{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Java-Bali"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'Java-Bali' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":10,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Java-Bali","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-000218","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000218","title":"Indonesia’s Energy Support Measures","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-02-09","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/digital-story/indonesia-energy-support-measures","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Indonesia's energy subsidies peaked at IDR 886.1 trillion in 2022 and remained high in 2024 at IDR 713.5 trillion, with fossil fuel support accounting for 88.9% of the total. The report highlights three dominant costs: electricity compensation for the state utility PLN, 3-kg LPG subsidies, and fuel compensation payments to Pertamina. These measures often benefit higher-income households and create a 'net negative carbon price' that offsets the national carbon pricing scheme. While electric vehicle (EV) incentives have surged since 2020, they remain negligible compared to fossil fuel support. The document recommends a phased reform plan to redirect spending toward renewable energy, targeted social protection, and induction cooking to reduce import dependency and emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Energy subsidies in Indonesia reached a peak of IDR 886.1 trillion (USD 59.7 billion) in FY 2022 and were IDR 713.5 trillion (USD 45 billion) in 2024. Fossil fuel support remains the dominant expenditure, representing 88.9% of total support in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Three specific measures exceed IDR 100 trillion (USD 6.3 billion) annually: fuel compensation payments to Pertamina (which peaked at IDR 275.3 trillion in 2022), electricity compensation for PLN, and the 3-kg LPG subsidy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 3-kg LPG subsidy is poorly targeted, with over 68% of households in every income group consuming it, meaning the richest 10% use nearly as much as the poorest 10%. Transitioning the poorest 40%–60% to induction stoves could save between IDR 7 trillion and IDR 12 trillion annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fossil fuel subsidies act as a negative carbon price that counteracts the national carbon pricing scheme. In 2023, this resulted in a net negative carbon price of USD 7.8 per tonne of carbon, outweighing the impact of the emissions trading scheme and carbon tax.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity support is driven by tariff freezes since 2017 and the Domestic Market Obligation (DMO) for coal, which requires producers to sell 25% of production to PLN at a fixed price of USD 70 per tonne. In FY 22, the DMO's implicit support exceeded IDR 200 trillion (USD 13.5 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electric vehicle (EV) subsidies rose to over IDR 22 trillion (USD 1.4 billion) in 2024, driving four-wheeler sales from 125 units in 2020 to over 43,000 by 2024. However, support for conventional transport fuels (IDR 17.1 trillion) and biofuels (IDR 25.8 trillion) in 2024 still far exceeds EV support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","carbon price","electric vehicle","renewable energy","biofuel","coal","energy transition","emission trading","carbon tax"],"geography_discussed":["Java-Bali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"clipolin-001332","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-001332","title":"WHO PAYS WHAT FOR INDONESIA'S GREEN TRANSITION?","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Who-Pays-What-for-Indonesias-Green-Transition.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines Indonesia's path toward net-zero emissions by 2060, highlighting a significant gap between current investment levels and the estimated annual need of USD 73–76 billion. It argues that foreign climate finance is often debt-heavy and unreliable, urging a shift toward domestic funding and structural reforms. The analysis covers the banking sector's limited capacity to finance renewable energy, the underperformance of the national carbon market, and the socioeconomic disparities in energy access. It proposes an \"Indonesian Way\" consisting of eight strategic actions, including targeted subsidies and the development of a domestic clean-tech ecosystem, to ensure a just and sovereign transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001332#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Foreign climate finance for Indonesia is predominantly composed of debt rather than grants, leading to concerns that the transition is a \"debt disguised as global welfare.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001332#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's commercial banking sector lacks the capacity to fully finance renewable energy power plants, which require an estimated USD 11 billion annually, especially under high-growth scenarios where sector concentration and funding risks emerge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001332#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indonesian carbon market is currently underdeveloped, with low transaction values and prices (approximately IDR 60,000 per ton) that are significantly below the levels required to effectively incentivize emission reductions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001332#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant regional energy inequality exists, with 96% of households without electricity located outside Java and Bali as of March 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001332#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's energy transition targets are often inconsistent across different official documents, with the Enhanced NDC projecting higher 2030 emissions than the Long-Term Strategy (LTS).