{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"geography":["Asia"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":887,"relation":"eq"},"page":23,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Asia&page=23","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?geography=Asia&page=24","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iai-001091","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iai-001091","title":"Report of the 2nd Science-Policy Workshop of the IAI","publisher":{"name":"Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research","organization":"inter-american-institute-for-global-change-research"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-06-19","source_url":"http://iai.int/pdf/en/iai-cop26-spw-fnrpt-e.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2nd Science-Policy Workshop of the IAI focused on integrating scientific research into policy across the Americas. Key discussions included the IPBES Regional Assessment for the Americas, the launch of the IAI Open Data initiative, and the development of a new 25-year Strategic Plan. The workshop also highlighted the role of science diplomacy and the impact of Collaborative Research Network (CRN3) projects on regional policy outcomes, such as water security and protected areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001091#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The workshop discussed the IPBES Regional Assessment for the Americas, which aims to provide stakeholders with \"scientifically credible and independent up-to-date assessments of available knowledge\" to support decision-making regarding biodiversity and ecosystem services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001091#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Participants identified several priorities for sustainability and policy, including the need for a \"systems approach to analyze tradeoffs\", the consideration of socio-economic factors in governance, and the importance of comparing the costs of inaction against the costs of taking action.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001091#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IAI introduced an Open Data initiative featuring an Open Data Catalog hosted by Uruguay's National Agency for e-Government and Information Society. Discussions emphasized that policy makers need guidance on how to \"use it, store it, and apply it\" and that \"indigenous people should have prior and informed consent\" regarding the use of traditional knowledge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001091#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The IAI is developing a new Strategic Plan for the next 25 years. Proposed goals include serving as a \"regional capacity building organization for integrating science into policy\", identifying priorities to meet targets under the Paris Agreement, and potentially establishing a Young Fellowship Program.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001091#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The workshop highlighted the utility of science diplomacy for national and regional policy. Examples included Guatemala's focus on \"risk reduction\" and enhanced collaboration with Mexico, and Panama's plan for a science-diplomacy workshop for Central American countries in late 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001091#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Research from the Collaborative Research Network (CRN3) has led to specific policy outcomes, including informing a court case on protected areas in Brazil, assessing the Payments for Environmental Services Program in Costa Rica, and developing adaptation strategies for the \"water-energy-food nexus\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001091#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Participants noted the challenge of communicating scientific uncertainty to politicians, suggesting that the use of \"scenarios allows decision makers to work with uncertainty\" and that \"tipping points\" should be included in research communication.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-001091#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity","ecosystem service","Paris Agreement","climate change adaptation","water security","sustainable development","risk reduction"],"geography_discussed":["Guatemala","Uruguay","Brazil","Costa Rica","Panama","Mexico","Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["workshop report"]},{"id":"sei-000532","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-000532","title":"Fourteen Actions and Six Proposals for Technology-based Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2018-06-06","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/publications/fourteen-actions-six-proposals-technology-based-disaster-risk-reduction-asia/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document emphasizes the urgent need to strengthen science and technology-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) capacity in Asia to meet 2030 global goals. It advocates for a shift from managing disasters to reducing risks by improving the understanding of risk dimensions, integrating risk governance into planning, and utilizing cost-benefit analyses for resilience investments. The text highlights Asia's vulnerability to high-frequency, high-intensity hazards and argues that global DRR targets cannot be achieved unless disaster casualties and property losses decrease within the region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000532#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 advocates for a transition from disaster management to risk reduction, which necessitates a comprehensive understanding of environment, hazards, exposure, and vulnerability, as well as the integration of risk governance into all levels of planning and development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000532#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Asia is characterized by high population density and uneven development, facing a high proportion of global disaster losses; consequently, the 2030 global DRR goals are unlikely to be met if disaster casualties and property losses in Asia do not decrease.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000532#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical requirement to enhance science and technology-based DRR capacity in Asia, particularly in areas experiencing rapid urbanization and weak socio-economic development, to support the implementation of the Sendai Framework.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000532#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["disaster risk reduction","climate change","sustainable development"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Beijing","Tokyo"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"saiia-001861","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-001861","title":"OCEANS OF PLASTICS: DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE AFRICAN POLICY RESPONSES","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2018-06","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Policy-Insights-59.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the crisis of marine plastic pollution, noting that while Asia is currently the most polluted continent, Africa is on track to take this title due to rapid population growth, industrialisation, and a lack of waste management capacity. It details the environmental impacts of plastic, including entanglement and ingestion by 344 and 331 marine species respectively, and the economic losses associated with tourism and material waste. The brief surveys a wide array of international treaties—such as UNCLOS, MARPOL, and the Basel Convention—and regional frameworks like the RSCAPs, arguing that policies must shift from focusing on ocean-based waste to targeting land-based sources. It highlights South Africa's legislative framework as an example of established policy that still lacks ground-level implementation, and promotes the African Marine Waste Network (AMWN) as a holistic model for research, economic incentives, and capacity building.