{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Asia Pacific"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'Asia Pacific' for facet 'geography' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":34,"relation":"eq"},"page":2,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Asia+Pacific&page=2","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"gem-000242","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000242","title":"The New Gas Boom","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-06","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/NewGasBoom2019_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a massive global expansion of LNG infrastructure, with at least 202 terminal projects in development representing $1.3 trillion in capital outlays. This growth is heavily concentrated in North America, where the U.S. and Canada account for 74% of proposed new export capacity. The authors argue that this expansion risks creating stranded assets as renewable energy costs fall and that the lifecycle greenhouse gas impact of these projects is comparable to, or exceeds, that of new coal-fired power plants. Consequently, the report calls for a moratorium on new LNG construction to align with IPCC targets requiring gas use to decline by 2030 and 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The natural gas industry is attempting to transition from regional markets to an integrated global system through a massive increase in LNG vessels, floating offshore terminals, and portside infrastructure. This expansion involves at least 202 LNG terminal projects worldwide, consisting of 116 export and 86 import terminals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global LNG export capacity expansion is heavily concentrated in North America. The United States and Canada account for 74% of all proposed new export capacity, with 352.7 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) under development in the U.S. and 281.6 MTPA in Canada.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The total capital expenditure for LNG terminals under development is $1.3 trillion. North American export terminals represent 70% of this total, amounting to $914.5 billion. The top three countries by capital outlay for combined import and export terminals are the United States ($507 billion), Canada ($410 billion), and Russia ($86 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The expansion of LNG infrastructure faces significant stranded asset risks due to the falling costs of renewable energy. Unsubsidized solar PV and wind power are now cheaper or comparable in cost to natural gas peaking power and combined cycle gas turbines in several major economies, including the U.S., Australia, Brazil, India, South Africa, Japan, and Northern Europe.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The lifecycle global warming impact of proposed LNG terminal capacity is roughly equivalent to that of proposed new coal-fired power plants when measured on a 100-year horizon. On a 20-year horizon, the impact of the LNG proposals exceeds that of the coal proposals by 25%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current LNG expansion is incompatible with IPCC pathways for limiting warming to 1.5°C, which require natural gas use to decline by 15% by 2030 and 43% by 2050 relative to 2020 levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000242#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["liquefied natural gas","methane emissions","stranded asset","renewable energy","photovoltaics","wind power","hydraulic fracturing","climate finance","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Canada","Russia","Australia","Tanzania","People's Republic of China","Indonesia","Mozambique","Iran","Papua New Guinea","North America","Asia Pacific"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["infrastructure assessment","financial risk analysis","climate impact comparison"]},{"id":"foei-000057","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000057","title":"En solidarité avec le peuple sri-lankais et la demande de justice","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"statement","language":"fr","date_published":"2019-04-25","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/fr/en-solidarite-avec-le-peuple-sri-lankais-et-la-demande-de-justice/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"Friends of the Earth International and Friends of the Earth Asia Pacific condemn recent attacks in Sri Lanka that killed over 250 people and injured more than 500, calling for the perpetrators to be brought to justice and advocating for a society built on love, nature, and equity rather than violence and neoliberal models.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000057#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Recent attacks in Sri Lanka resulted in more than 250 deaths and over 500 injuries in a country still recovering from more than thirty years of civil war.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000057#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Hemantha Withanage of the Centre for Environmental Justice/Friends of the Earth Sri Lanka attributes the decline of the planet to environmental pollution, the destruction of natural resources, overconsumption, and increasing social inequalities driven by the current neoliberal model.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000057#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Friends of the Earth International and Friends of the Earth Asia Pacific demand that those responsible for the attacks be brought to justice and call for the eradication of all forms of violence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000057#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Asia Pacific"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"gem-000250","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000250","title":"Pipeline Bubble","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Pipeline-Bubble-2019_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a significant surge in global oil and gas pipeline development, with North America leading the trend. It contends that this expansion is predicated on a 'super cycle' of demand from Asia that is incompatible with IPCC climate goals and threatened by the rise of renewables and competing production in other regions. The authors compare the current situation to the 2011–2016 coal mining crash, warning that high leverage and a loss of 'social license' create a high risk of stranded assets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global oil and gas pipeline construction has accelerated significantly, with the pace of building tripling since 1996. As of the report, 302 new pipelines are under development, which would increase the total number of global pipelines by 29% if completed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"North America is the primary driver of the global pipeline boom, accounting for over half of the projects under development by number and 34% by length. This includes 64% of all oil pipelines and 48% of all gas pipelines currently in development worldwide.