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001332#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The manufacturing sector remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels, with coal accounting for nearly 50% of its total energy consumption in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001332#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Blended finance is viewed as a tool to bridge the funding gap, but its implementation in Indonesia is hindered by a lack of investable projects and a limited understanding among domestic stakeholders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001332#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia possesses immense carbon absorption potential in its marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including the world's largest mangrove forests, though these are not yet fully integrated into official NDC targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001332#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report proposes an \"Indonesian Way\" for transition, which includes eight strategic actions: increasing public awareness, limiting cross-sector emissions, decarbonizing transport, targeting subsidies, improving gas infrastructure, developing the carbon sector, decarbonizing electricity/industry, and future energy development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001332#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","climate finance","renewable energy","carbon neutrality","Blended Finance","coal-fired power station","climate bond","carbon capture and storage","biofuel","energy efficiency","nature-based solutions","Mangrove restoration","fiscal policy","energy poverty","just transition"],"geography_discussed":["Java-Bali","Sumatra","Kalimantan","Papua","United States","People's Republic of China","European Union","Norway","India","Brazil","Vietnam","Philippines","Malaysia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","financial simulation","socioeconomic assessment","historical analysis"]},{"id":"rmi-000286","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/rmi-000286","title":"Finding (Re)Purpose: The Power of a Pre-Feasibility Analysis in Coal Repurposing","publisher":{"name":"RMI","organization":"rmi"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2024-07-23","source_url":"https://rmi.org/resources/finding-repurpose-the-power-of-a-pre-feasibility-analysis-in-coal-repurposing/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"RMI conducted a pre-feasibility analysis on a high-capacity coal plant in Indonesia, finding that replacing the plant with solar and storage is the preferred solution for maximizing CO2 abatement and investor cash flow, provided sufficient land is available. The analysis highlights the necessity of blended financing to maintain affordable electricity costs during early retirement and notes that biomass co-firing is generally less profitable than other repurposing options. The study emphasizes that land characteristics and regulatory frameworks are critical determinants of a site's repurposing potential.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000286#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Replacing the analyzed Indonesian coal plant with solar and storage is the preferred repurposing solution following early retirement, provided there is adequate land and access to cheap financing. This approach could result in tens of millions of tons of CO2 abated and tens of millions of dollars in free cash flow for equity investors, though the exact benefits depend on the size of the replacement system.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000286#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Blended financing is essential in early retirement scenarios without repurposing to prevent electricity cost increases and make deals more attractive to financial stakeholders by reducing costs compared to running the plant to the end of its technical life.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000286#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biomass co-firing is typically not profitable because the capital and operational expenses for retrofitting and fueling generally exceed the cost savings. It is only profitable under the lowest assumed cost conditions and faces higher climate and sustainability scrutiny compared to other repurposing options that offer more precise emissions reductions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000286#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The viability of converting a coal site to a clean energy facility is heavily constrained by land availability. Determining how much additional land around the original site can be used requires further technical and environmental analysis, especially since some surrounding land may be biologically important or environmentally sensitive.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000286#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Certain repurposing options, such as site hybridization with clean energy, reduced asset utilization, and stand-alone storage, were not analyzed because current regulatory frameworks do not provide a model for the remuneration of those services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000286#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["photovoltaics","battery energy storage system","Cofiring","Blended Finance","carbon dioxide emissions","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Java-Bali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","pre-feasibility analysis"]},{"id":"rmi-000754","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/rmi-000754","title":"Finding (Re)Purpose: The Power of a Pre-Feasibility Analysis in Coal Repurposing Case Study","publisher":{"name":"RMI","organization":"rmi"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2024-07","source_url":"https://rmi.org/app/uploads/2024/07/finding_re_purpose_case_study.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"RMI conducted a pre-feasibility analysis on a coal power plant in Indonesia's Java-Bali region, evaluating four transition scenarios: baseline operation, early retirement without repurposing, early retirement with clean energy repurposing, and biomass co-firing. The analysis found that early retirement is financially feasible, especially with blended financing, and that clean repurposing via solar PV and battery storage offers the highest value and emissions reductions, provided land constraints are overcome. Conversely, biomass co-firing was found to be generally unprofitable due to high retrofit costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000754#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Early retirement of the coal plant without repurposing is a financially viable path for stakeholders, but the use of blended financing is critical to prevent the transition from increasing electricity costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000754#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Repurposing the plant site with battery storage and solar PV can increase emissions reductions and investor value, though the scale of these benefits is limited by the available land footprint at the existing site.