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001861#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Africa is projected to become the world's most polluted continent, surpassing Asia because its rates of population growth, industrialisation, and urbanisation are already higher, while the continent lacks the wealth and capacity to manage the resulting plastic waste.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001861#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Approximately 80% of marine plastic waste originates from land-based sources, totaling between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes annually, driven by littering, urban expansion, and inadequate waste infrastructure such as open-air dumps.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001861#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Plastic waste causes severe biological harm: 344 marine species are known to become entangled in plastic (especially abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear), and 331 species have ingested plastic, which can lead to starvation, infection, and the accumulation of hazardous organic chemicals up the food web to humans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001861#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International policy frameworks for marine plastic are extensive but often fail in Africa; the document identifies a critical need to shift focus from ocean-based waste to binding policies that prevent and eliminate land-based sources of plastic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001861#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In South Africa, a comprehensive legislative framework exists—including the Constitution, the Environmental Conservation Act, and the National Environmental Management: Waste Act—yet many people in rural areas and informal settlements still lack access to waste management services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001861#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Several African nations have implemented specific bans or taxes on plastic shopping bags to combat pollution, with Rwanda being the first to ban their manufacturing, sale, distribution, use, and import.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001861#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["waste management","circular economy","biodiversity loss","environmental policy","single-use plastic","Sustainable Development Goals"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Asia","Rwanda","Benin","Kenya","Tanzania","Mali","Morocco","Zimbabwe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","environmental assessment"]},{"id":"clipolin-000459","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000459","title":"Designing Technical Assistance Activities for Adaptation and Resilience Companies","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2018-05","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Designing-Technical-Assistance-Activities-for-Adaptation-and-Resilience-Companies.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies three categories of barriers to the growth of adaptation and resilience companies in developing countries: context barriers (policy, institutional, and market environments), business model barriers (uncertainty of value-add, high costs, and lack of technical capacity), and internal capacity barriers (management and operational gaps). Through case studies of Planalytics and JBA Consulting, and a mapping of 41 TA facilities, the authors recommend a TA facility structure consisting of three support lines: Preparation (technology transfer and business planning), Partnerships (market development and stakeholder linkages), and Resilient Systems (policy studies and impact methodologies). This framework is applied to the design of the CRAFT Resilience Accelerator, a proposed USD 20 million facility linked to a USD 500 million private equity fund.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000459#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Adaptation and resilience companies face three primary categories of barriers when expanding into developing countries: context barriers related to the overall investment environment, business model barriers affecting consumer uptake, and internal business capacity barriers regarding the company's own operational capabilities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000459#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Context barriers in developing countries include poor policy environments, such as a lack of government clarity on climate change legislation, and poor market environments characterized by a lack of capital supply to adaptation companies and their users.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000459#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Business model barriers for adaptation technologies often center on the 'no value-add' problem, where customers lack understanding of the incentives and financial impacts of climate risk management on individual profitability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000459#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Internal capacity barriers for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries include insufficient financial records, poor governance, and lacking accounting functions, which increase investment risk for private equity managers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000459#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Case study evidence from Planalytics indicates that 'market making'—educating clients on the bottom-line value of climate analytics—is a primary barrier to global expansion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000459#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Case study evidence from JBA Consulting highlights a gap between international risk assessment firms and local providers, noting that government contracts in developing countries often require local execution and expertise.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000459#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies four archetypes of technical assistance models: the Venture Capital (VC) Model, the Standalone Technical Assistance Facility (TAF), the One-off Activity, and the Strategic Partnership.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000459#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Standalone TA facilities are more flexible than VC models and can pursue market development activities beyond the needs of specific investee companies, which is critical for early-stage markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000459#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposed CRAFT Resilience Accelerator TA facility is recommended to have three support lines: Preparation (for technology transfer and business plans), Partnerships (for stakeholder linkages and demand stimulation), and Resilient Systems (for policy studies and impact methodologies).