{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["El Salvador"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'El Salvador' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":339,"relation":"eq"},"page":6,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=El+Salvador&page=6","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=El+Salvador&page=7","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iai-001389","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iai-001389","title":"MEMORÁNDUM DE ENTENDIMIENTO ENTRE LA DIRECCIÓN EJECUTIVA DEL INSTITUTO INTERAMERICANO PARA LA INVESTIGACIÓN DEL CAMBIO GLOBAL (IAI) Y COOPERACIÓN LATINOAMERICANA DE REDES AVANZADAS (CLARA)","publisher":{"name":"Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research","organization":"inter-american-institute-for-global-change-research"},"document_type":"statement","language":"es","date_published":"2020-04-24","source_url":"https://iai.int/administrador/assets/images/ckfinder/files/MOU%20CLARA%20IAI%20abril%202020-signed.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The IAI and CLARA have entered into a non-binding agreement to promote regional scientific capacities through the use of advanced networks, focusing on data management, open publications, and technological infrastructure for global change research in Latin America.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001389#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The primary objective of the agreement is to foster collaboration on initiatives that strengthen science, technology, and innovation capacities specifically within the Latin American region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001389#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The parties intend to cooperate on several specific technical and scientific goals, including the creation of regional services for scientific data management and open publications (both on-site and 'As a Service'), and the development of technological infrastructure to support IAI projects and training programs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001389#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The agreement is a non-binding 'good faith' understanding that does not create a legal partnership, joint venture, or immediate financial obligation; any specific financial commitments must be detailed in separate execution agreements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001389#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The memorandum is effective for a period of 5 years from the date of signing (April 24, 2020), unless terminated with 90 days' written notice or replaced by another agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001389#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Argentina","Brazil","Chile","Colombia","Costa Rica","Ecuador","El Salvador","Guatemala","Honduras","Mexico","Nicaragua","Uruguay","Bolivia","Canada","Cuba","Dominican Republic","Jamaica","Panama","Paraguay","Peru","United States","Venezuela","Caribbean"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy agreement"]},{"id":"sei-001826","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001826","title":"Bridging the gap: finance for energy access in the Green Climate Fund","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2020-04","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/sei-report-green-finance-dorman-2003c.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The analysis reveals that the Green Climate Fund (GCF) significantly underfunds energy access compared to large-scale renewable energy and energy efficiency projects, with only 9% of its total portfolio and 14% of its energy-related funding dedicated to energy access. Furthermore, the GCF largely neglects 'high-impact' countries—those with the greatest energy deficits—allocating them only 15% of energy intervention dollars, which represents less than 1% of the annual funding required to meet Sustainable Development Goal 7 by 2030. The report argues that GCF's prioritization of greenhouse gas mitigation over social benefits creates institutional barriers for small-scale, decentralized projects in low-emission, low-income regions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001826#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Energy access interventions are significantly underfunded within the GCF compared to other energy categories. Only US$352 million, or 14% of total energy intervention funding and 9% of the total project portfolio, was allocated to energy access.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001826#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The vast majority of GCF energy funding is directed toward renewable energy generation and energy efficiency, totaling nearly US$2 billion or 85% of energy funds. These projects typically target middle- or high-income countries with existing energy sectors to maximize greenhouse gas abatement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001826#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"GCF funding largely neglects 'high-impact' countries—those with the highest absolute gaps in energy access. These countries received only US$369 million, or 15% of the GCF's energy intervention dollars, which is only 0.6% of the estimated annual funding needed to achieve universal energy access by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001826#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a systemic tension in GCF's evaluation criteria, where the focus on greenhouse gas mitigation penalizes energy access projects in high-impact countries because these regions have small carbon footprints and offer limited mitigation benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001826#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The GCF lacks clear definitions and reporting mechanisms for energy access, which hinders transparency and may signal to developers that energy access is not a priority.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001826#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy access","climate finance","energy efficiency","Mini-grids","Low carbon development","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation"],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa","South Asia","El Salvador","Chile","Egypt","India","Bangladesh"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["portfolio analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"ciel-000793","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ciel-000793","title":"States’ Human Rights Obligations in the Context of Climate Change","publisher":{"name":"Center for International Environmental Law","organization":"center-for-international-environmental-law"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-03","source_url":"https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/States-Human-Rights-Obligations-in-the-Context-of-Climate-Change_2020-Update.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report synthesizes the work of UN human rights treaty bodies (HRTBs), including the CEDAW, CESCR, and CRC, on climate change. It details how these bodies use state reporting, communications procedures, and general comments to hold States accountable for human rights violations caused by climate change and insufficient mitigation efforts. Key findings emphasize the need for highest-ambition emissions cuts, the phasing out of fossil fuels, and the protection of vulnerable groups, including women, children, and Indigenous Peoples.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000793#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In September 2019, five human rights treaty bodies (CEDAW, CESCR, CRC, CMW, and CRPD) issued a joint statement asserting that States must implement emissions reductions reflecting the \"highest possible ambition,\" which includes phasing out fossil fuels and promoting renewable energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000793#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The HRTBs have established that States have a legal obligation to regulate private actors and hold them accountable for climate-related harms occurring both within their own borders and extraterritorially.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000793#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) has been the most active HRTB on climate change, with 57 climate-related Concluding Observations and 39 Lists of Issues between 2008 and 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000793#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Human Rights Committee (CCPR) determined in General Comment No. 36 that climate change and environmental degradation are among the most serious threats to the right to life, creating a \"due diligence obligation\" for States to take reasonable positive measures against foreseeable threats from private entities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000793#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Teitiota v New Zealand case, the Human Rights Committee accepted that climate change impacts could trigger non-refoulement obligations, meaning States may be prohibited from deporting individuals if climate change exposes them to violations of the right to life.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000793#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) emphasizes that children must be at the center of climate discourse and have a legal right to have their views heard and considered in policy-making.