{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Catur Angga Batukaru"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'Catur Angga Batukaru' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":3,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Catur+Angga+Batukaru","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"sei-001771","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001771","title":"Managing a living cultural landscape: lessons and insights from the subaks of Bali, a UNESCO World Heritage Site","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2015","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-PB-2015-Bali-cultural-landscape.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the challenges facing the subaks of Bali—traditional farmers' organizations managing irrigation and water temples—following the 2012 UNESCO World Heritage Site inscription. It highlights a disconnect between the initial nomination vision and the actual implementation, which has been hindered by bureaucratic hurdles and the exclusion of key local stakeholders. The brief identifies critical threats to the landscape's viability, including the high cost of rituals, water scarcity, land conversion driven by high taxes, and a shift toward intensive farming. It argues that the existing democratic governance of the subaks, exemplified by the Forum Pekaseh Catur Angga Batukaru, provides a foundation for a successful farmer-led management system. The author recommends implementing the UNESCO-approved management plan, establishing a comprehensive regency-level management body, and meaningfully engaging subak leaders to ensure the long-term preservation of the living cultural landscape.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001771#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The implementation of the World Heritage Site has been hindered by a lack of continuity between the nomination team and the Governing Assembly, as well as the exclusion of critical local figures such as the king of Tabanan, the high priest of Batukaru, and subak leaders (pekasehs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001771#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subaks face significant economic and social pressures, including the high cost of essential rituals, high land taxes that encourage land conversion, and a declining interest in farming among the youth who prefer tourism jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001771#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a shift from traditional rice varieties (padi lokal) to new varieties (padi baru) because the latter have shorter growing seasons and require fewer expensive rituals, while technical support for traditional organic cultivation remains limited.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001771#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While tourism supports the economy, its rapid growth since the UNESCO inscription has increased traffic, garbage, and water demand, potentially altering the landscape if not managed carefully.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001771#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The subaks possess the necessary governance capacity for site management through their traditional deliberative practices and the creation of the Forum Pekaseh Catur Angga Batukaru.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001771#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["organic agriculture","water management","sustainable tourism","ecosystem service"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Tabanan","Jatiluwih","Rejasa","Sangketan","Wongaya Gede"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","stakeholder analysis","socio-economic impact analysis"]},{"id":"sei-001772","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001772","title":"Mengelola lanskap budaya hidup: pembelajaran dan wawasan dari Subak Bali, sebuah Situs Warisan Budaya Dunia UNESCO","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"id","date_published":"2015","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-PB-2015-Bali-cultural-landscape-BahasaInd.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the struggle to implement a participatory management system for Bali's UNESCO World Heritage cultural landscape. It highlights that while the Subak (traditional farmer organisations) possess the democratic organisational capacity to manage the land, they face existential threats from high ritual costs, water scarcity, land conversion, and a lack of youth interest in farming. The brief argues that successful preservation requires moving away from top-down bureaucracy toward a model that actively integrates Subak leadership and addresses the economic viability of traditional organic farming.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Subak system, based on the Tri Hita Karana philosophy of harmony between humans, nature, and the spiritual realm, is essential for the Bali Province Cultural Landscape, but its survival is threatened by rapid socio-economic changes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Initial management of the World Heritage Site was hindered by a top-down 'Management Board' (Dewan Pengelola) that lacked inclusivity and failed to involve key local actors such as the Raja of Tabanan, the Pemangku Adat Batukaru, and the pekaseh (Subak leaders).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High costs associated with essential spiritual rituals are driving farmers away from traditional local rice varieties toward new varieties that require fewer rituals and shorter growing cycles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Subak face several critical systemic threats, including decreasing water availability due to tourism priority, high land taxes that incentivise the sale of farmland, and a lack of interest in agriculture among the younger generation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While tourism contributes significantly to Bali's economy—providing nearly 30% of the GDP in 2013—it poses a risk to the cultural landscape through increased waste, water demand, and unplanned development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subak farmers are willing to maintain traditional organic farming and participate in site management if provided with technical support, input subsidies, and a formal mechanism for participation through the Forum Pekaseh Catur Angga Batukaru.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["organic agriculture","water management","sustainable tourism","ecosystem service"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Jatiluwih","Rejasa","Sangketan","Wongaya Gede","Tabanan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","socio-economic analysis"]},{"id":"sei-002586","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002586","title":"Managing a living cultural landscape: Bali’s subaks and the UNESCO World Heritage Site","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2015","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/sei-pr-2015-05-bali-cultural-landscape-lr1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the implementation of the UNESCO World Heritage Site designation in Bali, focusing on the Catur Angga Batukaru (CAB) region. It identifies significant governance gaps, where initial top-down structures failed to include key stakeholders like the subak farmers, leading to the creation of a more inclusive Coordination Forum in 2014. The document details existential threats to the subak system, including rising ritual costs, high land taxes driving land conversion, water scarcity due to tourism priority, and a declining interest in farming among the youth. It argues that the long-term viability of the landscape depends on empowering farmers through a regency-level management body and community-based monitoring aligned with the Tri Hita Karana philosophy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The initial governance structure for the World Heritage Site, the Governing Assembly (Dewan Pengelola), was ineffective due to high turnover of civil servants and a top-down perception that alienated local farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2014, the Governing Assembly was replaced by a Coordination Forum (Forum Koordinasi) to better integrate government agencies and include previously excluded stakeholders such as the pekasehs, bendesa adat, and the King of Tabanan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subak farmers face severe financial pressure from the high cost of mandatory rituals, which are central to the subak system; for example, five major annual rituals at Pura Luhur Batukaru cost at least 40 million IDR.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High land taxes and the profitability of non-agricultural uses are driving land conversion, creating a vicious cycle where non-farming uses increase the assessed tax rates of adjacent agricultural lots.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Water availability is a critical threat to the subaks, exacerbated by the lack of a coherent water policy and the preferential allocation of water to tourism complexes, such as those in Nusa Dua.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The viability of the subak system is threatened by a generational shift, as young Balinese increasingly prefer employment in the tourism sector over the labor-intensive and lower-status work of rice farming.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant information gap among local communities regarding the World Heritage Site's rules and implications, with farmers requesting more 'farmer-friendly' materials and explicit instructions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tourism growth in areas like Jatiluwih has led to environmental degradation, increased waste, and the 'commodification' of the landscape, such as packaging the rice harvest as a tourist experience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends establishing a formal management body (badan pengelola) at the regency level or an interim authority to prevent the site from being declared 'endangered' by UNESCO.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors propose a community-based monitoring system based on the Tri Hita Karana philosophy, focusing on the relationship with the spiritual realm (Parhyangan), nature (Palemahan), and humans (Pawongan).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water management","sustainable agriculture","organic agriculture","biodiversity","climate change adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["Tabanan","Buleleng","Nusa Dua","Indonesia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["governance assessment","socio-economic analysis","policy recommendation"]}]}