{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Eastern and Southern Africa"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'Eastern and Southern Africa' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":8,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Eastern+and+Southern+Africa","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-003419","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003419","title":"From Subsidies to Sustainability","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-06/rethinking-public-support-agriculture-sub-saharan-africa.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes the transition from traditional input subsidies to sustainable public support for agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that while inorganic fertilizer subsidies provide short-term yield gains, they often lead to soil degradation, fiscal strain, and inequitable access. Through case studies in Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia, the document demonstrates that integrating soil health management, utilizing digital eVoucher systems for better targeting, and aligning subsidies with broader land tenure and market reforms are essential for long-term food system resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003419#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a fundamental trade-off between short-term productivity gains and long-term sustainability. Centralized subsidy programs can stabilize prices during crises but may undermine equity and sustainability, whereas slower, soil-health-focused reforms may cause temporary yield reductions while building long-term resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003419#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Reducing the price of agricultural inputs is insufficient to ensure equitable access. Access is heavily influenced by delivery mechanisms; for example, Kenya's return to centralized depots increased travel distances and transaction costs for remote farmers compared to previous digital eVoucher systems using private agrodealers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003419#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Degraded soils significantly reduce the effectiveness of inorganic fertilizer subsidies. In all three studied countries, high levels of public spending on fertilizers were undermined by soil acidification and nutrient imbalance, whereas blended organic-inorganic inputs combined with soil management showed potential for higher yields.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003419#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Digital tools like eVouchers and farmer registries improve transparency and targeting by eliminating 'ghost' farmers and reducing rent-seeking. However, they can create new barriers for those with limited digital literacy or poor rural connectivity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003419#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fiscal pressures, including rising debt servicing burdens and foreign exchange constraints, are creating 'windows of opportunity' for governments to repurpose agricultural spending away from costly input subsidies toward more efficient interventions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003419#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidy reform is often hindered by political economy challenges, as input subsidies provide visible, immediate benefits that are politically attractive to rural electorates, creating 'behavioural lock-in' and vested interests among input suppliers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003419#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The effectiveness of subsidy reforms depends on complementary frameworks, such as land tenure security and regulatory standards for inputs. Farmers are less likely to invest in long-term soil health improvements if they lack secure land titles or if the quality of organic inputs is inconsistent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003419#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agricultural subsidy","food security","climate resilience","land tenure","food system","climate finance","agroforestry"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","Malawi","Zambia","India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study","economic assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-000411","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000411","title":"How Can We Transform Food Systems to Meet Food, Nutrition, and Climate Needs?","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2023-11-27","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/policy-analysis/transform-food-systems-food-nutrition-climate-needs","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document identifies three priority policy areas for food systems transformation (FST) to enhance food security and climate resilience: reducing post-harvest losses, scaling up biofortification of staple crops, and improving food safety. It argues that while these issues are recognized in national policies across Eastern and Southern Africa, implementation is hindered by limited resources, capacity gaps, and a disproportionate focus on staple crops over high-nutrition crops.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000411#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Reducing post-harvest losses is essential for climate resilience and food security, but current efforts in analyzed countries focus primarily on staple crops like maize and wheat, neglecting high-value, high-nutrition crops. In Kenya, only 10% of post-harvest loss studies focus on pulses and 10% on fruits and vegetables, despite these crops being vulnerable to heat and pests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000411#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biofortification of staples like maize and climate-resilient crops like millet is a cost-effective way to provide iron, zinc, and vitamin A to populations in Africa. However, the effectiveness of these interventions is limited by a lack of improved seeds, post-harvest losses, and insufficient financial support for national coordinating bodies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000411#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change is expected to worsen food safety challenges by increasing the prevalence of moulds and damaging infrastructure. This is evidenced by aflatoxin poisoning in Kenya's maize value chains in 2011 and 2023. There is a need to develop and enforce food safety standards and build the technical capacity of food safety agencies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000411#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Countries in Eastern and Southern Africa share common obstacles to food systems transformation, including capacity gaps in food safety and fortification, limited resources for complex problems, and a requirement for regional cooperation on post-harvest loss solutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000411#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","food security","Post-harvest losses","climate resilience"],"geography_discussed":["Ethiopia","Malawi","Tanzania","Kenya","Uganda","Zimbabwe","United Arab Emirates"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"wwf-000426","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwf-000426","title":"African Nature Based Tourism Platform: Data to