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000793#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) has specifically urged States to reduce public and private investments in the fossil fuel industry to ensure compatibility with greenhouse gas emission reductions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000793#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"HRTBs have identified that Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are the most frequent recipients of climate-related recommendations, particularly regarding adaptation and disaster risk reduction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000793#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The HRTBs argue that failure to prevent foreseeable human rights harm caused by climate change, or a failure to regulate activities contributing to that harm, may constitute a violation of a State's human rights obligations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000793#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["human rights","climate change mitigation","climate change adaptation","fossil-fuel phase-out","climate finance","disaster risk reduction","renewable energy","environmental degradation","greenhouse gas emissions","extractive industry","hydraulic fracturing","deforestation","climate justice"],"geography_discussed":["Australia","Kiribati","New Zealand","Argentina","Brazil","France","Germany","Turkey","Cape Verde","Tonga","Cambodia","Marshall Islands","Switzerland","Norway","Ecuador","Canada","United Kingdom","Russia","Qatar","Fiji","Haiti","Guinea","Niger","Spain","Malta","Japan","Grenada","El Salvador","Mexico"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["legal analysis","policy review","synthesis"]},{"id":"wri-001704","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-001704","title":"Climate Solutions Partnership: Showcase Report 2020-2025","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020","source_url":"https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/2025-12/climate-solutions-partnership-showcase-report-2020-2025.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Climate Solutions Partnership (CSP) report details the results of a five-year philanthropic commitment to scale climate innovation and nature-based solutions. Key achievements include unlocking US$635.4 million in finance, avoiding 7.81 million tonnes of GHG emissions, and managing 13 million hectares for biodiversity. The program implemented diverse projects, such as renewable energy aggregation for SMEs in China, solar-powered dairy cooling in India, and the development of environmental compensation laws in Mexico and El Salvador. It also focused on supply chain transparency in the palm oil sector and the creation of financial toolkits to combat environmental crimes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001704#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The CSP achieved significant quantitative impacts by December 2024, including unlocking US$635.4 million in total finance and projecting the avoidance or sequestration of 7.81 million tonnes of GHG emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001704#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In China, the CSP enabled 14 SME suppliers to access a 200MW offshore solar farm through a US$190 million aggregated power purchasing agreement (PPA) with China General Nuclear Power Group, avoiding 200,000 tonnes of CO2 annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001704#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Green Energy-as-a-Service (GEAS) model in Indonesia, developed with PLN, created a bundled Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) product; the initial REC scheme attracted over 1,600 customers and avoided 439 million tCO2.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001704#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The NbS Accelerator supported six projects to reach investment readiness, with one coastal mangrove restoration project in Kenya securing US$1.1 million in early-stage investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001704#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The CSP influenced national policy in Latin America, leading to the enactment of environmental compensation laws in Veracruz, Mexico (November 2024) and El Salvador (2023/2024) to incentivize restoration and fund conservation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001704#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To improve palm oil supply chain transparency in Indonesia, the Hamurni traceability app was developed, registering over 2,400 smallholders and tracing 10,621 tonnes of fresh fruit bunches by December 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001704#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In India, the CSP implemented solar-powered milk chillers across 20 districts in Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan, benefiting 22,550 dairy farmers and securing a 60% government subsidy on instant milk chillers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001704#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Forest Carbon Flux Data Initiative provided a globally consistent view of forest emissions, revealing that ten out of 200 UNESCO World Heritage sites were unexpectedly net carbon sources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001704#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The partnership developed the Environmental Crimes Financial Toolkit to help financial institutions detect illicit activities related to deforestation and land conversion, reaching 30,000 unique users by October 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001704#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["renewable energy","energy efficiency","nature-based solutions","carbon sequestration","power purchase agreement","solar energy","Cofiring","Mangrove restoration","peatland restoration","regenerative agriculture","climate finance","greenhouse gas inventory","urban resilience"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","Indonesia","Vietnam","Mexico","El Salvador","Kenya","United Kingdom","Malaysia","United States","United Arab Emirates","Hong Kong","Mumbai","Veracruz"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment","case study","policy review"]},{"id":"clipolin-000476","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000476","title":"Domestic Climate Finance Mapping and Planning: Challenges and Opportunities Practitioners workshop held in the margins of COP25 December 6, 2019, Madrid Summary","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-12-06","source_url":"http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Domestic-Climate-Finance-Mapping-and-Planning-_-Challenges-and-Opportunities-_-Outcome-Brief.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details a COP25 workshop focused on domestic climate finance mapping. It outlines various tracking tools—such as Climate Budget Tagging and Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews—and discusses how these initiatives help countries identify funding gaps, build investor trust, and mainstream climate goals into national budgets. The document also identifies systemic challenges, including data gaps and the need for inter-ministerial coordination, while proposing the creation of a community of practice to share best practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000476#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Tracking domestic climate finance is essential for implementing national mitigation and adaptation strategies and meeting Paris Agreement goals. It helps policymakers identify who is providing finance and whether that spending aligns with national policy objectives, which is particularly critical as countries enhance their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000476#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Several specific tools and methodologies are used for climate finance mapping: the Land-Use Finance Tool (LUFT) tracks the life cycle of finance flows; Climate Budget Tagging (CBT) classifies expenditures within government budget systems; Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews (CPEIR) provide qualitative and quantitative analysis of public agencies; Private Sector Climate Expenditure and Institutional Reviews (PCEIR) review private sector finance at the sector level; and Investment and Financial Flows (I&FF) assessments compare future expenditure scenarios against a baseline.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000476#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate finance tracking serves three primary strategic purposes: identifying financial gaps to determine the public and private expenditure needed for resilience and mitigation; building trust and transparency to mobilize private and institutional investment; and mainstreaming climate laws and policies into national budgetary processes to redirect investment from non-aligned activities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000476#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Practitioners identified several systemic challenges in tracking climate finance, including a lack of refined national definitions for climate finance, significant data gaps regarding off-budget and private sector investments, a need for greater inter-ministerial coordination (especially with Finance and Planning ministries), and the necessity of building internal capacity within government agencies to ensure replicability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000476#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To increase political buy-in and accountability, there is a need to simplify finance data through visualization and citizen-facing reports, as seen with Nepal's Citizen Climate Budget and similar efforts in Bangladesh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000476#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","Nationally Determined Contributions","private investment","climate change mitigation","climate change adaptation","transparency"],"geography_discussed":["Spain","Germany","Indonesia","Ivory Coast","India","Brazil","Kenya","France","Czech Republic","Latvia","Nepal","Democratic Republic of the Congo","El Salvador","Vietnam","Cambodia","Bangladesh","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["workshop summary","practitioner experience"]},{"id":"iisd-002165","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002165","title":"Exploración de los Posibles Impactos de las Reglas de la OMC Sobre Subsidios a la Pesca: El Caso del Camarón en la Costa Oeste de América Latina","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2019-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/subsidios-pesca-camaron-america-latina-informe-es.