{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Bali"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":57,"relation":"eq"},"page":2,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Bali&page=2","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Bali&page=3","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"glorespar-000160","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glorespar-000160","title":"Water governance for resilient food systems for future climates","publisher":{"name":"Global Resilience Partnership","organization":"global-resilience-partnership"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2021-09","source_url":"https://www.globalresiliencepartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/resilientfood_statement_final.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The statement calls for a transformation of water governance to protect food systems from climate-driven water cycle disruptions. It proposes six foundational attributes for water-resilient food systems: interconnected systems thinking, polycentric inclusive governance, continual innovation and learning, diversity and redundancy, system preparedness, and long-term planning. The authors emphasize that the climate crisis is effectively a water resilience crisis, requiring a shift from reactionary responses to proactive, robust, and flexible management strategies that prioritize equity and the inclusion of marginalized groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000160#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The authors assert that the climate crisis is essentially a water resilience crisis, where disruptions to the water system create cascading risks across the entire food system, from inputs and production to processing and consumption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000160#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document identifies several regional water-related threats to food security, including saltwater intrusion in the mega-delta food bowls of Asia, altered river flows from the Andes to the Himalayas, precipitation shifts in Central Asia, and desertification in Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000160#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To reduce future water risks, the authors propose six critical focus areas: adopting interconnected systems thinking, implementing multi-level inclusive (polycentric) governance, enabling continual innovation and learning, incorporating diversity and redundancy, ensuring system preparedness, and planning for long-term horizons.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000160#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The statement highlights the 'paradox of irrigation efficiency,' noting that simple policy reforms or infrastructure investments in irrigation modernization often fail to reduce water consumption when scaled from the farm to the basin level.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000160#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors advocate for polycentric governance to allow for semi-autonomous, localized responses to water security threats and to increase the inclusion of women, youth, and marginalized populations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000160#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document emphasizes the use of incentive-based financial instruments, such as Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES), to drive behavioral change and sustainable resource management, citing examples like the Conservation Reserve Program in the USA and the Grain-to-Green Program in China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000160#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors argue that resilience should be built through preparedness and increasing adaptive capacities rather than relying on precise response plans for predicted situations, as future shocks cannot be perfectly predicted.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000160#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water-management","food system","climate change","nature-based solutions","agroecology","adaptive capacity","biodiversity loss","planetary boundary"],"geography_discussed":["Asia","Africa","Central Asia","Thailand","Bali","Iran","Mexico","South Africa","India","United States","People's Republic of China"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy recommendation","conceptual framework"]},{"id":"clipolin-000908","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000908","title":"Accelerating renewable energy finance in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-07","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/The-potential-of-municipal-green-bonds.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report investigates the potential for municipal green bonds to support Indonesia's goal of 23% renewable energy by 2025. While provincial governments in Java and Bali generally meet fiscal eligibility criteria, no municipal bonds have been successfully issued as of 2021. Key barriers include complex bureaucratic procedures, a lack of profitable project pipelines, and a conservative investor market primarily motivated by credit ratings and commercial returns rather than green mandates. The authors recommend simplifying issuance requirements, providing clearer central government policy signals, and targeting quasi-government institutions as initial investors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000908#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Local governments must meet four Ministry of Finance criteria to issue bonds: a prudent loan amount, no existing arrears, demonstrated ability to repay debts (via a minimum Debt Service Coverage Ratio of 2.5), and a passed financial audit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000908#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Most provincial governments in Java and Bali are eligible to issue bonds, with the exception of Central Java, which fails to meet the required Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000908#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Market participants are primarily driven by commercial interests rather than environmental goals; the most critical factors for investment are the bond's credit rating, the issuer's reputation, and market liquidity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000908#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investors have specific minimum rating requirements: domestic securities companies and investment banks typically require AA- or A-, while international banks may accept BBB.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000908#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Supply-side barriers include a limited pipeline of profitable renewable energy projects and a lack of experience among local bureaucrats in managing bond issuances.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000908#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Demand-side barriers include low green awareness in the industry and concerns over additional costs associated with green labeling, feasibility studies, and capacity building.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000908#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investors prefer shorter bond tenors (less than 5 years), whereas current regulations categorize municipal bonds as long-term loans with a minimum tenor of 5 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000908#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For projects with low bankability, municipal loans from PT SMI are a more viable alternative than green bonds because PT SMI can absorb more risk through a Ministry of Finance guarantee mechanism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000908#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["renewable energy","energy transition","fiscal policy","climate finance","photovoltaics","wind power","hydropower","geothermal energy","biofuel"],"geography_discussed":["Java","Bali","Central Java","Jakarta","West Java","East Java","Banten","DIY","Banyuwangi"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["feasibility study","market survey","regulatory analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002385","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002385","title":"Coral Reefs: Strategies for Ecosystems on the Edge","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2021-06-01","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/articles/deep-dive/coral-reefs-strategies-ecosystems-edge","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document highlights that coral reefs are critically threatened by climate change and local stressors, noting that a 2\u0002C increase in global temperatures could lead to the disappearance of all coral reefs. While over 230 international agreements contain coral reef provisions, a UNEP analysis suggests