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000459#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To ensure efficiency and alignment with fast-moving portfolio companies, the report recommends that the 'Preparation' support line be managed by the fund manager, while 'Partnerships' and 'Resilient Systems' may have separate governance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000459#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","climate resilience","climate finance","technology transfer","climate risk management"],"geography_discussed":["India","Brazil","Suriname","Cambodia","Turkey","Africa","Asia","Latin America"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["barrier analysis","case study","policy recommendation","facility design"]},{"id":"saiia-001773","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-001773","title":"GENDER AND SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES IN AFRICA","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2018-05","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Policy-Briefing-173.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document highlights the critical but often invisible role of women in Africa's small-scale fisheries, particularly in post-harvest activities. It argues that gender-blind policies and a lack of disaggregated data lead to the exclusion of women from governance and economic benefits. The author recommends context-specific interventions, the collection of gender-disaggregated data, and the promotion of livelihood diversification, such as aquaculture, to improve women's human rights and economic security.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001773#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Women are central to the fisheries value chain in Africa, particularly in post-harvest activities like processing and trading, which account for approximately 96% of their employment. These activities contribute roughly half of the 1.39% that fisheries add to Africa's gross domestic product.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001773#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women's contributions to fisheries are frequently undervalued or rendered invisible, often being categorized as domestic work. This invisibility leads to their exclusion from fisheries discourse and results in management policies that ignore key resources, such as seagrass harvesting in Zanzibar.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001773#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women in small-scale fisheries face systemic inequalities, including limited access to high-value fish and profitable markets, lower pay for the same work, and restricted access to decision-making roles compared to men.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001773#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"External pressures such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and overfishing disproportionately affect women. These changes can lead to precarious unofficial employment in factories or an increase in sexual and gender-based violence and transactional sex due to changes in resource availability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001773#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective policy interventions must avoid 'one size fits all' approaches and instead rely on gender-disaggregated data to understand the specific roles, remuneration, and work conditions of women.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001773#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Livelihood diversification, specifically through fish farming and aquaculture, is identified as a promising strategy for women because these activities can be conducted close to home and typically require low capital investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001773#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","gender equality","climate change","biodiversity loss","food security","human rights"],"geography_discussed":["Zanzibar Islands","Ghana","Asia","West Africa","World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","gender analysis"]},{"id":"sei-000176","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-000176","title":"Supporting National Planning Action SLCPs using LEAP-IBC Tool","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-04-01","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/publications/supporting-national-planning-action-slcps-using-leap-ibc-tool/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This chapter describes the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning system Integrated Benefits Calculator (LEAP-IBC), a model developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute to estimate the impacts of policy scenarios on pollutants, human health, and other endpoints, specifically highlighting its application in Bangladesh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000176#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The LEAP-IBC tool enables countries to evaluate current national-scale emissions of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), identify primary emitting sectors, and project future emissions based on sectoral activity changes. It further allows for the modeling of policy effects to reduce these emissions and the assessment of associated co-benefits, including avoided global temperature change, avoided mortality (health benefits), and avoided crop losses (agricultural benefits).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000176#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"LEAP-IBC can be customized to fit specific national contexts; in Bangladesh, the tool was used as part of a two-stage process to create SLCP action plans, which included the development of a specialized module to model emissions from rice parboiling units.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000176#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Asian Co-benefits Partnership (ACP) White Paper 2018 aims to increase the understanding among practitioners and policymakers regarding tools that quantify co-benefits, responding to a growing interest in Asia to link climate change with development priorities following the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000176#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["short-lived climate pollutants","co-benefits","emissions modeling","policy scenarios"],"geography_discussed":["Bangladesh","Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["model description","case study"]},{"id":"natjust-000279","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/natjust-000279","title":"Submissions on the Land Value Index Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2018","publisher":{"name":"Natural Justice","organization":"natural-justice"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2018-03-14","source_url":"https://naturaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/NJ-Submissions-Land-Value-Index-Laws.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that the proposed amendments to the Land Value Index Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2018, risk further marginalizing vulnerable groups by reducing compensation protections, limiting judicial oversight, and removing requirements for free, prior and informed consent (FPIC). Natural Justice advocates for stricter definitions of prompt payment, the inclusion of the National Land Commission in index development, and the retention of legal safeguards to ensure livelihood restoration for displaced persons.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000279#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The proposed definition of \"prompt\" compensation is too discretionary, as it allows payment within a \"reasonable time of taking possession of land\" or one year from a written undertaking; Natural Justice argues this is insufficient for displaced groups dependent on land and proposes a maximum period of 3 months.