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes how proposed WTO rules to prohibit subsidies for illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, overcapacity, and overfishing would affect shrimp fisheries in Latin America. It highlights that fuel subsidies are the most common form of support, primarily benefiting the industrial sector. The document argues that while subsidy reform is crucial for ecological sustainability and economic efficiency, it must be accompanied by broader fisheries management policies and gradual implementation to protect vulnerable communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002165#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Shrimp fisheries in the Tropical Eastern Pacific are largely overexploited, with a trend of decreasing total landings as fleets move to new areas and deeper waters to compensate for declining catches.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002165#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fisheries subsidies in the region, primarily fuel subsidies and support for vessel maintenance, contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, with the industrial sector receiving the majority of these funds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002165#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The impact of a WTO ban on subsidies for illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing would depend on the ability of regional governments to identify and sanction their own national fleets, as IUU activities are common in the region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002165#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A prohibition of subsidies that includes bycatch of overexploited or unassessed populations would have a significant impact on regional shrimp fisheries because they capture large quantities of juveniles of other commercial species.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002165#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fuel subsidy removal would likely reduce fishing effort in the Mexican industrial shrimp fishery where subsidies are critical for profitability, but would have less impact on artisanal fishing due to administrative barriers and general profitability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002165#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Evidence from Mexico, Nicaragua, Ecuador, and Panama shows that limiting fishing effort, partly by reducing fuel subsidies, has led to the recovery of some populations, including an increase in total catches in Mexico.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002165#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Costa Rica and Ecuador, industrial shrimp trawling was completely suspended due to negative impacts on bycatch species and economic losses for artisanal fishing and food security.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002165#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Mexico","Guatemala","El Salvador","Honduras","Nicaragua","Costa Rica","Panama","Ecuador","Sinaloa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy impact assessment","economic analysis"]},{"id":"wri-001252","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-001252","title":"ACHIEVING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION THROUGH INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-09-02","source_url":"https://files.wri.org/s3fs-public/uploads/Climate_Adaptation_Through_Integrated_Landscape_Management_Paper_-_Global_Commission_on_Adaptation.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document advocates for Integrated Landscape Management (ILM) as a critical mechanism to overcome the limitations of siloed sectoral approaches to climate change adaptation. It defines ILM as a process where diverse stakeholders collaborate to manage natural resources sustainably at a local scale, typically ranging from 100 to 10,000 km2. The authors identify five key features of effective ILM: multi-stakeholder institutions, structured cross-sector planning, synergistic interventions, aligned public policies, and coordinated investment portfolios. Using the Imarisha Naivasha initiative in Kenya as a case study, the paper demonstrates how ILM can resolve resource conflicts and build resilience. It concludes with recommendations for the Global Commission on Adaptation to foster ILM platforms, improve inter-agency planning, mobilize private sector investment, and build research systems for climate-resilient landscapes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001252#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Siloed sectoral approaches to climate change adaptation often lead to resource conflicts, missed synergies, and limited scalability because government administrations and NGOs are typically organized by sector and jurisdiction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001252#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective Integrated Landscape Management (ILM) is characterized by five core elements: multi-stakeholder coordination institutions, structured cross-sector analysis and planning, synergistic farm and landscape interventions, aligned public policies, and coordinated investment portfolios.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001252#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Imarisha Naivasha initiative in Kenya's Lake Naivasha Basin illustrates the success of ILM, resulting in the protection of 70 kilometers of riparian zone, the planting of over 150,000 trees, and the rehabilitation of a sewage treatment plant to improve hydrological resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001252#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To enhance ecological and production resilience, landscapes require high diversity in land cover, land use, and species, which cushions communities from climatic shocks and provides 'famine foods' during adverse conditions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001252#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private sector engagement is critical but currently underrepresented in ILM; only one quarter of 428 documented multi-stakeholder landscape partnerships involved private companies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001252#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors recommend that the Global Commission on Adaptation catalyze actions to strengthen ILM platforms, improve inter-agency planning, mobilize business community adaptation strategies, and build research systems for climate-resilient ILM.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001252#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","Climate-smart agriculture","water management","biodiversity conservation","climate finance","nature-based solutions","ecosystem-based adaptation","agroforestry","carbon sequestration"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","United States","Mozambique","El Salvador","Philippines","Australia","Thailand","Rwanda","Ethiopia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study","literature review"]},{"id":"fordecl-000176","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fordecl-000176","title":"Progress on the New York Declaration on Forests Goal 5 Assessment","publisher":{"name":"Forest Declaration Assessment","organization":"forest-declaration-assessment"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-09","source_url":"https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2019NYDFGoal5.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The assessment finds that the world is not on track to meet the 2020 restoration goal, with only 18% of the target documented as restored since 2000. While political will is evident through Bonn Challenge pledges totaling 170.6 million hectares, actual biophysical progress is limited and difficult to quantify due to data gaps. A pilot study in the Mekong region reveals that most tree cover gain occurs outside of forests on croplands and shrublands, while natural forests in the region have seen a net loss. The report emphasizes that monoculture plantations, which make up 45% of planned commitments, provide significantly less carbon storage than natural forests. It highlights the need for coherent policies, multidisciplinary technical planning, and increased financial flows to scale up effective forest landscape restoration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000176#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The global goal to restore 150 million hectares (Mha) of forest by 2020 is not on track; a systematic literature review shows that only 26.7 Mha (18% of the goal) have undergone restoration since 2000.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000176#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The rate of forest landscape restoration has declined over time, dropping from an average of approximately 2 Mha per year between 2000 and 2010 to less than 1 Mha per year after 2011.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000176#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Political commitment is high, with Bonn Challenge pledges totaling 170.6 million hectares, but actual reported restoration remains small and difficult to quantify due to inconsistent data and reporting methods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000176#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Mekong region, most tree cover increase since 2010 has occurred on non-forest lands such as croplands and shrublands (75%) rather than inside forests (25%), resulting in an overall net loss of natural forests by 0.3 Mha.