that implementation is lacking due to a lack of incentives and financial mechanisms, with half of the 600 identified commitments being nonbinding. The brief emphasizes the socioeconomic importance of reefs, which provide over USD 20 billion in annual benefits, and advocates for a combination of meeting Paris Agreement targets, reducing local stressors, and leveraging new funding initiatives like the Global Fund for Coral Reefs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002385#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Ocean acidification, driven by increased carbon dioxide emissions, has increased ocean acidity by 30% over the last 200 years, leading to thinner coral skeletons that are more susceptible to wave damage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002385#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coral reefs provide significant socioeconomic value exceeding USD 20 billion annually through tourism, recreation, and shoreline protection, supporting the livelihoods of six million fishers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002385#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the existence of over 230 international agreements with coral reef provisions, implementation is hindered by competing demands and a lack of financial mechanisms, with 50% of the 600 discrete targets being nonbinding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002385#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Local resilience strategies have shown success in specific regions, such as parrotfish harvesting bans in Belize, sunscreen bans in Hawai\u0002i, and fishing restrictions in American Samoa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002385#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"New financial and political initiatives are emerging, including the Global Fund for Coral Reefs, which aims to invest USD 500 million over ten years, and the High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy, which seeks 100% sustainable ocean management by 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002385#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coral reef restoration","climate change","ocean acidification","biodiversity loss","climate finance","Paris Agreement","coastal management"],"geography_discussed":["Belize","Bali","American Samoa","United States","Hawai\u0002i","Palau","France","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","ecosystem assessment"]},{"id":"clipolin-000641","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000641","title":"Konservasi dan Efisiensi Energi di Era Pandemi COVID-19 dan Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"id","date_published":"2021-03","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Konservasi-dan-Efisiensi-Energi-di-Era-Pandemi-COVID-19-dan-Adaptasi-Kebiasaan-Baru.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted Indonesia's energy efficiency sector, primarily through significant drops in sales turnover for facility managers, leading to the postponement of planned efficiency projects. While energy costs decreased, other operational costs rose due to health protocols. Despite this, both facility managers and business actors remain optimistic about post-pandemic recovery, emphasizing the need for digitalization, advanced control systems, and government support. Recommended government interventions include reducing bank loan interest, providing fiscal incentives/disincentives, and implementing energy efficiency projects within state-owned buildings to stimulate demand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000641#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic had a predominantly negative impact on the energy efficiency business ecosystem, with sales turnover being the most affected business aspect, experiencing declines of more than 50% for facility managers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000641#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Pandemic-related financial pressures led facility managers to postpone the majority of energy efficiency projects that were still in the planning phase, although most projects already underway continued.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000641#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy consumption decreased significantly across various sectors due to the pandemic; office buildings saw a 10% to 30% drop due to work-from-home practices, while hotels experienced a 20% to 50% decrease.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000641#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Facility managers identify advanced control systems and the digitalization of production processes as the primary technologies to support future energy conservation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000641#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a strong demand for government support to drive recovery, specifically through the reduction of bank loan interest burdens and the implementation of fiscal incentives or disincentives for energy users.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000641#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Commercial buildings and state-owned facilities are viewed as the sectors with the highest potential to drive new energy efficiency projects in the 'new normal' era, whereas retail (offline stores), transportation, tourism, hospitality, telecommunications, and textiles are seen as having lower potential.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000641#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy efficiency","green recovery","commercial building","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Bali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["survey","impact assessment"]},{"id":"clipolin-000832","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000832","title":"Response to COVID-19: Energy Conservation and Efficiency Survey","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-03","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Response-to-COVID-19_Energy-Conservation-and-Efficiency-Survey.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted Indonesia's energy efficiency sector, leading to postponed projects and reduced revenue for facility managers. While business managers and facility managers remain optimistic about long-term recovery, they maintain conservative revenue projections for 2021-2022 due to economic uncertainty. The report highlights a critical need for government intervention, specifically through bank loan interest reductions, tax deductions, and the use of National Economic Recovery (PEN) funds to stimulate demand for energy efficiency projects in both public and private sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000832#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The pandemic caused a general decline in the energy efficiency business ecosystem in Indonesia, as reduced income for facility managers led to delays in energy efficiency efforts and fewer opportunities for Energy Service Companies (ESCOs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000832#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Facility managers reported that sales turnover was the most severely affected area of their business, with drops exceeding 50%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000832#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy consumption decreased significantly across various sectors; office buildings saw drops of 10% to 30% due to work-from-home policies, while the hospitality sector experienced drastic decreases of 20% to 50% because of hotel closures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000832#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Project implementation for energy efficiency was primarily hindered by disrupted physical work and uncertainty regarding pandemic crisis governance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000832#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the crisis, there is a perceived growth opportunity for new energy efficiency businesses in the 'new norms' era, with a belief that state-owned commercial buildings and facilities will be the primary drivers of these projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000832#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Facility managers identify bank loan interest reduction and income tax deductions as the most critical forms of government support required to sustain energy efficiency efforts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000832#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Business managers emphasize the need for the government to implement attractive incentives or reasonable disincentives for energy users and to create a roadmap for national energy efficiency and conservation targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000832#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy efficiency","renewable energy","climate change mitigation","sustainable development"],"geography_discussed":["Bali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["survey","impact assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-001645","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001645","title":"Risalah Kebijakan Energi Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"id","date_published":"2021-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-08/indonesia-energy-policy-briefing-february-2021-bahasa.