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The North American expansion is not driven by domestic demand, which is projected to decline for petroleum liquids and grow insufficiently for natural gas between 2020 and 2035. Instead, the boom relies on a 'super cycle' of demand from overseas, particularly in the Asia Pacific region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report estimates that North American oil and gas infrastructure expansion plans exceed $1 trillion, with $232.5 billion specifically allocated to pipelines in pre-construction or construction stages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current infrastructure expansion is incompatible with IPCC pathways to limit global warming to 1.5°C, which require oil use to be reduced by 65% and gas use by 43% by 2050 relative to 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investors face significant risks from 'overexpansion' as other regions are projected to increase production more than North America between 2025 and 2040. Specifically, global production outside North America is projected to grow by 31%, compared to 12% within North America.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The oil and gas sector is experiencing a loss of 'social license,' evidenced by divestment actions from over 1,043 institutions representing more than $8.7 trillion in capital and restrictive measures adopted by governments including France, New Zealand, and Costa Rica.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000250#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","fossil-fuel divestment","stranded asset","natural gas","crude oil","energy transition","renewable energy","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Texas","New Mexico","Pennsylvania","Ohio","West Virginia","Alberta","Asia Pacific","Middle East","Brazil","Argentina","People's Republic of China","India","Australia","Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["financial risk assessment","infrastructure analysis"]},{"id":"foei-000862","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000862","title":"CHALLENGING CORPORATE IMPUNITY","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017-10","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/APAC_english_2017-WEB.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues for a UN binding treaty that removes the legal immunity of International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and establishes criminal and civil liability for transnational corporations (TNCs). It highlights environmental disasters in the Philippines and Indonesia, such as the Marcopper mining spill and large-scale peatland fires, to illustrate the failure of current voluntary safeguards. The report specifically calls for the protection of environmental and human rights defenders, noting the gender-specific violence faced by women defenders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000862#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"International Financial Institutions (IFIs) are currently shielded by legal immunity from lawsuits related to the projects they finance, leaving affected communities dependent on internal Accountability Mechanisms that are often bureaucratic, inaccessible, and lack legitimacy because IFI Boards of Directors act as both judge and jury.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000862#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Asian Development Bank (ADB) provided a loan of at least $25 million to the Marcopper Mining Corporation, which resulted in a 1996 disaster where a drainage tunnel cracked and spilled millions of tons of mine tailings into the Boac River in Marinduque, Philippines, causing toxic waste accumulation and chronic illnesses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000862#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Indonesia, forest and peatland fires in 2015 caused 23 children's deaths, exposed 40 million people to smoke, and cost the state at least 17 billion USD in damages; the majority of hot spots were located in palm oil (9,168) and pulp and paper (5,669) plantation concessions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000862#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The palm oil industry in Indonesia is characterized by land grabbing, labor rights violations including child labor, and significant greenhouse gas emissions from forest conversion. As of 2016, the total palm oil plantation area was 11.7 million hectares, with 25 corporate groups controlling 5.1 million hectares.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000862#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Environmental and human rights defenders face severe persecution; between 2004 and 2017, WALHI recorded 131 defenders in Indonesia who were criminalized, persecuted, or threatened with attempted murder.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000862#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women environmental defenders experience specific forms of gender-based violence, including sexual harassment, intimidation, and social rejection, and face higher pressure from family and social environments due to their gender identity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000862#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["international financial institution","human rights","deforestation","greenhouse gas emissions","climate change","land grabbing","mining"],"geography_discussed":["Philippines","Indonesia","Marinduque","Boac River"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy proposal","case study"]},{"id":"foei-000107","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000107","title":"The Asian Development Bank must end its 50 year addiction to coal","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2017-05-03","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/the-asian-development-bank-must-end-its-50-year-addiction-to-coal/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The statement by Friends of the Earth International criticizes the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for investing over $3 billion in coal projects over the last decade despite recognizing climate change as a threat to poverty alleviation. It highlights the Tata Mundra Ultra Mega Coal plant in India as a primary example of environmental and social harm caused by ADB funding. The document demands that the ADB ban all coal funding and relinquish its legal immunity to allow affected communities to seek justice.