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000176#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant portion of restoration pledges rely on monoculture tree plantations (45%), which are substantially less effective for climate mitigation than natural forests, storing 40 times less carbon.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000176#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Afforestation efforts, particularly in China and Mongolia (which account for 72% of global afforestation since 2000), often occur in grasslands and can lead to negative ecological consequences, such as excessive water demand and low biodiversity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000176#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective forest landscape restoration (FLR) is driven by three primary success factors: coherent policies and institutional support, multidisciplinary technical planning, and significant financial flows.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000176#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The estimated global cost to implement the NYDF target of 350 Mha by 2030 ranges from 837 to 1,208 billion USD, with an annual requirement of 49 to 71 billion USD.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000176#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["afforestation","reforestation","carbon sequestration","biodiversity","climate finance","agroforestry","land tenure","Nationally Determined Contributions"],"geography_discussed":["Mekong region","People's Republic of China","Mongolia","Brazil","United States","Vietnam","Rwanda","El Salvador","Argentina","Malawi","Cambodia","Laos","Myanmar","Vu Quang district","Dowa District","Mchinji District"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["assessment","literature review","satellite monitoring","case study"]},{"id":"fordecl-000179","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fordecl-000179","title":"Protecting and Restoring Forests","publisher":{"name":"Forest Declaration Assessment","organization":"forest-declaration-assessment"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-09","source_url":"https://forestdeclaration.org/images/uploads/resource/2019NYDFReport.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2019 NYDF Progress Assessment finds that the world is not on track to meet its 2020 targets to halve tropical deforestation and restore 150 million hectares of degraded land. Global gross tree cover loss increased by 43% since the declaration, with a particularly alarming 44% acceleration in the loss of irreplaceable humid tropical primary forests. While some progress is noted in Indonesia, where primary forest loss dropped by over 30% in 2017-18, overall trends are negative. Restoration efforts are largely occurring outside of natural forests, and only 18% of the 2020 restoration goal has been realized. The report highlights a critical funding gap, noting that 'grey' finance for agriculture is 15 times higher than 'green' finance for forests, and that forest-related climate finance represents only 1.5% of total multilateral commitments. Governance remains a significant barrier, with nearly half of tropical deforestation being illegal and indigenous land rights remaining largely unrecognized.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The global rate of gross tree cover loss has increased by 43% since the endorsement of the New York Declaration on Forests, moving away from the goal of halving the rate by 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Loss of irreplaceable humid tropical primary forests has accelerated by 44% since 2014, increasing from 3.0 to 4.3 million hectares per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Annual carbon dioxide emissions from tropical tree cover loss are now equivalent to the total greenhouse gas emissions of the European Union, with 43% of these emissions occurring in primary forests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Only 18% of the 2020 goal to restore 150 million hectares of forest landscapes has been realized, with only 26.7 million hectares documented as restored since 2000.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Restoration efforts are disproportionately occurring outside of natural forests; a pilot study of the Mekong region found that 75% of tree cover gain happened on non-forest lands (croplands, shrublands) compared to 25% inside forests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Indonesia, primary forest loss decreased by more than 30% in 2017 and 2018 compared to the 2002–16 average, attributed to a combination of government moratoria, private sector action, and wetter weather.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private sector commitments to eliminate deforestation from supply chains are insufficient; only 8% of assessed companies have zero-deforestation commitments that cover all operations and supply chains.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a severe imbalance in financial flows, with 'grey' development finance for agriculture in deforestation countries being 15 times greater than 'green' climate mitigation finance for forestry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Forests receive a very small fraction of global climate finance, accounting for less than 1.5% (USD 3.2 billion) of the USD 256 billion committed by developed country donors and multilateral institutions since 2010.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Forest governance is weak, with approximately 49% of tropical deforestation worldwide continuing to be illegal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous peoples and local communities manage at least 22% of the total carbon stored in forests across 52 tropical and subtropical countries, yet their land rights remain largely unrecognized.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Congo Basin, shifting agriculture is the primary driver of tree cover loss, accounting for 84% of loss in the region and 93% in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000179#insight-12","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon sequestration","sustainable finance","Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation","afforestation","reforestation","agroforestry","climate change mitigation","climate change adaptation","biodiversity loss"],"geography_discussed":["Brazil","People's Republic of China","Indonesia","El Salvador","Malawi","Congo Basin","Mekong region","Democratic Republic of the Congo","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["progress assessment","biophysical analysis","socioeconomic analysis","policy review"]},{"id":"fordecl-000180","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fordecl-000180","title":"Protecting and Restoring Forests","publisher":{"name":"Forest Declaration Assessment","organization":"forest-declaration-assessment"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-09","source_url":"https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/2019NYDFReport-low-res.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2019 NYDF Progress Assessment finds that the world is not on track to meet its 2020 targets to halve tropical deforestation and restore 150 million hectares of degraded land. While some regional successes exist, such as a reduction in primary forest loss in Indonesia, global gross tree cover loss has increased by 43% since 2014. The report highlights a critical gap in finance, noting that 'green' finance for forests is dwarfed by 'grey' finance for agriculture, and argues that current corporate and government actions are too isolated and lack the ambition needed for systemic change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global progress toward ending the loss of natural forests has not been achieved; instead, the global rate of gross tree cover loss increased by 43% since the NYDF was endorsed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The loss of irreplaceable humid tropical primary forests has accelerated by 44% since 2014, rising from 3.0 to 4.3 million hectares per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Annual carbon dioxide emissions from tropical tree cover loss between 2014 and 2018 averaged 4.7 gigatons, exceeding the total 2017 greenhouse gas emissions of the European Union.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 2020 goal to restore 150 million hectares of forest landscapes will not be met, with only 18% (26.7 million hectares) documented as restored since 2000.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A pilot study of the Mekong region indicates that most tree cover gain since 2010 occurred outside of forests (on croplands and shrublands), while the region still experienced a net loss of natural forests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Corporate efforts to eliminate deforestation from agricultural supply chains are insufficient; none of the 350 most influential companies are on track to meet their 2020 commitments, and only 8% have commitments covering all operations and supply chains.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Indonesia, primary forest loss dropped by more than 30% in 2017 and 2018 compared to the 2002–16 average, attributed to a combination of government moratoria on peatlands, private sector action, and wetter weather.