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document assesses Indonesia's energy landscape in 2020-2021, highlighting a trend where the government continues to support fossil fuels, particularly coal, despite global shifts toward green recovery. It details the decline in fuel and LPG subsidies due to the pandemic, the promotion of coal derivatives like dimethyl ether (DME) to reduce LPG imports, and the regulatory and financial hurdles facing renewable energy projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001645#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia's GDP contracted by 2.07% in 2020 due to the COVID-19 crisis, with the government projecting a recovery growth of 4.5%-5.5% for 2021 and a budget deficit of approximately 5.7% of GDP for 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001645#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fuel and LPG subsidies decreased significantly in 2020 due to lower international prices and reduced domestic consumption. Transport fuel subsidies fell 41% from Rp30.06 trillion in 2019 to Rp17.70 trillion in 2020, while LPG subsidies dropped 56% from Rp54.15 trillion to Rp23.50 trillion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001645#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indonesian government is prioritizing the development of coal derivatives, such as dimethyl ether (DME), to substitute imported LPG. This effort includes fiscal and non-fiscal incentives, such as 0% royalties for producers expanding into derivative industries and mining business licenses that are no longer limited to 20 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001645#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite global trends toward green recovery, Indonesia's energy transition is hindered by a continued reliance on coal. PLN's 2019-2028 plan shows coal power still dominates at 48% of the mix, and recent revisions to the RUPTL are expected to increase the proportion of coal in long-term development plans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001645#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Renewable energy deployment faces significant regulatory and financial obstacles. Of 75 renewable energy power purchase agreements (PJBTL) signed between 2017 and 2018, 36% have not reached financial closing and nearly 7% were cancelled.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001645#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Floating solar PV projects are emerging as a key driver for renewables by overcoming land acquisition barriers, with some projects achieving record-low bid prices of US$3.68 cents/kWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001645#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy subsidy","renewable energy","photovoltaics","geothermal energy","energy transition","power purchase agreement","carbon dioxide emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Java","Bali","Madura Island","People's Republic of China","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy briefing","economic analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-001646","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001646","title":"Indonesia’s Energy Policy Briefing","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2021-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-03/indonesia-energy-policy-briefing-february-2021-en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document analyzes Indonesia's energy landscape in 2020-2021, noting a decline in fuel and LPG subsidies due to lower international prices and reduced consumption. It highlights a contradictory policy direction where the government provides fiscal and non-fiscal incentives for coal derivatives to replace LPG imports, while renewable energy projects face significant delays in financial closing and regulatory uncertainty. The briefing also details the role of floating solar PV and Green Sukuk in the energy transition, alongside the macroeconomic impact of the pandemic on state revenue and the power sector's capacity projections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001646#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Fuel and LPG subsidies decreased significantly in 2020 due to lower international oil prices and reduced domestic consumption. Transport fuel subsidies fell by 41% (from IDR 30.06 trillion in 2019 to IDR 17.70 trillion in 2020), and LPG subsidies dropped by 56% (from IDR 54.15 trillion in 2019 to IDR 23.50 trillion in 2020).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001646#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia is promoting coal derivatives, such as dimethyl ether (DME), as an alternative to reduce LPG imports and subsidies. The government has introduced fiscal and non-fiscal incentives, including the possibility of a 0% royalty for producers expanding into derivatives and business permits that are no longer limited to 20 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001646#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Renewable energy deployment is struggling with regulatory uncertainty and financial hurdles. Between 2017 and 2018, 36% of 75 signed renewable energy power purchase agreements (PPAs) had not reached financial closing, and nearly 7% were terminated. From 2018 to 2020, the average annual PPA signing rate dropped to 188.3 MW, down from a previous average of 500 MW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001646#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Floating solar photovoltaic (PV) projects have emerged as a key tool for increasing renewable generation by bypassing land acquisition issues, with one project achieving a record low bid price of USD 3.68 cents/kWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001646#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The power sector remains dominated by coal, with a 48% share in the projected mix. The state electricity company, PT PLN, has reduced its capital expenditure from IDR 100 trillion to IDR 53.39 trillion, which is expected to delay several electricity projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001646#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia has utilized Green Sukuk (specifically the second series ST007) to raise capital for low-emission economy projects, including energy and renewable energy, as part of its commitment to reduce global carbon emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001646#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["renewable energy","rooftop photovoltaic system","geothermal energy","power purchase agreement","energy transition","carbon dioxide emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Java","Bali","Madura Island"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","economic assessment"]},{"id":"sei-002222","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002222","title":"Co-designing climate services to integrate traditional ecological knowledge","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2020-10","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/co-designing-climate-services-to-integrate-traditional-ecological-knowledge-a-case-study-from-bali-indonesia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the integration of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) into climate services through the Tandem framework, using a case study of coffee and cacao farmers in Bali, Indonesia. It highlights the challenges of bridging technical meteorological data from the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) with local practices, such as the Sasih lunar calendar. The study argues that for climate adaptation to be effective, TEK must be treated as an equally legitimate knowledge system rather than just a data source for extraction. The implementation of the School of Climate and Living Tradition (SaLT) demonstrated that aligning scientific forecasts with TEK increases the legitimacy of technical information among farmers and empowers local communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002222#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Coffee and cacao farmers in Bali face significant adaptation challenges as declining rainfall reduces crop quality and yields, rendering traditional seasonal calendars and past observations less reliable due to shifts in the timing and length of seasons.