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000754#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biomass co-firing is generally not profitable because the capital expenditures required for retrofitting the plant and processing fuel typically exceed the savings gained from reduced coal fuel costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000754#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Future value could be unlocked through innovative repurposing options such as stand-alone thermal energy storage—which utilizes existing steam cycles and transmission assets—or flexible operation, provided that regulatory frameworks and remuneration models are established.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000754#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","photovoltaics","battery energy storage system","Cofiring","Blended Finance","just transition"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["pre-feasibility analysis","case study","financial modeling","scenario analysis"]},{"id":"rmi-000494","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/rmi-000494","title":"Breaking Down Silos: Lessons from Indonesia’s Coal Transition Kick-off","publisher":{"name":"RMI","organization":"rmi"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2023-09-28","source_url":"https://rmi.org/resources/breaking-down-silos-lessons-from-indonesias-coal-transition-kick-off/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"RMI provides recommendations for Indonesia's coal transition based on a model applied to the Java-Bali grid, emphasizing the integration of coal retirement and clean energy deployment to ensure financial feasibility and emissions reductions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000494#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"RMI identifies four primary lessons for transitioning away from fossil fuels while maintaining energy reliability and low costs: solar and storage are the most cost-effective replacements for coal plants retiring by 2030; emissions reductions are only guaranteed if capacity is replaced by clean resources; financial interventions are necessary to de-risk investments and enable just transition assistance; and the use of cheaper clean resources benefits the utility's financial performance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000494#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To implement a successful transition, RMI recommends three specific actions: conducting joint analyses of coal retirement and clean energy deployment, integrating financial effects into techno-economic and operational planning, and creating an initial retirement roadmap by ranking plants from least to most efficient.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000494#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2022, RMI advised the launch of a Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) for Indonesia's electricity system, which consists of a $20 billion multilateral financial package intended to accelerate the shift from coal to renewable energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000494#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Coal phase-out","renewable energy","solar energy","energy storage","Just Energy Transition Partnership","climate finance","decarbonization","electrical grid","just transition"],"geography_discussed":["Java-Bali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["techno-economic analysis","financial analysis"]},{"id":"trendas-000034","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/trendas-000034","title":"PETISI","publisher":{"name":"Trend Asia","organization":"trend-asia"},"document_type":"statement","language":"id","date_published":"2023-05-22","source_url":"https://trendasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/202305_IND_PETISI_Rapel_WALHI.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document is a petition addressed to Japanese government officials, banks, and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) regarding the Cirebon coal-fired power plant projects in Indonesia. The authors demand the immediate suspension of loan disbursements for Cirebon 2 (1,000 MW) and a responsible, rapid early retirement of Cirebon 1 (660 MW). They argue that these projects have caused severe damage to the livelihoods, health, and culture of local coastal communities, specifically affecting small-scale fishing and salt production. The petition highlights allegations of corruption, noting that a former Cirebon Regent was indicted by the KPK for receiving bribes from Hyundai Engineering and Construction Co., Ltd. and Cirebon Energi Prasarana (CEPR) to expedite permits for Cirebon 2. The authors criticize the use of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as an inadequate solution and call for a 'just' energy transition that includes environmental restoration and genuine community participation, rather than technical fixes like biomass co-firing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000034#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The petitioners demand that the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) and three Japanese megabanks immediately stop loan disbursements for the 1,000 MW Cirebon 2 power plant, and that the Asian Development Bank (ADB) ensure the rapid early retirement of the 660 MW Cirebon 1 plant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000034#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Cirebon projects have negatively impacted local coastal livelihoods, specifically the ability of residents to harvest shellfish and produce salt, which previously allowed them to fund education and housing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000034#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The petition cites corruption involving the Cirebon 2 project, stating that the former Cirebon Regent was indicted by the Indonesian Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) for taking bribes from the EPC contractor, Hyundai Engineering and Construction Co., Ltd., and the borrower, Cirebon Energi Prasarana (CEPR), to accelerate permits and suppress protests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000034#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors argue that operating Cirebon 2 is unnecessary due to a projected electricity supply reserve ratio of 40-60% in the Java-Bali grid between 2021 and 2030, and they oppose the use of biomass, ammonia, or hydrogen co-firing as a substitute for the full closure of Cirebon 1.