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000107#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has invested more than $3 billion in coal projects over the last ten years, making it the third largest multilateral public financier of coal infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000107#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The $450 million ADB investment in the 4,000-megawatt Tata Mundra Ultra Mega Coal plant in Gujarat, India, resulted in significant environmental damage, including groundwater pollution and coal dust contamination of agriculture, and harmed local health and livelihoods due to a lack of community consultation and failed pollution management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000107#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ADB's 'legal immunity for investments' prevents it from being held responsible for the impacts of its coal funding, leading to demands for the withdrawal of this immunity so the bank can be sued by affected parties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000107#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document notes that while some multilateral banks have reduced coal funding, none have stopped entirely, and new institutions like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) still consider funding coal-fired power plants if they replace less efficient capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000107#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["renewable energy","climate change","greenhouse gas","poverty reduction","multilateral development bank"],"geography_discussed":["India","Gujarat","Japan","Yokohama"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy critique"]},{"id":"foei-000150","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000150","title":"El Banco Asiático de Desarrollo debe poner fin a su cincuentenaria adicción al carbón","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"statement","language":"es","date_published":"2017-05-03","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/es/el-banco-asiatico-de-desarrollo-debe-poner-fin-a-su-cincuentenaria-adiccion-al-carbon/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The statement criticizes the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for continuing to fund coal infrastructure despite acknowledging climate change as a threat to poverty mitigation. It highlights the Tata Mundra Ultra Mega Coal plant in India as a primary example of environmental and social harm and calls for the removal of the ADB's legal immunity to allow affected communities to seek justice.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000150#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is identified as the third largest multilateral public financier of coal-based infrastructure projects, having invested over USD 3 billion in such projects over the last ten years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000150#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The USD 450 million investment in the Tata Mundra Ultra Mega Coal plant in Gujarat, India, resulted in significant environmental damage and health risks for local communities due to a lack of local consultation and failure to manage waste and pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000150#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Tata Mundra plant is estimated to be the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases in India, with coal dust contaminating agriculture and infrastructure affecting groundwater and drinking water sources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000150#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Friends of the Earth Asia Pacific and other social movements demand the removal of the ADB's 'legal immunity for investments' to enable affected people to sue the bank for the impacts of coal financing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000150#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document notes that the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), despite claiming to be 'green, clean, efficient', considers coal power plants in its energy strategy draft if they replace less efficient existing production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000150#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","climate change","climate finance","greenhouse gas emissions","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["India","Gujarat","Japan","Yokohama"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy critique"]},{"id":"foei-000172","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000172","title":"Challenging corporate impunity","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/publication/challenging-corporate-impunity/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights"],"summary":{"text":"This publication is the official contribution from Friends of the Earth Asia Pacific region for the third session of the Intergovernmental Working Group (IGWG) on Transnational Corporations and other business enterprises with respect to Human Rights, held in October 2017 in Geneva.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000172#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The document provides proposals for United Nations member states to use when developing the structure and elements of a new binding instrument referred to as the UN Treaty.