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002222#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a fundamental tension between technical climate service providers and local farmers regarding the legitimacy of knowledge; technical experts often view TEK as ineffective in a changing climate, while farmers may distrust scientific information that does not align with their worldviews.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002222#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of the Tandem framework and the subsequent School of Climate and Living Tradition (SaLT) enabled the integration of the Sasih (traditional Balinese lunar calendar) with BMKG's meteorological data, which increased the legitimacy of technical forecasts among farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002222#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The co-design process demonstrated that recognizing the validity of traditional knowledge systems is empowering for indigenous populations and is essential for building trust between service providers and users.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002222#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A primary challenge in integrating TEK is the prevailing tendency in literature and practice to treat it merely as a data source to be extracted for formal science, rather than as a legitimate 'way of knowing' equal to technical knowledge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002222#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Climate information service","climate change adaptation","smallholder"],"geography_discussed":["Jembrana"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]},{"id":"iisd-003106","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003106","title":"Indonesia’s Energy Policy Briefing","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2020-07","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2020-08/indonesia-energy-policy-briefing-july-2020-en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines Indonesia's energy landscape from 2015 to 2020, highlighting the volatility of fuel and LPG subsidies and the severe disruption caused by COVID-19. It details the financial strain on state-owned enterprises PT Pertamina and PT PLN, the government's continued reliance on coal despite climate commitments, and the regulatory hurdles facing renewable energy. Key policy shifts include new fuel pricing formulas and a restructuring plan for PT PLN to focus on distribution over generation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003106#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant decline in energy demand and revenue, with PT Pertamina's revenues anticipated to shrink by 38–45% and nationwide average fuel sales dropping by 35% since March 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003106#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transport fuel subsidies have trended upward since 2018, though the government maintained prices through May 2020 despite falling international prices due to a new pricing formula and PT Pertamina's obligations to purchase more expensive local fuel.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003106#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"LPG subsidies increased from IDR 25.87 trillion in 2015 to IDR 58.14 trillion in 2018, driven by demand and international prices; however, reform efforts to target subsidies via biometric technology and poverty databases have failed to be implemented.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003106#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The coal sector faced a severe downturn due to COVID-19, with exports in January and February 2020 falling 44.35% compared to the previous year, leading the government to provide fiscal incentives to the mining sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003106#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's commitment to reduce carbon emissions by 29% by 2030 is questioned by NGOs due to MEMR Regulation No. 7/2020, which simplifies licensing and provides incentives for coal mining.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003106#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"PT PLN is facing financial distress due to declining electricity demand and the burden of the 35,000 MW program, leading the government to consider renegotiating contracts with independent power producers (IPPs) and restructuring PT PLN to focus on distribution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003106#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While MEMR Regulation No 4/2020 improved renewable energy investment attractiveness by abolishing the Build Own Operate Transfer (BOOT) scheme, the primary obstacle remains the electricity tariff, which is still benchmarked against cheap coal costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003106#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy subsidy","fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy","solar energy","carbon dioxide emissions","green recovery","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Jakarta","Bandung","Balikpapan","Java","Bali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy briefing","economic assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002470","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002470","title":"Getting to 23 Per Cent: Strategies to scale up renewables in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-07","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/23-per-cent-renewables-indonesia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Indonesia is currently off target for its 2025 renewable energy goals, with installed capacity at 9.4 GW by the end of 2018, failing to meet the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources' target of 15.5 GW. The report identifies a 'trilemma' where the government struggles to simultaneously keep electricity tariffs low, maintain low subsidy costs, and meet renewable targets. To address this, the authors recommend a moratorium on new coal plants, a massive scale-up of rooftop solar, a shift from biofuels to bioenergy, and a revamp of the pricing mechanism to reflect full economic costs rather than just the local average generation cost (BPP).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002470#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia is failing to meet its renewable energy targets; total renewable installed capacity was 9.4 GW at the end of 2018, significantly below the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources' target of 15.5 GW for the second quarter of 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002470#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The power sector is dominated by coal, with an oversupply in Java and Bali. Indonesia had approximately 39 GW of operational coal-fired capacity in 2018, and the RUPTL 2019–2028 plans another 25 GW of new coal plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002470#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of the local average generation cost (BPP) as a price benchmark is non-transparent and biased against renewables, as it is linked to subsidized coal prices and often caps renewable purchase prices at 85 per cent of the BPP.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002470#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Rooftop solar development is hindered by Regulation No. 49/2018, which limits installation capacity to 100 per cent of grid-installed capacity and only credits exported energy at 65 per cent of the customer tariff.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002470#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government's focus on biodiesel (B20) to create a domestic market for crude palm oil (CPO) has negatively impacted the trade balance, losing USD 553 million from May 2018 to April 2019 due to the opportunity cost of not exporting CPO.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002470#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biodiesel policies risk increasing greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation; some estimates suggest palm oil biodiesel can have three times the emissions of diesel oil due to peatland drainage and forest expansion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002470#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indonesian electricity grid consists of over 600 isolated local grids, many of which are too fragile to absorb significant amounts of intermittent renewable power without upgrades in interconnectors and storage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002470#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report proposes a 'win-win-win' strategy to provide subsidized 900 VA customers with 700 W rooftop solar panels, which could save the government IDR 3.35 trillion (USD 232 million) in annual electricity subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002470#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["renewable energy","coal power","solar energy","rooftop photovoltaic system","biofuel","bioenergy","greenhouse gas emissions","electrical grid","climate finance","energy justice","power purchase agreement","feed-in tariff"],"geography_discussed":["Java","Bali","Sumatra","Kalimantan","Sulawesi","Lombok Island","European Union","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","economic assessment","strategic recommendations"]},{"id":"sei-002339","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002339","title":"Risks, barriers and responses to Indonesia's biogas development","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2019-06","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/indonesia-biogas-development.