism revenue, and higher vulnerability to storm-induced inundation, while noting that overfishing has already caused significant historical revenue losses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001257#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Increased beach erosion due to further reef degradation is projected to cause an annual loss in consumer satisfaction of US$32.7 million after 10 years, which is a US$13.5 million increase over the base scenario. This could reduce annual tourist visitation by 9,000 to 18,000 people, costing the Jamaican economy between US$11 million and US$23 million per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001257#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Reef-related fisheries support between 15,000 and 20,000 active fishermen and contribute to the livelihoods of over 100,000 people, approximately 5 percent of the population. Between 2001 and 2005, these fisheries generated average annual gross revenues of US$33.1 million, with an additional US$1.2 million from subsistence catches.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001257#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ineffective fisheries management led to an estimated loss of US$1.6 billion in revenues between 1975 and 2000. Current trends show declining fish size and quality, forcing fishermen to travel further to sea, and necessitating the import of most fish consumed on the island.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001257#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coral reefs protect approximately 60 percent of Jamaica's shoreline by reducing wave energy by more than 75 percent. Modeling shows that severe reef degradation would significantly increase water levels at the shoreline during storms; for example, at Discovery Bay, the difference in water level between current and degraded reef scenarios is 0.8 m for a 1-year storm and 0.6 m for a 25-year storm.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001257#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Severe reef degradation would increase coastal inundation during 25-year storm events. In the central north coast near Discovery Bay, this would result in additional inundated areas including over 100 structures, such as two hotels, a church, and an airfield.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001257#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coral reef restoration","tourism industry","coastal flood","ocean acidification","coral bleaching","climate change","ecosystem service","pollution"],"geography_discussed":["Negril","Montego Bay","Ocho Rios","Pedro Bank","Discovery Bay","Kingston","Port Royal"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic valuation","hydrodynamic modeling"]}]}