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000172#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The proposals are based on community struggles and member group efforts to challenge the immunity of International Financial Institutions (IFIs), specifically naming the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000172#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The contribution highlights corporate crimes by financiers and transnational corporations within the Indonesian plantations sector and advocates for the UN Treaty to include and implement protections for environmental and human rights defenders, with a specific focus on women defenders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000172#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"foei-001175","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-001175","title":"Untold Stories of People Impacted by Climate Change","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Untold-stories-of-people-impacted-by-climate-change_Friends-of-the-earth-Asia-Pacific_2017.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document highlights the vulnerability of the Asia Pacific region to climate change, specifically focusing on how extreme weather and slow-onset disasters drive migration. Through case studies in Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines, it illustrates the loss of livelihoods, food insecurity, and social disruption facing marginalized communities. It concludes that current legal systems fail to recognize 'climate refugees' and urges governments to implement human-rights-based resettlement and adaptation strategies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001175#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Asia Pacific region is highly vulnerable to climate change, with projected temperature increases of 6 degrees Celsius over pre-industrial times by the end of the century under a business-as-usual scenario, reaching up to 8 degrees Celsius in Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwest China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001175#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change is projected to cause significant economic loss in developing Asia, with per capita income estimated to decrease by at least 10% by 2100 compared to business-as-usual growth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001175#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Environmental degradation and extreme weather are driving both temporary and permanent migration. Global predictions suggest up to 200 million climate-induced migrants by 2050, with Asia considered the most at-risk continent due to population density and low-lying coastal areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001175#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Sri Lanka, a severe drought—the worst in 40 years—has affected 1.9 million people across 17 districts as of September 2017, leading to food insecurity for over 300,000 households and forcing some residents to migrate to the Middle East for work.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001175#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Pere Village, Papua New Guinea, sea level rise and coastal flooding are causing shoreline erosion that threatens cemeteries and homes, while saltwater inundation is destroying sago and root crop production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001175#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous communities in the Philippines, specifically the Tedurays and Lambangian tribes in South Cotabato and communities in Maguindanao, have faced crop failures and food crises due to severe El Niño events in 2015/2016, leading to indebtedness and the migration of women to cities or abroad for domestic work.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001175#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical lack of administrative and legal systems to recognize and protect climate-induced migrants, who are often not legally recognized as refugees despite losing their lands and livelihoods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001175#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sea level rise","drought","food security","coastal erosion","climate change adaptation","human rights","climate finance","extreme weather event","indigenous rights"],"geography_discussed":["Sri Lanka","Papua New Guinea","Philippines","Tajikistan","Afghanistan","Pakistan","People's Republic of China","Bangladesh","India","Nepal"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy recommendation"]},{"id":"foei-000437","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000437","title":"Transforming Asia: Scaling up the Solutions","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2015-09-30","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/transforming-asia-scaling-up-the-solutions/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Friends of the Earth Asia Pacific presents a series of community-driven projects—such as solar cooperatives in South Korea and community forest management in Indonesia—as scalable models for a just transition. The report argues that Asia faces entwined crises of extreme poverty and climate change, necessitating a shift away from 'business as usual' toward economic systems that prioritize people and the planet. It concludes with ten specific policy demands for Asian leaders, including the end of fossil fuel subsidies, the adoption of a UN Treaty on multinational business accountability, and the implementation of regional plans for a 100% renewable energy transformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000437#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Asia is currently experiencing two interconnected crises: increasing inequality and climate change. According to the Asian Development Bank, 1.75 billion people in Asia live in extreme poverty, lacking basic necessities for a dignified life.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000437#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies several existing local and national models for sustainability and justice that can be replicated across the region, including community forest management in Indonesia, solar cooperatives in South Korea, the legal right to food in Nepal, revolving community funds in Sri Lanka, land rights in Papua New Guinea, and a cooperative movement in Australia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000437#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Friends of the Earth Asia Pacific proposes ten policy interventions for regional leaders, notably calling for the end of fossil fuel subsidies in favor of community-controlled renewable energy and the development of energy transformation plans targeting 100% renewable energy with no new 'dirty energy' projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000437#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report advocates for systemic legal and economic reforms, including the support of a proposed UN Treaty to hold multinational corporations accountable for environmental destruction and human rights abuses, and the removal of the Investor State Dispute Settlement system from trade deals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000437#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","renewable energy","fossil fuel subsidy","land tenure"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","South Korea","Nepal","Sri Lanka","Papua New Guinea","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy recommendations","case studies"]},{"id":"foei-000573","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000573","title":"climate impacts of the adb’s business","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2009-08","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/FoEAPac-climate.