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document assesses the viability of biogas in Indonesia through two pathways: a low-cost household-scale option for cooking and lighting, and a high-investment large-scale option for electricity production. While biogas offers significant GHG mitigation potential—estimated at 6.4 million tons CO2/year for small digesters and 2.6 GW for large-scale production—its development is hindered by a lack of government priority, high initial investment costs, and competing fossil fuel subsidies. The report identifies critical risks including inadequate monitoring of household systems, bureaucratic distribution, and the unreliability of biogas-fuelled power plants. It recommends that the Indonesian government formulate clear renewable energy targets, strengthen monitoring standards, and introduce favorable feed-in tariffs to incentivize private investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002339#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia's current energy policies are considered insufficient to meet its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets of 26% and 29% GHG emission reductions by 2020 and 2030, as coal capacity has grown by 12.2 GW while renewable energy increased by only 1.6 GW over five years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002339#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biogas presents a significant mitigation opportunity in Indonesia, with the potential for two million small digesters to reduce CO2 emissions by 6.4 million tons per year and a large-scale biogas-to-electricity capacity estimated at 2.6 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002339#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The household biogas pathway for cooking and lighting can improve rural health by reducing indoor pollution from solid fuels and increase farmer resilience through the use of bioslurry as organic fertilizer.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002339#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Large-scale biogas-for-electricity development is hindered by high initial setup and operating costs and a low feed-in tariff, which makes it difficult for biogas power to compete with heavily subsidized coal-fired electricity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002339#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant risks for household biogas include a lack of monitoring standards and a low sense of ownership among farmers who receive full subsidies, leading to the abandonment of digesters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002339#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Environmental and health risks exist for both biogas pathways due to the frequent absence of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) filtering and the potential for methane leakages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002339#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The transition to biogas in rural Bali may cause a labor imbalance in households, as substituting firewood with biogas reduces women's working time but increases the time men spend managing organic waste feedstock.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002339#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biogas development is not currently a government priority, resulting in uneven deployment across Indonesia and a lack of specific national biogas targets to coordinate efforts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002339#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biogas","bioenergy","greenhouse gas emissions reduction","renewable energy","Nationally Determined Contributions","fossil fuel subsidy","feed-in tariff","methane leak","rural electrification"],"geography_discussed":["Bali","East Nusa Tenggara"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["risk assessment","policy analysis","transition pathway analysis"]},{"id":"sei-000668","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-000668","title":"Barriers and opportunities to bioenergy transitions: an integrated multi-level perspective analysis of biogas uptake in Bali","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-02-20","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/publications/barriers-and-opportunities-to-bioenergy-transitions-an-integrated-multi-level-perspective-analysis-of-biogas-uptake-in-bali/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The research examines the uptake of domestic biogas in rural Bali, Indonesia, using a multi-level perspective framework and stakeholder analysis. It aims to identify pathways for biogas to compete with established fossil fuel-based energy systems and provide co-benefits for vulnerable rural communities, offering insights for Indonesia and other developing countries transitioning to low-carbon energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000668#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Biogas is identified as a potential contributor to Indonesia's renewable energy targets by mid-century and a means to improve the well-being of vulnerable rural communities, though it must overcome the dominance of existing fossil fuel-based energy systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000668#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study utilizes an integrated analytical approach involving a multi-level perspective framework, system-mapping, interactive workshops, and semi-structured interviews to evaluate four domestic biogas programmes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000668#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biogas","renewable energy","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["multi-level perspective analysis","system-mapping","stakeholder analysis"]},{"id":"cer-000571","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cer-000571","title":"AMICI CURIAE BRIEF (Pendapat Hukum Para Sahabat Pengadilan) State Administrative Lawsuit on Cancellation of Bali Governor's Decree No.660.3 / 3985 / IV-A / DISPMPT About Environmental Permit Development of Steam Power Plant (PLTU) given to PT. PLTU CELUKAN BAWANG ON THE VILLAGE ON THE SUPPORT OF GEROKGAK DISTRICT, REGENCY OF BULELENG","publisher":{"name":"Centre for Environmental Rights","organization":"centre-for-environmental-rights"},"document_type":"legal commentary","language":"en","date_published":"2018-06","source_url":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CCIA-Amicus-FINAL-EN.pdf?x21779","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The brief contends that the environmental impact analysis (ANDAL) for the PLTU Celukan Bawang expansion in Bali is legally insufficient under Law no. 32/2009 because it omits a comprehensive climate change assessment. The authors argue that such assessments must include the project's direct and life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions, the project's vulnerability to climate-driven sea level rise and storm surges, and how climate change exacerbates the project's local environmental harms. Drawing on international legal precedents from South Africa, Australia, and the United States, as well as guidance from the European Union and Canada, the brief asserts that climate considerations are essential for meeting Indonesia's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Paris Agreement commitments. Specifically, the expansion is projected to release over 200 million tons of CO2 over 30 years and faces physical risks due to its low-lying coastal location and the degradation of protective coral reefs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000571#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The environmental impact analysis (ANDAL) for the PLTU Celukan Bawang expansion is deficient because it does not include a comprehensive climate change impact assessment, which is required to satisfy the principles of national environmental management under Law no. 32/2009.