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000034#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The petitioners criticize the ADB's Energy Transition Mechanism (ETM) and JBIC for relying on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs and government statistics that ignore the actual testimonies of affected residents regarding declining fish catches.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000034#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","climate justice","Cofiring","climate finance","stranded asset"],"geography_discussed":["Japan","Java-Bali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy demand","human rights impact assessment","financial accountability"]},{"id":"trendas-000134","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/trendas-000134","title":"Ambiguitas versus Ambisi: Tinjauan Kebijakan Transisi Energi Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"Trend Asia","organization":"trend-asia"},"document_type":"report","language":"id","date_published":"2023-03","source_url":"https://trendasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/ID_Ambiguitas-versus-Ambisi-2.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report highlights a significant gap between Indonesia's climate commitments and its energy policies, noting a severe oversupply of electricity primarily driven by coal. It argues that the RUPTL 2021-2030 continues to plan for fossil fuel capacity, which contradicts NZE targets. The document further critiques 'new' technologies like biomass and ammonia co-firing, CCUS, and Clean Coal Technology as 'false solutions' that risk extending the lifespan of coal plants rather than accelerating a transition to renewables.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000134#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia has experienced a significant increase in fossil fuel capacity over the last five years, with over 12 GW added, increasing operating coal plants by 30%, while renewable energy additions lagged at only 1.6 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000134#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"As of 2021, Indonesia's power grid suffered from substantial oversupply, with approximately 33% of the 58 GW total installed fossil fuel capacity exceeding demand, resulting in fixed operation and maintenance (FOM) costs of about Rp16 trillion (USD 1.2 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000134#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a lack of alignment regarding Net Zero Emission (NZE) targets across Indonesian government entities: PLN and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) target 2060, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) targets 2070, and Bappenas targets 2045.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000134#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The RUPTL 2021-2030 is criticized for being inconsistent with NZE goals, as 50% (19.6 GW) of the 40.6 GW planned for commercialization between 2021 and 2030 relies on fossil fuels, including 13.8 GW from coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000134#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biomass co-firing is viewed as a 'false solution' because the biomass portion is only 15%, leaving 95% of the fuel as coal, which may serve as a justification to extend the operational life of old coal plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000134#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage (CCUS) and ammonia co-firing are deemed economically unviable and technically unproven in Indonesia, with CCUS potentially reducing plant capacity by 20% to 30% due to high energy consumption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000134#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Clean Coal Technology (CCT) is described as a myth that does not guarantee the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or air pollution, as plants still emit CO2, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000134#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","carbon neutrality","coal-fired power station","renewable energy","Cofiring","Just Energy Transition Partnership","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Java-Bali","Sulawesi","Sumatra","Kalimantan","Maluku-Papua-Nusa Tenggara","Japan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","technical assessment"]},{"id":"newclim-000201","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000201","title":"Initiating a fair and inclusive energy transition in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2022-03-31","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/initiating-a-fair-and-inclusive-energy-transition-in-indonesia","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The analysis examines the replacement of 3.4GW of coal capacity at Suralaya with solar PV, noting that while a four-year replacement is possible, a lack of concerted effort could cause delays of 7-10 years. The document emphasizes that the scale of benefits depends on the speed of implementation and requires coordinated action from the government, PLN, and banks, alongside international support aligned with domestic efforts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000201#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Replacing 3.4GW of coal units at Suralaya with solar PV can drive greater prosperity and an inclusive transition, though the magnitude of benefits is time-dependent, increasing with an earlier and faster replacement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000201#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While a full replacement of the Suralaya units within four years is feasible, a lack of coordinated effort could result in a delay of 7 to 10 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000201#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To realize the transition, Indonesia requires improvements in permitting and spatial planning, a predictable medium-term pathway for clean energy, and stable policies to support manufacturing and capacity investments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000201#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International support for Indonesia's energy transition is unlikely to occur without corresponding domestic efforts; specifically, international interest in buying out old coal plants is diminished if new ones are built as replacements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000201#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Successful long-term international support depends on five simultaneous actions: creating favorable policy and credible targets, negotiating a coal exit strategy, addressing energy system vulnerabilities, strengthening international climate pledges, and establishing a dialogue framework.