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report contends that the Asian Development Bank (ADB) contributes to climate change and increases the vulnerability of communities in the Asia Pacific region. It highlights a contradiction between the ADB's stated climate goals and its continued funding of coal power plants and projects that cause deforestation. Through case studies in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Bangladesh, the document demonstrates how ADB-funded infrastructure and aquaculture projects have led to the destruction of mangroves and forests, increased flooding, and the displacement of local populations. The report concludes that the ADB lacks effective climate impact assessments and calls for the institution to recognize its 'climate debt' and stop supporting fossil fuel projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000573#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The ADB's financing practices lack effective climate impact assessments, which the report argues puts both projects and beneficiaries at risk by ignoring geographic, hydrologic, and ecosystem factors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000573#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Sri Lanka, the Southern Transport Development Project (STDP), funded by the ADB and JBIC, has caused significant flooding and waterlogging because the road acts as a dam and blocks existing drainage systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000573#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"ADB-funded aquaculture and plantation projects in Indonesia have contributed to the loss of mangrove forests, which are critical for carbon sequestration and protecting coastal areas from storm surges.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000573#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Tangguh liquid natural gas (LNG) project in West Papua, supported by the ADB, is estimated to emit 25.57 million tons of CO2 per year, yet the ADB classifies LNG as 'clean fuel'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000573#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Bangladesh, ADB financing for shrimp farming in the Chokoria Sundarban led to the 'ecocide' of the area, where approximately 800 hectares of mangrove forest were cleared, leaving the land a 'saline desert'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000573#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","greenhouse gas emissions","coal-fired power station","deforestation","climate change vulnerability","climate justice","aquaculture","liquefied natural gas","carbon sequestration","sea level rise"],"geography_discussed":["Sri Lanka","Indonesia","Thailand","Philippines","India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study"]},{"id":"foei-000485","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000485","title":"apac_english_2017-web-dfe4e37f5efe8669.pdf","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/APAC_english_2017-WEB.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report by Friends of the Earth Asia Pacific (APAC) serves as an official contribution to the third session of the UN Intergovernmental Working Group on Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and other business enterprises with respect to Human Rights. It advocates for a legally binding UN Treaty to end corporate impunity, specifically targeting the immunity of International Financial Institutions (IFIs), corporate crimes in the Indonesian plantation sector, and the protection of environmental and human rights defenders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000485#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"International Financial Institutions (IFIs) such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) are currently protected by immunity from lawsuits regarding the projects they finance. This forces affected communities to rely on the IFIs' own Accountability Mechanisms, which are often viewed as inaccessible, overly bureaucratic, and lacking legitimacy because the IFI's Board of Directors acts as both \"judge and jury for all complaints\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000485#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The report highlights the 1996 Marcopper Mining disaster in Marinduque, Philippines, where a drainage tunnel crack spilled millions of tons of mine tailings into the Boac River. Despite the ADB providing a loan of at least $25 million to the Marcopper Mining Corporation, a recovery of damages case filed in April 2001 remained in the trial stage 16 years later due to the resources of the company and inefficiencies in the Philippine justice system.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000485#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"In Indonesia, the plantation sector is identified as the highest sub-sector for corporate human rights violations, including agrarian conflict and environmental destruction. In 2016, the total conflict area in the plantation sector was 601,680 hectares. The report notes that 25 company groups control the majority of palm oil plantation area in Indonesia, totaling 5.1 million hectares.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000485#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Forest and peat land fires in Indonesia have caused severe damage, notably in 2015 when 23 children died and 40 million people were exposed to smoke, costing the state at least 17 billion USD. WALHI identified 439 companies involved in wildfires, with the majority of hot spots found in palm oil (9,168) and pulp and paper (5,669) plantation concessions. Companies mentioned include Wilmar, Sinar Mas (Asian Pulp and Paper), Raja Garuda Mas/APRIL, Sime Darby, First Resources, Sampoerna, Cargill, Provident, Marubeni, and PTPN.