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000571#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The expansion of the PLTU Celukan Bawang plant, which would increase total capacity to over 1,000 MW, is estimated to burn at least 75,241,207.8 tons of coal over 30 years, resulting in more than 200 million tons of CO2 emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000571#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project site is physically vulnerable to climate change; sea level rise as high as 1.32 meters by 2100 could threaten the plant's operation and the integrity of coal ash containment structures, a risk compounded by the loss of protective coral reefs in north Bali.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000571#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's ability to meet its international climate commitments, including the Paris Agreement and its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target of a 29% to 41% emissions reduction by 2030, depends on accurately accounting for the climate impacts of major fossil fuel projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000571#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International legal precedents in South Africa, Australia, and the United States establish that climate change impacts must be incorporated into environmental impact assessments, even when domestic laws do not explicitly mandate such analysis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000571#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","environmental impact assessment","greenhouse gas emissions","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","sea level rise","Paris Agreement","Nationally Determined Contributions","intergenerational equity","carbon dioxide"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Australia","United States","European Union","Canada","Nova Scotia","Pakistan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["legal commentary","comparative law analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003430","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003430","title":"Missing the 23 Per Cent Target: Roadblocks to the development of renewable energy in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/roadblocks-indonesia-renewable-energy.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a 'political equilibrium' in Indonesia where the priorities of maintaining low electricity tariffs and low government subsidies outweigh the commitment to renewable energy targets. Key roadblocks include power purchase price caps (BPP) that make projects unviable, policy instability, and the dominant influence of the state-owned utility PLN and the coal industry. Experts interviewed for the study unanimously believe the 2025 target will be missed unless significant policy shifts occur.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003430#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a consensus among experts that Indonesia will not meet its goal of 23 per cent renewable energy in the energy mix by 2025; linear extrapolation of trends suggests a maximum of 12 per cent by that date.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003430#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Power purchase prices are too low for developers to recover investments, specifically due to Regulations 12/2017 and 50/2017 which cap prices at 85 per cent of the local average generation cost (BPP).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003430#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indonesian government indirectly disadvantages renewables by subsidizing the coal industry, which artificially lowers the BPP benchmark that renewable energy prices are linked to.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003430#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The state-owned utility PLN faces internal conflicts of interest that hinder renewable energy growth, as it owns approximately 54 per cent of coal power capacity and acts as the sole electricity buyer.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003430#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Local content requirements, such as Ministerial Decree 5/2017 which aims to increase local content from 40 per cent in 2017 to 60 per cent in 2019, increase project costs and reduce the number of viable solar projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003430#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia faces an 'energy trilemma' where it is practically impossible to simultaneously keep electricity tariffs low, keep subsidy costs low, and meet renewable energy targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003430#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While geothermal capacity increased by 67 per cent between 2007 and 2016, solar and wind deployment remains almost nonexistent, with solar PV production at just 21 GWh and wind at 5.7 GWh in 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003430#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Rent-seeking behavior in fossil fuel supply contracts, particularly regarding diesel generators in remote areas, creates opposition to transitioning to renewable microgrids.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003430#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["renewable energy","solar energy","wind power","geothermal energy","hydropower","coal","fossil fuel subsidy","power purchase agreement","Nationally Determined Contributions","energy transition","rural electrification","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Java","Bali","India","Germany"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["political economy analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002626","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002626","title":"What is the true cost of coal in Central Java?","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2017-10","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/case-study-what-true-cost-coal-central-java.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the 'true cost' of coal-fired power in Central Java, Indonesia, contrasting the financial and social costs of planned coal expansion against the potential of renewable energy. It argues that current capacity plans may lead to unnecessary overcapacity and that the inclusion of health and climate externalities makes renewables a cheaper alternative.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002626#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Current electricity capacity expansion plans in Java may be excessively large; while PLN aims for a reserve margin of 25–30 per cent in Java–Bali, current plans could see this margin surpass 40 per cent by 2026, significantly exceeding the global average of 10 to 20 per cent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002626#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'true cost' of coal electricity generation in Indonesia in 2015 was approximately USD 116 per MWh when accounting for generation costs, subsidies (USD 5 per MWh), air pollution externalities (USD 19 per MWh), and climate change externalities (USD 42 per MWh).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002626#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"By 2020, the total cost of coal power in Central Java—including existing and proposed plants—is estimated at nearly USD 9.3 billion annually, with USD 4.7 billion of that amount stemming from health and climate change externalities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002626#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Proposed coal capacity in Central Java carries additional financial burdens through capacity payments in power purchase agreements between PLN and independent power producers, estimated at USD 3.16 billion per GW of installed capacity, totaling USD 19 billion over 25 years for 6 GW of new capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002626#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Central Java possesses significant renewable energy potential across solar, wind, geothermal, and hydro, totaling a potential capacity of 12,881 MW which could generate 17,607 GWh of electricity—roughly 43 per cent of the generation expected from new coal plants in the region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002626#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","renewable energy","climate finance","photovoltaics","wind power","geothermal power","hydropower","greenhouse gas emissions","air pollution","energy subsidy"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Java","Bali","Sumba Island","India","Chile"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic analysis","environmental impact assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002882","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002882","title":"INDONESIA ENERGY SUBSIDY BRIEFING","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2015-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/ffs_newsbriefing_indonesia_June2015_eng.