Impact - 2023","publisher":{"name":"WWF International","organization":"wwf-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/documents/503/3mm9g7zheg_African_NBT_Data_to_Impact_Report_2023_FINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The African Nature Based Tourism Platform, funded by the Global Environment Facility, is working to mobilize $15 million for tourism-reliant communities and SMEs across 11 countries in eastern and southern Africa. Based on 687 surveys conducted in early 2021, the Platform identified critical vulnerabilities caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, including severe revenue losses and threats to food and water security. These insights have informed the development of community-led grant proposals focusing on climate-smart agriculture, water security through solar-powered boreholes, and inclusive governance. Specific successful funding mobilizations include a $1.4 million EU grant for governance in Tanzania's Wildlife Management Areas and various projects in Malawi, South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Kenya aimed at diversifying livelihoods to reduce reliance on tourism and prevent the unsustainable use of natural resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000426#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The African Nature Based Tourism Platform aims to mobilize at least $15 million to support SMEs and communities reliant on tourism in 11 countries in eastern and southern Africa to recover from the pandemic and build resilience to future stressors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000426#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Survey data from 687 respondents across 11 target countries revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic created compounding impacts on vulnerable groups, leading to significant staffing reductions and financial instability for nature-based tourism enterprises.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000426#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Malawi, 100% of survey respondents reported concerns regarding the increase in unsustainable use of natural resources following the pandemic, leading to a $186k project by KAWICCODA focused on climate-resilient alternative livelihoods such as climate-smart agricultural production of soya beans, sunflower, and groundnuts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000426#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Botswana, 91% of respondents expressed concern over food or water security, which informed an $87k project by the Ngamiland Council of NGOs (NCONGO) to implement climate-smart horticulture practices for 30 farmers in Maun.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000426#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Water security was a primary concern in Zimbabwe and Namibia, resulting in the mobilization of $135k in Zimbabwe and $159k in Namibia for the installation of solar-powered boreholes and rainwater harvesting systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000426#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Tanzania, the Community Wildlife Management Area Consortium (CWMAC) secured $1.4 million from the European Union to improve governance and natural resource management in 12 community-owned Wildlife Management Areas, including engaging some in the carbon credit market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000426#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Kenya, the Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association (KWCA) secured $208k from IUCN BIOPAMA to support the Lumo Community Conservancy, focusing on rebuilding operations and creating inclusive governance structures for women and youth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwf-000426#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity","Climate-smart agriculture","climate change adaptation","water security","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Botswana","Kenya","Malawi","Mozambique","Namibia","Rwanda","South Africa","Tanzania","Uganda","Zambia","Zimbabwe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment","case study"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000206","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000206","title":"Key trends on: How the insurance sector in Eastern and Southern Africa is being impacted by and responding to COVID-19","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2020-06","source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/OESAI-survey-infographic-26.08.20-2.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details how COVID-19 caused operational disruptions, reduced premium income, and accelerated digitalization within the insurance sector in Eastern and Southern Africa. While life and health products provided some coverage, business interruption insurance largely failed to support business resilience. Insurers face prudential stability concerns and liquidity challenges, though 50% expect premium income to recover within a year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000206#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"COVID-19 accelerated the digitalization of insurance operations, with 66% of respondents digitizing or in the process of digitizing their operations. Remote work enablement was high, with 79% investing in internet connectivity for staff and 72% providing laptops.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000206#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Digital sales and onboarding face significant barriers; only 39% of insurers currently use electronic signatures for sales and 48% perform remote KYC onboarding. The primary obstacles are a lack of internal systems and uncertainty regarding regulatory permissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000206#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The pandemic negatively impacted financial operations, with over 50% of respondents reporting reductions in new sales, premium collection, and renewals. This has led to high concerns regarding prudential stability, specifically regarding liquidity, solvency, and minimum capital requirements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000206#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Insurers implemented temporary relief for consumers, such as communication campaigns to clarify coverage (57%) and extended premium payment periods (44%). However, support for agents was minimal, and 24% of respondents have laid off or are laying off workers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000206#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Insurance coverage for COVID-19 was more prevalent in life (63% explicitly included), health (79% explicitly included), and hospitalisation (55% explicitly included) products. Conversely, business interruption and event cancellation insurance predominantly did not cover COVID-19 risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000206#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regulatory responses included providing flexibility for premium collection and enabling digital sales, but insurers are requesting further government support. Key requests include inclusion in fiscal stimulus packages (44%) and regulatory support for e-KYC and electronic signatures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000206#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["insurance","climate risk","financial regulation"],"geography_discussed":["Ethiopia","Eritrea","Eswatini","South Africa","Namibia","Mauritius","Zambia","Kenya","Tanzania","Seychelles","Uganda","Rwanda","Ghana","Botswana","Angola","Burundi","Mozambique","Zimbabwe","Malawi"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["survey"]},{"id":"sei-002157","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002157","title":"Agricultural Biotechnology and Small-scale Farmers in Eastern and Southern Africa","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2007-11","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Risk-livelihoods/agricultural_biotech_smallscale_east_south_africa.