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000485#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Environmental human rights defenders in Indonesia face significant risks; WALHI recorded 131 defenders who were criminalized, persecuted, or threatened with attempted murder between 2004 and 2017. The report specifically notes that women defenders face unique gender-based violence, including sexual harassment and prejudice, and suffer pressure from family and social environments due to their gender identity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000485#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The report recommends that the UN binding Treaty establish the liability of IFIs that knowingly fund companies responsible for environmental disasters and human rights violations. It also calls for the Treaty to acknowledge the criminal and civil liability of TNCs as legal entities and to incorporate protections for human rights defenders, using the UN Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and People Organizations as a reference.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000485#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","deforestation","greenhouse gas emissions","peat land fires"],"geography_discussed":["Philippines","Indonesia","Marinduque"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy proposal","human rights report","environmental impact analysis"]},{"id":"foei-000608","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000608","title":"STOP COAL FINANCING IN THE ASIA PACIFIC","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Friends-of-the-Earth_Stop-Coal-Financing-in-Asia-Pacific_2017.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report by Friends of the Earth Asia Pacific criticizes the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for continuing to fund coal-fired power plants and mines despite its own policies recognizing the risks of climate change. It highlights specific projects in India, Pakistan, and the Philippines where ADB funding led to environmental degradation and community harm. The document calls for a total ban on new coal financing and a shift toward renewable energy alternatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000608#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been a major public financier of coal, investing $3.9 billion in 21 projects between 1994 and 2012, and over $3 billion in coal projects between 2007 and 2014.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000608#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ADB's $450 million investment in the Tata Mundra Ultra Mega Coal plant in Gujarat, India, resulted in significant harm to local health and livelihoods, with the plant estimated to emit 30.796 million tons of CO2 per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000608#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2013, the ADB approved a $900 million investment for the Jamshoro coal fired power plant in Sindh, Pakistan, despite objections from shareholders including the U.S., Finland, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000608#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ADB funded the Naga coal fired power plant complex in the Philippines with $120 million in 2009, despite the region's high geothermal potential, which is estimated at 1,619 MW in the Visayas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000608#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ADB's current energy policy allows for the financing of coal mines if they are for 'captive use' by thermal power plants or are in 'nascent stages' struggling to find commercial finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000608#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ADB supports 'clean coal' technologies, such as carbon capture and storage and integrated gasification combined cycle, which Friends of the Earth Asia Pacific characterizes as 'false solutions' that prolong the use of fossil fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000608#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Compared to other Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) like the World Bank and EBRD, which only fund coal in 'rare' or 'exceptional' circumstances, the ADB's policies are viewed as insufficient to meet the 1.5 degree limit of the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000608#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","renewable energy","climate finance","greenhouse gas emissions","Paris Agreement","carbon capture and storage","geothermal energy","multilateral development bank","climate justice"],"geography_discussed":["India","People's Republic of China","Philippines","Pakistan","Mongolia","Gujarat","Sindh","Visayas"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study"]},{"id":"foei-000691","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000691","title":"TRANSFORMING ASIA","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Report_-Transforming-Asia-scaling-up-the-solutions.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report documents various grassroots initiatives by Friends of the Earth (FoE) groups in Asia and the Pacific, focusing on community forest management, social and solidarity economies, food rights, and renewable energy. It advocates for a systemic transformation of economic and political systems in the region to address the entwined crises of inequality and climate change, calling for the removal of fossil fuel subsidies and the protection of customary land rights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000691#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Asia Pacific region faces dual crises of climate change and growing inequality, with the Asian Development Bank estimating that 1.75 billion people in the region live in extreme poverty.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000691#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Indonesia, FoE is promoting a community-led forest protection model based on subsistence farmers' land rights and traditional knowledge to combat high deforestation rates; the government has pledged 12.7 million hectares for Community based Forestry by 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000691#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FoE Australia promotes the 'Social and Solidarity economy' through models like the Melbourne Food Co-operative, which provides a democratic alternative to corporate business models and supports environmental campaigns.