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document reports that the Indonesian economy remained resilient following fuel subsidy reforms in late 2014, including a shift to a 'managed floating rate' pricing system. While these reforms improved Indonesia's credit outlook and shifted consumption toward non-subsidized fuels, the briefing warns that political intervention in pricing continues to cause financial losses for PT Pertamina and risks undermining the new system's stability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002882#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Indonesian economy demonstrated resilience following major fuel subsidy policy changes, specifically a price increase in November 2014 and the introduction of a semi-automatic pricing system in December 2014.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002882#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Reducing the price difference between subsidized and non-subsidized fuels shifted consumption patterns; subsidized gasoline consumption dropped by 7,000 kiloliters per day, while non-subsidized fuel consumption rose by 5,000 kiloliters per day.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002882#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Standard and Poor’s upgraded Indonesia’s BB+ rating outlook from stable to positive in May 2015, citing the improved quality and predictability of government spending resulting from subsidy reforms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002882#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The semi-automatic pricing system is vulnerable to political intervention, with the government setting retail prices for gasoline RON 88 between IDR 200 and 750 below the calculated formula output on March 1 and March 28, 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002882#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Government price interventions have caused financial losses for the state-owned company PT Pertamina, with potential losses reaching IDR 5.6 billion per day.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002882#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government is pursuing broader oil and gas sector reforms, including the dissolution of the intermediary subsidiary Pertamina Energy Trading Ltd. (Petral), which reportedly generated a US$ 22 million (IDR 289 billion) benefit for PT Pertamina.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002882#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy price","fossil fuel"],"geography_discussed":["Java","Madura Island","Bali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","economic impact analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002878","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002878","title":"AN INPUT TO INDONESIAN FUEL PRICE SYSTEM REFORMS","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2015-03","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/gsi/ffs_indonesia_pricing.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes Indonesia's transition from ad hoc fuel subsidies to a new pricing system introduced in January 2015, which aims to reduce wasteful spending by passing through international price changes. It evaluates 'good practice' across four dimensions—subsidies, pass-through, transparency, and enforcement—and examines case studies from China, Mexico, India, the Philippines, South Africa, and Thailand. The document argues that while full deregulation is the international benchmark for fiscal sustainability, Indonesia's constitutional constraints necessitate a robust, government-led mechanism. It recommends adopting variable taxes, improving real-time monitoring, and investing in non-pricing measures such as energy efficiency and targeted social safety nets to protect vulnerable groups from price volatility.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002878#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia historically maintained some of the lowest fuel prices globally; as of November 2012, no other Southeast Asian country or BRICS nation had gasoline and diesel prices as low as Indonesia's.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002878#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indonesian government's January 2015 pricing reform resulted in significant fiscal savings, specifically IDR 195 trillion (US$ 15.6 billion) in the State Budget Revision 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002878#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public awareness regarding fuel subsidies in Indonesia is low: only 44% of citizens knew fuel was subsidized and only 4% knew the amount of government expenditure allocated to these subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002878#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A previous attempt at an automatic pricing mechanism in 2002 failed due to poor internal coordination, inadequate poverty reduction capacity, weak communication, and a period of structural appreciation in world oil markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002878#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesian constitutional rulings, specifically Case No. 002/PUU-I/2003, limit the use of pure market competition for fuel pricing, requiring the government to stipulate prices while considering 'specific community groups' to prevent 'the strong from preying on the weak'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002878#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International 'good practice' for fuel pricing involves ensuring prices cover production and distribution costs, adjusting domestic prices to reflect international market costs and exchange rates, and maintaining transparent, accessible information on price components.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002878#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Case studies show diverse volatility management tools: China and India have used adjustable fuel taxes to smooth prices, while Mexico uses the Excise Tax on Products and Services (IEPS) as a 'negative tax' to lower prices during oil price spikes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002878#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Philippines and Thailand have utilized non-pricing measures to manage volatility, such as targeted cash transfers (4P program in the Philippines) and providing free public services like bus and train rides for the poor (Thailand in 2008).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002878#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Africa manages its gasoline pricing through the Basic Fuel Price (BFP) based on import parity pricing, delegating the daily application of the formula to the independent Central Energy Fund (CEF) to depoliticize the process.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002878#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To strengthen its system, Indonesia is advised to implement variable taxes, link price adjustments to absolute changes in world prices to reduce hoarding, and invest in real-time monitoring to tackle non-compliance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002878#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","energy transition","energy efficiency","carbon tax","public transport","urban planning","fiscal policy"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Mexico","India","Philippines","South Africa","Thailand","United States","Luxembourg","Java","Madura Island","Bali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","comparative analysis","case study"]},{"id":"sei-001771","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001771","title":"Managing a living cultural landscape: lessons and insights from the subaks of Bali, a UNESCO World Heritage Site","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2015","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-PB-2015-Bali-cultural-landscape.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the challenges facing the subaks of Bali—traditional farmers' organizations managing irrigation and water temples—following the 2012 UNESCO World Heritage Site inscription. It highlights a disconnect between the initial nomination vision and the actual implementation, which has been hindered by bureaucratic hurdles and the exclusion of key local stakeholders. The brief identifies critical threats to the landscape's viability, including the high cost of rituals, water scarcity, land conversion driven by high taxes, and a shift toward intensive farming. It argues that the existing democratic governance of the subaks, exemplified by the Forum Pekaseh Catur Angga Batukaru, provides a foundation for a successful farmer-led management system. The author recommends implementing the UNESCO-approved management plan, establishing a comprehensive regency-level management body, and meaningfully engaging subak leaders to ensure the long-term preservation of the living cultural landscape.