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Extractive industries and infrastructure act as 'drivers of drivers,' where the direct footprint of mining or oil and gas is small, but the resulting roads enable further migration and agricultural clearing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Poverty and lack of livelihood alternatives drive forest loss in regions like the Congo Basin, where shifting agriculture accounts for 70% of total tree cover loss in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a severe imbalance in finance: public international finance for agriculture in deforestation countries is 15 times higher than climate mitigation finance specifically for forestry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Green finance for forests is significantly lower than for other climate sectors; since 2010, the renewables sector received over 100 times more financial commitments than forests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Forest governance improvements are too slow, with approximately 49% of tropical deforestation remaining illegal due to corruption, weak enforcement, and insecure tenure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-12","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous peoples and local communities manage at least 22% of the total carbon stored in tropical forests, yet a significant portion of their customary land rights remain unrecognized.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000180#insight-13","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","carbon sequestration","climate finance","Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation","agroforestry","afforestation","sustainable finance","biodiversity","land-use change"],"geography_discussed":["Brazil","Indonesia","People's Republic of China","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Congo Basin","El Salvador","Malawi","European Union","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["progress assessment","biophysical analysis","socioeconomic analysis","policy evaluation"]},{"id":"glorespar-000148","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glorespar-000148","title":"CASE STUDY EXAMPLES OF EFFECTIVE RESILIENCE PROGRAMMING","publisher":{"name":"Global Resilience Partnership","organization":"global-resilience-partnership"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2019-09","source_url":"https://www.globalresiliencepartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/grp-effective-programs.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document analyzes 44 resilience programs to determine which design elements contribute to success in helping vulnerable populations persist, adapt, and transform in the face of shocks. Key findings highlight the importance of community-led vulnerability assessments, the role of savings as a critical resilience buffer, and the necessity of integrating climate risk interventions into local governance and market systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000148#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Community-level vulnerability assessments are essential for identifying the most in-need populations and understanding existing capacities, but they require consistent application and sufficient resources to avoid mis-targeting by local elites.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000148#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial savings act as a primary contributor to both absorptive and adaptive capacities, serving as a buffer that prevents households from resorting to negative coping strategies, such as removing children from school, during prolonged shocks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000148#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women's groups provide a more immediate route to increasing agency and access to assets than public forums, though a 'twin track' approach involving men is often necessary to overcome social norms and male reluctance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000148#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Community-led design increases the relevance and ownership of interventions, with cost-benefit analysis in Kenya showing that $1 invested in community-based adaptation can generate between $1.45 and $3.03 of wealth for the community.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000148#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Decentralized information systems, such as SMS alerts for weather and pests, are effective for urgent actions but require integration with one-to-one coaching and field agent visits to drive the adoption of long-term agricultural practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000148#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While one-off asset transfers (e.g., livestock) can increase resilience and prevent a return to poverty, the effectiveness depends on the quality and maturity of the asset transferred.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000148#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Crisis modifiers—contingency funds for emergency deployment—are effective when based on ex ante plans and flexible donor funding, allowing development programs to respond to severe shocks without abandoning long-term goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000148#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Vertical integration into government systems is a key sustainability strategy, but there are concerns regarding whether governments can afford to adopt high-cost, intersectional, or household-level targeting approaches.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000148#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Climate-smart agriculture","disaster risk reduction","climate finance","adaptive capacity","early warning system","nature-based solutions","vulnerability assessment","agroecology"],"geography_discussed":["Ethiopia","Kenya","Niger","Senegal","Mozambique","Zimbabwe","Nepal","Bangladesh","Myanmar","India","Philippines","Sri Lanka","Zambia","Guatemala","El Salvador","Solomon Islands","Vanuatu","Indonesia","Uganda"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","synthesis report","impact evaluation review"]},{"id":"gclifun-004866","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gclifun-004866","title":"Sustainable Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) Coffee of Honduras","publisher":{"name":"Green Climate Fund","organization":"green-climate-fund"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-07-02","source_url":"https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/22310-sustainable-nationally-appropriate-mitigation-actions-nama-coffee-honduras.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Sustainable Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) Coffee of Honduras programme seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the resilience of 4,000 small coffee producers and 80 coffee mills. With a total indicative cost of USD 39,623,400, the initiative focuses on introducing agroforestry systems, improving fertilizer use, and implementing solar technologies for coffee drying. The programme proposes a dual financial mechanism consisting of a non-reimbursable Coffee Fund and a reimbursable Coffee Credit Line, managed by the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI). Key goals include a mitigation impact of 320 GgCO2e by 2023 and the establishment of a Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system to track emissions reductions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004866#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The programme aims to achieve a total mitigation impact of 320 GgCO2e by the end of its implementation in 2023, followed by annual average reductions of 64 GgCO2e over the subsequent 10 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004866#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The initiative targets 4,000 small low-income coffee producers and 80 coffee mills, aiming to have them apply at least one low-carbon practice or technology across 10,000 hectares by 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004866#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The programme identifies four primary mitigation measures: comprehensive management of agroforestry systems (estimated 260 GgCO2e over 20 years), more efficient fertilizer use, waste treatment technologies in mills (estimated 418 GgCO2e over 13 years), and replacing mechanical-electric dryers with solar technologies (estimated 188 GgCO2e over 10 years).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004866#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To overcome financial barriers, the programme will implement two mechanisms: a non-reimbursable Coffee Fund (CF) for grants to support low-carbon practices and a reimbursable Coffee Credit Line channeled through CABEI's network of Financial Institutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004866#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The programme will establish a comprehensive Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system to track GHG emissions at both production and processing levels, which is intended to eventually become a mandatory requirement for coffee farmers and mill operators.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004866#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The total indicative project cost is USD 39,623,400, with USD 22,831,400 requested from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) as a grant, representing 58% of the total cost.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004866#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agroforestry","carbon neutrality","climate finance","greenhouse gas emissions","measurement, reporting, and verification","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["Costa Rica","Dominican Republic","El Salvador","Guatemala","Nicaragua","Panama"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["programme proposal","mitigation assessment","financial planning"]},{"id":"ciel-001013","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ciel-001013","title":"THE IMPACTS OF LARGE-SCALE MINING IN LATIN AMERICA","publisher":{"name":"Center for International Environmental Law","organization":"center-for-international-environmental-law"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-04","source_url":"https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ISDS-Report_final.