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000201#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Coal phase-out","photovoltaics","energy transition","climate finance","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Java-Bali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"trendas-000022","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/trendas-000022","title":"Negara Harus Selamatkan PLN dengan Segera Menghentikan Proyek Listrik 35.000 Megawatt","publisher":{"name":"Trend Asia","organization":"trend-asia"},"document_type":"statement","language":"id","date_published":"2020-10-06","source_url":"https://trendasia.org/negara-harus-selamatkan-pln-dengan-segera-menghentikan-proyek-listrik-35-000-megawatt/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document highlights a severe financial crisis at PLN, characterized by a 38 trillion rupiah loss in Q1 2020 and 500 trillion rupiah in debt linked to the 35,000 MW infrastructure project. It argues that the Java-Bali system is suffering from oversupply due to overestimated economic growth and electricity demand projections. The text calls for the government to stop new coal-fired power plant projects, such as PLTU Jawa 9 & 10, to prevent further losses and environmental damage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000022#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"PLN is facing a significant financial crisis, reporting a loss of 38 trillion rupiah in the first quarter of 2020 and carrying debts of 500 trillion rupiah, which were used to fund the 35,000 MW electricity infrastructure megaprogram.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000022#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Java-Bali electricity system is experiencing oversupply because national economic growth targets used for projections were not met; for example, the 2019 RUPTL assumed 5.5 percent growth, while the actual achievement was 5.02 percent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000022#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"An IESR study indicates that demand projections for the Sumatra and Java-Bali regions were 20-50 percent higher than the actual electricity growth trends observed over the last decade.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000022#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposed PLTU Jawa 9 & 10 project in Cilegon, Banten, is described as business-unprofitable according to a Korea Development Institute (KDI) pre-feasibility study, showing a negative profitability index and the potential to become a stranded asset.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000022#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Trend Asia warns that continuing new projects amidst market uncertainty could increase PLN's debt burden to 600 trillion rupiah, an amount equivalent to one-quarter of the 2020 state budget (APBN).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"trendas-000022#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Java-Bali","Sumatra","Indramayu","Cirebon","Cilegon","Banten"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy critique","financial analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002999","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002999","title":"INDONESIA ENERGY SUBSIDY NEWS BRIEFING","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2018-01","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/gsi-indonesia-news-briefing-january-2018-en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document details the Indonesian government's management of energy subsidies across LPG, electricity, and liquid fuels, noting a trend of increasing budget allocations due to delayed reforms and external price pressures. It highlights the transition to targeted subsidies using poverty databases and smart cards, the implementation of the 'One Price Policy' to ensure fuel affordability in remote areas, and the long-term financial implications of capacity payments for coal-fired power plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002999#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Indonesian government increased its energy subsidy allocation in the 2017 state budget revision, with parliament approving a total of IDR 94.52 trillion for fuel and electricity subsidies. This increase was driven by rising crude oil prices, a weakening rupiah, and the decision to maintain domestic subsidized fuel prices through 2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002999#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"LPG subsidies have grown significantly as the government promoted LPG to replace subsidized kerosene, with the subsidy burden rising from IDR 3.89 trillion in 2008 to IDR 24.94 trillion in 2016. To address this, the government is developing a new subsidy scheme for 2018 that will use smart card technology and the Unified Poverty Database for better targeting.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002999#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity subsidy reforms involved a gradual tariff adjustment for the 900 VA consumer class, splitting it into a subsidized rate of IDR 605/kWh for poor households and a non-subsidized rate of IDR 1,352/kWh for non-poor households. However, the government halted the implementation of tariff adjustments for the 450 VA class in 2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002999#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'One Price Policy' (BBM Satu Harga), launched on January 1, 2017, aims to provide fuel access in 148 target districts, specifically remote and border locations, at prices similar to developed regions. PT Pertamina, the sole supplier, reported a loss of IDR 5 trillion since October 2016 due to the higher logistic costs and distributor profit margins associated with the project.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002999#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's plan to add 24 GW of coal-fired power generation between 2017 and 2026 utilizes a 'capacity payment' mechanism where PT PLN pays for available produced capacity. This is estimated to cost USD 76 billion over a 25-year PPA, with USD 16.2 billion potentially spent on idle capacity in the Java-Bali grid between 2017 and 2026.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002999#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy subsidy","coal-fired power station","renewable energy","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Java-Bali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","fiscal analysis"]}]}