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000691#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Sri Lanka, a revolving fund created by CEJ/FoE and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature provides loans at a 1% interest rate to over 500 families in 10 villages, reducing dependence on high-interest moneylenders and improving forest management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000691#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FoE Timor Leste has established community-based eco-cultural tourism projects in Tutuala, Maubisse, and Laloran to diversify the economy away from oil and gas and provide sustainable income for rural communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000691#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Legal action by FoE Nepal led the Supreme Court of Nepal to confirm a universal legal right to adequate food in 2011, and the right was explicitly recognized in the country's new constitution in 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000691#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In South Korea, FoE is supporting a citizen-owned solar movement, including cooperatives at Samgaksan high school and Hanshin University, to reduce reliance on nuclear power.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000691#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FoE Papua New Guinea uses legal action to challenge illegal land grabbing, noting that 5.2 million hectares of customary land have been alienated through the Special Agriculture and Business Lease (SABL) scheme.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000691#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Malaysia, FoE supports agroecology and chemical-free farming to reverse the detrimental health and environmental impacts of the 'Green Revolution', including the rehabilitation of degraded forests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000691#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["solar energy","renewable energy","fossil fuel subsidy","agroecology","deforestation","land tenure","climate change"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","South Korea","Nepal","Sri Lanka","Papua New Guinea","Australia","Timor-Leste","Malaysia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy recommendation"]},{"id":"foei-000705","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-000705","title":"変革するアジア 解決策のスケールアップ","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Transforming-asia-japanese-160916.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Friends of the Earth Asia Pacific presents a series of community-driven projects aimed at transforming the region's economic and political systems. The report details successful initiatives in forest management, social economy, food rights, renewable energy, and sustainable tourism, arguing that these local models can be replicated and expanded if supported by national and regional policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000705#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In Indonesia, a community-led forest management model focusing on land rights for subsistence farmers and traditional knowledge is being scaled up, with the government promising 12.7 million hectares of forest area for Community based Forestry by 2019 to protect over 10 million people's livelihoods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000705#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FoE Australia promotes the 'Social and Solidarity economy' through models like the Melbourne Food Co-operative, which provides a democratic alternative to corporate business by empowering workers and prioritizing social and environmental benefits over shareholder profit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000705#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Sri Lanka, the creation of a revolving fund in the Nilgala region has provided an alternative financial model where local people can borrow at a 1% interest rate, reducing dependence on high-interest moneylenders and improving forest management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000705#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FoE Timor Leste has demonstrated the viability of community-based eco-cultural tourism in Tutuala, Maubisse, and Laloran, which distributes economic benefits fairly and preserves cultural heritage and the environment as a non-fossil fuel sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000705#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Legal action by FoE Nepal led to the Supreme Court of Nepal confirming a universal legal right to adequate food in 2011, and the subsequent 2015 constitution included explicit recognition of the Right to Food.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000705#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In South Korea, citizen-owned solar cooperatives, such as those at Samgaksan high school and Hanshin University, are being used to reduce reliance on nuclear power and influence local government policy to support small-scale solar initiatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000705#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FoE Papua New Guinea is using legal challenges to fight illegal land grabbing, specifically targeting the Special Agriculture and Business Lease (SABL) system under the Land Act 1996, which has alienated an estimated 5.2 million hectares of customary land.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000705#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Malaysia, FoE is supporting agroecology and chemical-free farming to reverse the detrimental health and environmental impacts of the 'Green Revolution', resulting in the rehabilitation of degraded forests and the return of wildlife.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-000705#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["renewable energy","agroecology","land tenure","fossil fuel subsidy","biodiversity","deforestation"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","South Korea","Nepal","Sri Lanka","Papua New Guinea","Australia","Timor-Leste","Malaysia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy recommendation"]}]}