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes 38 ISDS cases brought by mining companies against Latin American states, highlighting a systemic bias that favors corporate profits over human rights and environmental laws. It documents how these suits often target government measures resulting from community resistance or environmental regulations, creating a 'chilling effect' on public policy. The document details specific cases in countries such as Colombia, El Salvador, and Venezuela, and proposes a fundamental shift toward a legal framework that prioritizes human rights and environmental protection over investor rights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001013#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Mining companies frequently use the ISDS system to challenge government measures that protect the environment or respond to community resistance. In the study of 38 cases, over two-thirds involved some level of community resistance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001013#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Canadian-domiciled firms are disproportionately represented in these legal actions, reflecting Canada's role as a primary source of equity financing for the global mining industry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001013#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a 'chilling effect' where the threat of massive arbitration awards discourages governments from implementing public interest laws or following human rights mandates. For example, the Guatemalan government cited potential arbitration as a reason for not suspending the Marlin mine despite orders from the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001013#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Many suits are brought by 'junior' exploration companies that have no operating mines, often backed by third-party funders who profit from financial awards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001013#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Indirect Expropriation' clause is the most frequently invoked rule, allowing companies to sue over regulations that reduce the value of an investment rather than just the physical taking of property.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001013#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In El Salvador, a long-term struggle against suits by Commerce Group and Pacific Rim Mining (OceanaGold) eventually led to a national law prohibiting metallic mining passed in March 2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001013#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Colombia faces significant financial risk from ISDS, with threatened or actual claims from six mining companies totaling approximately US$18 billion, some specifically targeting protections for páramo ecosystems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001013#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Venezuela has been the most frequently sued country in the region, with supranational tribunals awarding US$2.9 billion to three mining companies alone.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001013#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report proposes several systemic reforms, including the abolition of 'Indirect Expropriation' definitions, requiring disputes to be heard in national courts first, and prohibiting extractive industries from using ISDS entirely.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001013#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["mining","environmental regulation","indigenous rights","human rights","land tenure"],"geography_discussed":["Bolivia","Colombia","Costa Rica","Dominican Republic","Ecuador","El Salvador","Guatemala","Mexico","Panama","Peru","Uruguay","Venezuela","Canada","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy analysis"]},{"id":"iai-000925","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iai-000925","title":"Decision XXVI/34: Memorandum of Understanding with the Organization of American States","publisher":{"name":"Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research","organization":"inter-american-institute-for-global-change-research"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2019-03-28","source_url":"https://archive.iai.int/admin/site/sites/default/files/iai-cop-27-18a-en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The IAI Directorate has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Organization of American States (OAS) to strengthen scientific research and policy contributions regarding global change in the Americas. The partnership includes efforts to expand IAI membership by engaging non-Parties in Central America and the Caribbean, including targeted outreach to El Salvador, Guyana, Honduras, and Ecuador.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000925#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Following instructions from the 26th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP-26) in Antigua, the IAI Directorate established a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Organization of American States (OAS). The MoU is designed to create a framework for cooperation mechanisms, enhance scientific contributions to policy processes, and develop institutional and human capacities within the Americas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000925#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The OAS General Secretariat is assisting the IAI Directorate in encouraging non-Parties in the Caribbean and Central America to ratify the Agreement establishing the IAI. As part of this effort, the IAI presented its objectives on 19 March 2019 in Washington, D.C., at a Joint Session of the Permanent Council (PC) and the Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CIDI), which was attended by twenty-eight OAS Member States.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000925#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"During the Joint Session in Washington, D.C., the IAI held specific meetings with representatives from Honduras, Guyana, and El Salvador to discuss the benefits of ratifying the Agreement for their scientific communities and countries, as well as a briefing for the representative of Ecuador regarding the next IAI Conference of the Parties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000925#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Central America","Caribbean","El Salvador","Guyana","Honduras","Ecuador"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"iai-000926","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iai-000926","title":"Decisión XXVI/34: Memorando de Entendimiento con la Organización de los Estados Americanos","publisher":{"name":"Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research","organization":"inter-american-institute-for-global-change-research"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"es","date_published":"2019-03-28","source_url":"https://archive.iai.int/admin/site/sites/default/files/iai-cop-27-18a-sp.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This briefing describes the establishment of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) and the Organization of American States (OAS) to enhance scientific contributions to policy and expand IAI membership in the Americas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000926#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The IAI and the Organization of American States (OAS) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to create a framework for cooperation aimed at strengthening scientific contributions to policy processes and developing human and institutional capacities in the Americas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000926#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The OAS Secretary General is intended to assist the IAI Executive Directorate in reaching out to non-party countries in the Caribbean and Central America to encourage them to ratify the Agreement for the Creation of the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000926#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"On March 19, 2019, in Washington, DC, the IAI presented its objectives at a joint session of the Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CIDI) and the Permanent Council (CP), attended by 28 OAS member states.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000926#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Following the joint session in Washington, DC, meetings were held with representatives from Honduras, Guyana, and El Salvador regarding the benefits of ratifying the Agreement, as well as a meeting with a representative from Ecuador to report on the upcoming IAI Conference of the Parties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000926#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["global change","scientific cooperation","policy processes","institutional capacity"],"geography_discussed":["United States","El Salvador","Guyana","Honduras","Ecuador"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["administrative report","diplomatic briefing"]},{"id":"gclifun-004855","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gclifun-004855","title":"Ecosystem-based Adaptation to increase climate resilience in the Central American Dry Corridor and the Arid Zones of the Dominican Republic","publisher":{"name":"Green Climate Fund","organization":"green-climate-fund"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-03-15","source_url":"https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/21480-ecosystem-based-adaptation-increase-climate-resilience-central-american-dry-corridor-and-arid.