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001771#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The implementation of the World Heritage Site has been hindered by a lack of continuity between the nomination team and the Governing Assembly, as well as the exclusion of critical local figures such as the king of Tabanan, the high priest of Batukaru, and subak leaders (pekasehs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001771#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subaks face significant economic and social pressures, including the high cost of essential rituals, high land taxes that encourage land conversion, and a declining interest in farming among the youth who prefer tourism jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001771#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a shift from traditional rice varieties (padi lokal) to new varieties (padi baru) because the latter have shorter growing seasons and require fewer expensive rituals, while technical support for traditional organic cultivation remains limited.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001771#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While tourism supports the economy, its rapid growth since the UNESCO inscription has increased traffic, garbage, and water demand, potentially altering the landscape if not managed carefully.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001771#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The subaks possess the necessary governance capacity for site management through their traditional deliberative practices and the creation of the Forum Pekaseh Catur Angga Batukaru.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001771#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["organic agriculture","water management","sustainable tourism","ecosystem service"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Tabanan","Jatiluwih","Rejasa","Sangketan","Wongaya Gede"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","stakeholder analysis","socio-economic impact analysis"]},{"id":"sei-001772","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001772","title":"Mengelola lanskap budaya hidup: pembelajaran dan wawasan dari Subak Bali, sebuah Situs Warisan Budaya Dunia UNESCO","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"id","date_published":"2015","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-PB-2015-Bali-cultural-landscape-BahasaInd.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the struggle to implement a participatory management system for Bali's UNESCO World Heritage cultural landscape. It highlights that while the Subak (traditional farmer organisations) possess the democratic organisational capacity to manage the land, they face existential threats from high ritual costs, water scarcity, land conversion, and a lack of youth interest in farming. The brief argues that successful preservation requires moving away from top-down bureaucracy toward a model that actively integrates Subak leadership and addresses the economic viability of traditional organic farming.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Subak system, based on the Tri Hita Karana philosophy of harmony between humans, nature, and the spiritual realm, is essential for the Bali Province Cultural Landscape, but its survival is threatened by rapid socio-economic changes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Initial management of the World Heritage Site was hindered by a top-down 'Management Board' (Dewan Pengelola) that lacked inclusivity and failed to involve key local actors such as the Raja of Tabanan, the Pemangku Adat Batukaru, and the pekaseh (Subak leaders).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High costs associated with essential spiritual rituals are driving farmers away from traditional local rice varieties toward new varieties that require fewer rituals and shorter growing cycles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Subak face several critical systemic threats, including decreasing water availability due to tourism priority, high land taxes that incentivise the sale of farmland, and a lack of interest in agriculture among the younger generation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While tourism contributes significantly to Bali's economy—providing nearly 30% of the GDP in 2013—it poses a risk to the cultural landscape through increased waste, water demand, and unplanned development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subak farmers are willing to maintain traditional organic farming and participate in site management if provided with technical support, input subsidies, and a formal mechanism for participation through the Forum Pekaseh Catur Angga Batukaru.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001772#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["organic agriculture","water management","sustainable tourism","ecosystem service"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Jatiluwih","Rejasa","Sangketan","Wongaya Gede","Tabanan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy assessment","socio-economic analysis"]},{"id":"sei-002586","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002586","title":"Managing a living cultural landscape: Bali’s subaks and the UNESCO World Heritage Site","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2015","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/sei-pr-2015-05-bali-cultural-landscape-lr1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the implementation of the UNESCO World Heritage Site designation in Bali, focusing on the Catur Angga Batukaru (CAB) region. It identifies significant governance gaps, where initial top-down structures failed to include key stakeholders like the subak farmers, leading to the creation of a more inclusive Coordination Forum in 2014. The document details existential threats to the subak system, including rising ritual costs, high land taxes driving land conversion, water scarcity due to tourism priority, and a declining interest in farming among the youth. It argues that the long-term viability of the landscape depends on empowering farmers through a regency-level management body and community-based monitoring aligned with the Tri Hita Karana philosophy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The initial governance structure for the World Heritage Site, the Governing Assembly (Dewan Pengelola), was ineffective due to high turnover of civil servants and a top-down perception that alienated local farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2014, the Governing Assembly was replaced by a Coordination Forum (Forum Koordinasi) to better integrate government agencies and include previously excluded stakeholders such as the pekasehs, bendesa adat, and the King of Tabanan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subak farmers face severe financial pressure from the high cost of mandatory rituals, which are central to the subak system; for example, five major annual rituals at Pura Luhur Batukaru cost at least 40 million IDR.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High land taxes and the profitability of non-agricultural uses are driving land conversion, creating a vicious cycle where non-farming uses increase the assessed tax rates of adjacent agricultural lots.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Water availability is a critical threat to the subaks, exacerbated by the lack of a coherent water policy and the preferential allocation of water to tourism complexes, such as those in Nusa Dua.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The viability of the subak system is threatened by a generational shift, as young Balinese increasingly prefer employment in the tourism sector over the labor-intensive and lower-status work of rice farming.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant information gap among local communities regarding the World Heritage Site's rules and implications, with farmers requesting more 'farmer-friendly' materials and explicit instructions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tourism growth in areas like Jatiluwih has led to environmental degradation, increased waste, and the 'commodification' of the landscape, such as packaging the rice harvest as a tourist experience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends establishing a formal management body (badan pengelola) at the regency level or an interim authority to prevent the site from being declared 'endangered' by UNESCO.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors propose a community-based monitoring system based on the Tri Hita Karana philosophy, focusing on the relationship with the spiritual realm (Parhyangan), nature (Palemahan), and humans (Pawongan).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002586#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water management","sustainable agriculture","organic agriculture","biodiversity","climate change adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["Tabanan","Buleleng","Nusa Dua","Indonesia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["governance assessment","socio-economic analysis","policy recommendation"]}]}