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document assesses the role of agricultural biotechnology in Eastern and Southern Africa, arguing that while the technology can address biotic and abiotic constraints for small-scale farmers, a significant gap exists between technical potential and actual benefit. It identifies key barriers including weak public breeding systems, high transaction costs related to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), and inadequate biosafety regulatory frameworks. The paper recommends increased public investment in research, the integration of formal and informal seed systems, and the development of regional biosafety cooperation to facilitate the dissemination of improved crop varieties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002157#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Agricultural biotechnology is well-suited to address specific productivity constraints in Eastern and Southern Africa, such as resistance to insect pests, diseases, and environmental stresses, but these benefits have reached small-scale farmers only to a very limited degree.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002157#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The public breeding systems in ESA are currently too weak to effectively respond to the needs of resource-poor farmers or to harness biotechnology for their benefit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002157#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High transaction costs hinder the dissemination of biotechnology, driven by private sector control of patents and licenses, costly biosafety data requirements for GM crops, and negative public perceptions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002157#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a systemic failure in the introduction of biosafety regulatory measures in ESA, caused by a lack of government and scientific capacity, which leads to decision-making paralysis regarding the release of GM crops.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002157#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private sector transnational companies (TNCs) primarily focus on high-value 'global crops' for large markets, leaving the development of low-profit, local-specific crops essential for the poor to the public sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002157#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In South Africa, the adoption of Bt cotton by small-scale farmers has demonstrated tangible benefits, including reduced pesticide use, increased yields, and lower production costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002157#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document proposes several policy actions to support small-scale farmers, including increased public investment in research, the use of 'open source' technologies, and the integration of formal and informal seed systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002157#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A survey in Tanzania identified numerous opportunities for biotechnology to address local constraints, including using Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for drought and disease resistance in maize, rice, and cassava.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002157#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["food security","climate change","public–private partnership"],"geography_discussed":["Tanzania","Uganda","South Africa","Kenya"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","socio-economic assessment","technical review"]},{"id":"sei-002743","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002743","title":"Proceedings of a Workshop on Biosafety Capacity Building in Eastern and Southern Africa","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2002","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Risk-livelihoods/SEI_Bhagavan_Workshop_Biosafety_2002.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The proceedings detail the challenges faced by Eastern and Southern African nations in establishing biosafety regulatory frameworks. It emphasizes the critical gaps in human resources, laboratory infrastructure, and public awareness across knowledge-generating institutions, government bodies, and civil society. The report argues for a regional, resource-sharing approach to risk assessment and data validation to overcome the financial and technical limitations of individual countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002743#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Many Eastern and Southern African countries face significant barriers to implementing the Cartagena Protocol, including a lack of national laws, insufficient financial and human resources, and a lack of political commitment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002743#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Knowledge-generating institutions in the region generally lack the capacity to develop their own GMOs, with South Africa and possibly Kenya being the only exceptions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002743#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Civil society organizations (CSOs) are severely under-funded and often excluded from the decision-making processes of national biosafety bodies, which are frequently perceived as being decided by a few government entities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002743#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A regional approach to biosafety is recommended to share the costs of risk assessment, pool limited expertise, and avoid the duplication of work across countries with similar agro-ecological conditions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002743#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Africa's biosafety framework, established under the GMO Act of 1997, is cited as a functional and affordable model for other countries in the region due to its separation of scientific risk assessment from decision-making.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002743#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Zambia, the absence of specific GMO legislation has created risks that the country could become a target for foreign companies wishing to test products in a less regulated environment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002743#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tanzania lacks a national biosafety regulatory oversight mechanism and a national biotechnology policy, leading to an inability to process commercial production applications for GM crops.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002743#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Namibia has utilized 'cold runs' and 'mock applications' through the Southern Africa Regional Biosafety (SARB) programme to identify gaps and bottlenecks in its national biosafety framework.