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The project aims to address climate-driven water scarcity, food insecurity, and ecosystem degradation in seven countries. It proposes a multi-scale approach targeting landscapes (forest and wetland restoration), enterprises (climate-resilient agricultural practices), and households (water-efficient technologies). The initiative is supported by three financial mechanisms: a grant fund (FOGESIA), a guarantee fund, and a dedicated EbA credit line. Key goals include the restoration of approximately 36,000 hectares of ecosystems and the direct benefit of 1.75 million people.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004855#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Central American Dry Corridor and the Dominican Republic's Arid Zones are experiencing increasing temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns, which are expected to expand the Dry Corridor from 64% of Central American municipalities to approximately 82% by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004855#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change is projected to reduce the land area suitable for growing essential crops such as coffee, beans, and plantains across the region, while potentially increasing suitability for maize, cassava, and sugarcane in some areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004855#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To overcome financial barriers, the project will establish three interrelated mechanisms: the FOGESIA trust fund for non-reimbursable grant support, a guarantee fund to mitigate climate and technology risks for private investments, and an EbA credit line for on-lending at below-market conditions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004855#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project aims to directly benefit approximately 1.75 million people, representing about 15% of the total population of the target regions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004855#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Proposed water-efficient technologies to reduce water demand include drip irrigation, which can decrease water consumption by up to 70%, as well as rainwater harvesting systems and solar photovoltaic water pumping.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004855#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project will promote natural resource-based businesses, such as mixed nurseries and ecotourism, to provide climate-resilient income opportunities and ensure the long-term sustainability of EbA interventions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004855#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The total indicative cost of the project is 285,586,253.5 USD, with 179,227,605 USD requested from the Green Climate Fund in the form of grants, guarantees, and senior loans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004855#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["ecosystem-based adaptation","water security","climate resilience","agroforestry","reforestation","climate finance","drought","Flood risk management","smallholder","food security","biodiversity"],"geography_discussed":["Ecuador"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["project proposal","concept note"]},{"id":"cdkn-000922","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cdkn-000922","title":"Contributions of the Climate-Resilient Cities in Latin America Initiative","publisher":{"name":"Climate and Development Knowledge Network","organization":"climate-and-development-knowledge-network"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019","source_url":"https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/files/Documento-Sintesis-INGLES-FINAL-para-web_0.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Climate-Resilient Cities in Latin America Initiative (CRC) focused on small and medium-sized cities (50,000 to 1 million inhabitants) to bridge the gap between research and concrete climate action. The initiative emphasizes that while these cities are highly vulnerable to hydro-meteorological disasters, they offer significant opportunities for resilience due to their proximity scale. Key strategies included the co-generation of knowledge using both scientific data and citizen perceptions, the implementation of low-cost technological prototypes, and the integration of a gender perspective to address the disproportionate impacts of climate change on women. The report argues for a localization agenda where resilience is integrated into local development plans and supported by greater fiscal and administrative decentralization.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000922#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Small and medium-sized cities in Latin America are highly vulnerable to climate change, with approximately 40% of their population living in coastal areas and an estimated 80% of the region's greenhouse gas emissions originating from cities, primarily from electricity and transport sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000922#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Data for assessing urban vulnerability is often fragmented and exists in inconsistent formats and scales, making it difficult for local administrations to use for informed decision-making. The CRC projects found that supplementing secondary data (like censuses) with citizens' perceptions is essential for a realistic vulnerability diagnosis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000922#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender analysis reveals that women in the studied regions face higher climate vulnerability due to systemic inequalities in education, labor market access, and power relations. For example, in Coyuca, women's average schooling is 7.4 years compared to 7.9 for men, and they are often excluded from official decision-making processes despite leading family and community responses to disasters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000922#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Cooperación entre Ciudades Fronterizas' project developed an Urban Vulnerability Index (IVU) based on 73 indicators to compare three border cities. The results identified Ciudad del Este as the most vulnerable (IVU: 7.51), followed by Puerto Iguazú (IVU: 7.49) and Foz de Iguacu (IVU: 3.64).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000922#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Low-cost, collective technological solutions can effectively increase resilience. Examples include a rainwater collection system in Abaetetuba and Ponta de Pedras costing approximately US$ 800 for three families, and the 'Aqui Alaga APP' for real-time flood data collection in the Amazon Delta.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000922#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that the costs of climate inaction are higher than the costs of action. In the Triple Border region, the estimated annual cost of implementing 54 proposed resilience solutions is US$ 11.5 million (0.3% of local GDP), while the average benefits are 3.5 times greater than the costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000922#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective climate resilience requires a shift toward multi-stakeholder, bottom-up planning and greater fiscal decentralization, as local governments often lack the funding to implement priorities despite having the local knowledge and initiative.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000922#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate resilience","urban planning","climate change adaptation","disaster risk reduction","green infrastructure","rainwater harvesting","local government","climate finance","flood risk","urbanization"],"geography_discussed":["Mexico","Peru","Colombia","El Salvador","Argentina","Brazil","Paraguay","Coyuca de Benítez","Tarapoto","Dosquebradas","Santa Ana","Santo Tomé","Abaetetuba","Ponta de Pedras","Santana","Mazagão","Foz do Iguaçu","Puerto Iguazú","Ciudad del Este","Iquitos"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["synthesis report","case study","vulnerability assessment"]},{"id":"foei-000477","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000477","title":"Agroecology: innovating for sustainable agriculture & food systems","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2018-11","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Agroecology-innovation-summary-EN.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report advocates for a paradigm shift from industrial agri-business models to agroecology to address global hunger, environmental degradation, and climate change. It proposes a 13-point evaluation framework to assess sustainable innovations and warns against 'false solutions' like climate-smart agriculture. The document concludes with detailed policy recommendations for governments to secure land rights, ensure gender justice, and shift subsidies toward agroecological practices to achieve food sovereignty.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000477#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The current dominant agri-business and high-input industrial model of agriculture is causing environmental degradation, climate change, and threats to the human right to adequate food and nutrition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000477#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To evaluate sustainable innovations, the document proposes 13 interconnected core criteria across three dimensions: Social, economic and institutional; Environment; and Implementation process.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000477#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agroecology is presented as a science, social movement, and set of practices that integrates ancestral knowledge with ecological dimensions to transform the entire food system.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000477#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies 'climate-smart agriculture' and 'sustainable intensification' as false solutions that risk maintaining the industrial status quo and jeopardizing the capacity of small-scale food providers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000477#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agroecology is described as a fundamental pillar of food sovereignty, which is the right of peoples and states to define their own food, livestock, and fisheries systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000477#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Policy recommendations to mainstream agroecology include implementing integral land reforms, opposing land-grabbing, and ensuring women's access to and control over land, water, and seeds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000477#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document calls for a shift in subsidies and policies away from industrial farming and carbon offset schemes toward real smallholder agroecological practices to mitigate climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000477#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agroecology","climate change","sustainable agriculture","Climate-smart agriculture","biodiversity conservation","carbon dioxide emissions","land tenure"],"geography_discussed":["El Salvador"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","framework development"]},{"id":"foei-000848","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000848","title":"Agroecología: innovaciones para sistemas agrícolas y alimentarios sustentables","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2018-11","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Agroecologia-innovacion-ES.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report promotes agroecology as a holistic science, practice, and social movement that offers a sustainable alternative to industrial agriculture. It argues that agroecological systems provide stable yields, enhance biodiversity, and increase resilience to climate change and disasters. The document contrasts this with 'false solutions' like Climate-Smart Agriculture and sustainable intensification, which it claims maintain corporate dependencies. It concludes with policy recommendations centered on food sovereignty, gender justice, and the protection of small-scale producers' rights to land and seeds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000848#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Agroecology is defined as a multidisciplinary approach that integrates scientific discipline, practical application, and a social movement, combining biological and ecological dimensions with ancestral and customary knowledge of small-scale producers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000848#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Evidence indicates that agroecological systems can achieve more stable total yields per unit area than high-productivity industrial systems. A study of 9 million farmers across 52 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America showed crop yield increases of 50-100% for rain-fed crops like maize.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000848#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agroecology enhances climate resilience; for example, after Hurricane Mitch in 1998 in Nicaragua, agroecological plots showed more vegetation, higher soil moisture, and fewer economic losses compared to conventional plots.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000848#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Small-scale producers are the primary guardians of global genetic diversity, preserving 75% of the world's seed diversity for staple crops such as maize, rice, wheat, and potatoes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000848#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies 'Climate-Smart Agriculture' (CSA) and 'sustainable intensification' as 'false solutions' that co-opt agroecological practices to maintain the industrial model and corporate control through patented seeds and synthetic biology.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000848#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Digitalization in food systems is criticized for facilitating the commodification of genetic information and concentrating power in the hands of remote actors, potentially undermining food sovereignty and the exchange of seeds between farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000848#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender inequality in resource access significantly impacts food security; if women had equal access to land, credit, and education, they could increase farm yields by 20-30% and reduce the number of undernourished people globally by 12-17%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000848#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agroecology","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","biodiversity conservation","food system","Climate-smart agriculture"],"geography_discussed":["Nicaragua","India","Cuba","Uruguay","Bolivia","Kenya","People's Republic of China","Tajikistan","El Salvador"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","conceptual analysis","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"foei-000849","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000849","title":"Agroécologie : innover pour des systèmes agricoles et alimentaires durables","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2018-11","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Agroecologie-innovation-FR.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document advocates for agroecology—defined as a science, a set of practices, and a social movement—as the essential approach to eradicating hunger and combating climate change. It contrasts this holistic model with 'false solutions' promoted by agribusiness, such as Climate-Smart Agriculture and sustainable intensification, which it claims maintain the industrial status quo. The report provides a comprehensive set of 13 criteria for evaluating sustainable innovations and offers policy recommendations centered on food sovereignty, gender justice, and the protection of small-scale producers' rights to land and seeds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000849#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Agroecology is presented as a holistic approach that integrates scientific discipline, practical application, and social movement, relying on ancestral and customary knowledge of small-scale producers to create sustainable food systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000849#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Evidence suggests that agroecological systems can achieve more stable total yields per unit area than high-productivity industrial systems, with some studies showing yield increases of 50% to 113% for rain-fed crops like maize when using low-cost, locally available practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000849#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Small-scale producers are the primary innovators in agriculture, preserving 75% of the world's seed diversity for staple crops such as maize, rice, wheat, and potatoes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000849#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies 'Climate-Smart Agriculture' (CSA) and 'sustainable intensification' as 'false solutions' that co-opt agroecological practices to serve agribusiness interests without challenging the structural power imbalances of industrial agriculture.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000849#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Digitalization in agriculture is criticized for facilitating the commodification of genetic information and the concentration of power among actors removed from food production, potentially undermining food sovereignty.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000849#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agroecology enhances climate resilience; for example, following Hurricane Mitch in 1998 in Nicaragua, agroecological plots showed more topsoil, higher moisture, and fewer economic losses compared to traditional plots.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000849#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender inequality in resource access is a significant barrier; the report notes that if female farmers had the same access to resources as men, they could increase yields by 20% to 30% and reduce the number of undernourished people globally by 12% to 17%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000849#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report proposes a framework of 13 criteria to evaluate sustainable innovations, covering social, economic, institutional, environmental, and implementation dimensions, including participatory governance and climate justice.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000849#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Food sovereignty is advocated as the necessary political paradigm to allow peoples to define their own food and agriculture systems, placing small-scale producers at the center of policy decisions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000849#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agroecology","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","biodiversity conservation","food system","Climate-smart agriculture","carbon sequestration","smallholder","land tenure"],"geography_discussed":["Cuba","India","Nicaragua","Uruguay","Tajikistan","Bolivia","Kenya","People's Republic of China","El Salvador"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","conceptual analysis"]}]}