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002743#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a widespread lack of public awareness regarding GMOs across the region, with information often limited to the urban middle class through English-language media.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002743#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["GMO","risk management","capacity building","environmental policy"],"geography_discussed":["Ethiopia","Kenya","Malawi","Mozambique","Namibia","South Africa","Tanzania","Uganda","Zambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["institutional assessment","policy review","capacity gap analysis"]},{"id":"fsdafri-000196","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fsdafri-000196","title":"STUDY ON MANAGING SOVEREIGN DEBT IN TIMES OF CRISIS: Insights from the Covid-19 pandemic and lessons for the future","publisher":{"name":"FSD Africa","organization":"fsd-africa"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/MEFMI-Report-Summary.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The study examines how COVID-19 affected the fiscal positions and debt sustainability of MEFMI member countries, noting a sharp increase in average debt-to-GDP ratios from 63.6% in 2019 to 70.6% in 2020. It highlights the critical role of Local Currency Bond Markets (LCBMs) and international initiatives like the Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) in maintaining stability. The report identifies significant gaps in operational risk management, specifically the absence of business continuity plans in most member states, and recommends strengthening institutional capacity, technology investment, and the development of transparent debt management strategies to build future resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000196#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant economic contraction in the MEFMI region, with average real GDP growth falling from 2.7% in 2019 to a contraction of 2.8% in 2020. All member countries experienced growth contractions in 2020 except for Malawi and Tanzania.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000196#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fiscal positions deteriorated across the region due to lower revenues and increased spending on health and rescue packages, with the average fiscal deficit widening from -4.9% of GDP in 2019 to -5.9% in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000196#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public debt levels accelerated sharply during the pandemic, with the average debt-to-GDP ratio for the MEFMI region rising from 63.6% in 2019 to 70.6% in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000196#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Local Currency Bond Markets (LCBMs) were essential for financing pandemic expenditures when international capital markets were inaccessible. While domestic debt increased significantly between 2020 and 2021, the use of long-term bonds helped lengthen the average time to maturity, though this increased interest costs in shallow markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000196#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The G20's Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) provided critical stability for five MEFMI countries, allowing them to postpone US$701.2 million in debt service payments between May 2020 and December 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000196#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Most MEFMI countries lack quality procedure manuals and business continuity plans for public debt management, which the study identifies as a sign of weak operational risk management and business continuity in the region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000196#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The pandemic increased the risk of debt distress in the region; the percentage of MEFMI countries eligible for the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT) classified by the IMF as at high risk of or already in debt distress rose from 33.3% in November 2019 to 55.5% two years into the pandemic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000196#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Operational risks increased during the pandemic as remote working and strict gathering protocols adversely affected the organization of Debt Management Offices (DMOs) and the segregation of duties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fsdafri-000196#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fiscal policy"],"geography_discussed":["Tanzania","Malawi","Lesotho","Zimbabwe","Botswana","Eswatini","Mozambique","Rwanda","Uganda","Kenya","Angola","Zambia","Namibia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["impact assessment","policy review","lessons learned"]},{"id":"iisd-001908","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001908","title":"Demonstrating strategies that reduce vulnerability to climate change","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/preparing_for_climate.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The project in Makueni District, Kenya, employs a multi-pronged approach to climate adaptation, including the use of drought-resistant crops, sand dams for water access, and micro-credit for income diversification. Led by the Centre for Science and Technology Innovations (CSTI) as part of the broader ACCESA regional project, the initiative aims to integrate these local adaptation measures into national sustainable development policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001908#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The project implements several technical and agronomic strategies to reduce farmer vulnerability, including the use of fast-maturing and drought-resistant crop varieties, training in crop husbandry and pest control, and the development of a Farmer’s Handbook based on 40 years of local weather data to guide planting under different weather scenarios.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001908#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Water security is addressed through the construction of sand dams, shallow boreholes, and drip irrigation systems, which allow farmers to grow vegetables for longer periods during the dry season.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001908#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Economic resilience is fostered by providing five self-help groups with training in business plan development and access to a merry-go-round micro-credit scheme to fund income-generating activities like producing high-value vegetables and tree seedlings.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001908#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project seeks to scale local successes into national policy by engaging district and national policy-makers, identifying the need to expand drought-tolerant seed distribution networks and improve agricultural extension capacity across Kenya.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001908#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","water conservation","smallholder"],"geography_discussed":["Rwanda","Mozambique","Eastern and Southern Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]}]}