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000279#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The National Land Commission (NLC) is omitted from the proposed development of the land value index by national and county governments, which Natural Justice claims could \"undermine its mandate\" as the body responsible for managing public land and advising on land policy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000279#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Bill's proposal to disregard increases in land value caused by intended developments may fail to restore the livelihoods of farming or pastoralist groups, as evidence from Asia suggests compensation at current rates is often insufficient to prevent increased vulnerability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000279#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The requirement for proof of profits, including tax returns, to determine damage from diminution of profits would be difficult for rural communities; the document suggests an exception should be made for those who produce and trade goods from their land.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000279#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Allowing the NLC to take possession of land after an award is made but before payment is issued increases the risk of impoverishment, especially given that climate change can \"exacerbate droughts and food insecurity.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000279#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposed amendment to prevent courts from stopping development once public funds are committed is argued to be unconstitutional, as it conflicts with the Constitution of Kenya 2010 and removes the Bill of Rights in relation to land developments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000279#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Reducing the NLC's decision period for public right of way applications from 90 days to 30 days may lead to \"weak processes leading to poor determinations,\" particularly affecting illiterate and vulnerable groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000279#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposal to delete Section 22 of the Prevention, Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons and Affected Communities Act would remove the requirement for free, prior and informed consent (FPIC), which Natural Justice asserts is vital to avoid costly project delays and social unrest, citing the Kinangop Wind Farm case.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"natjust-000279#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","Free, Prior and Informed Consent","climate finance","environmental impact assessment"],"geography_discussed":["Uganda","Asia","People's Republic of China"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","legal critique"]},{"id":"seforall-000265","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000265","title":"Cooling for All","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-03","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2019-05/CurrentandProjectedCoolingDemand.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the growing global need for cooling, driven by urbanization and rising incomes, particularly in developing countries. It warns that a surge in air conditioning (AC) use could lead to massive increases in electricity demand and urban heat island effects. The document also details the critical role of cold chains in reducing food loss and ensuring vaccine viability, while emphasizing the need to 'leapfrog' high-emission cooling technologies to avoid severe environmental impacts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000265#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global electricity demand for air conditioning (AC) is projected to increase significantly, with the IPCC estimating a 33-fold surge by 2100, potentially exceeding 10,000 TWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000265#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'urban heat island effect' causes cities to be warmer than surrounding rural areas, with some cities of one million or more inhabitants seeing temperature increases of 4-7°C, and up to 12°C on clear, calm nights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000265#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Excessive heat is projected to cause significant economic losses by 2050, with work hour losses reaching up to 12% in the worst-affected regions of South Asia and West Africa, potentially reducing annual GDP/capita by as much as 6% for severely impacted countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000265#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Inefficient cold chains contribute to massive food loss; approximately one-third of total food production for human consumption (1.3 billion tonnes) is lost or wasted annually, resulting in global economic losses of roughly US$750 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000265#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cold chain failures severely impact healthcare, with the WHO estimating that nearly 50% of freeze-dried and 25% of liquid vaccines are wasted annually due to disruptions in the cold chain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000265#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of AC units can paradoxically increase urban temperatures; research in Phoenix, USA, showed that widespread AC use caused local heating of urban atmospheres, increasing nighttime temperatures by 1-2°C.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000265#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["air conditioning","urban heat island","energy efficiency","passive cooling","carbon dioxide emissions","urbanization"],"geography_discussed":["India","People's Republic of China","Brazil","Indonesia","United States","Mexico","Phoenix","Ahmedabad","Karachi","Delhi","Mumbai","São Paulo","Lagos","Seoul","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Germany","France","sub-Saharan Africa","Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["demand projection","socio-economic impact assessment","environmental impact analysis"]},{"id":"wmbco-000176","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wmbco-000176","title":"Tesco: Science-based target case study","publisher":{"name":"We Mean Business Coalition","organization":"we-mean-business-coalition"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2018-02-08","source_url":"https://www.wemeanbusinesscoalition.org/blog/tesco-science-based-target-case-study/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Tesco has committed to reducing its scope 1 and 2 emissions by 60% by 2025 and scope 3 emissions by 17% by 2030, both using a 2015 base-year. To achieve these goals, the company is implementing a costed renewable electricity roadmap and investing in energy and refrigeration efficiency, having already spent over £700 million since 2006. Tesco aims for 100% renewable electricity by 2030 and a net-zero carbon status by 2050, while managing specific challenges related to agricultural emissions, which constitute approximately 70% of its supply chain emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wmbco-000176#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Tesco's approved science-based targets include a 60% reduction in direct (scope 1) and indirect (scope 2) greenhouse gas emissions by 2025 and a 17% reduction in scope 3 emissions by 2030, both relative to a 2015 base-year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wmbco-000176#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The company aims to source 100% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030, with a requirement that over 50% comes from on-site generation and Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wmbco-000176#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Since 2006, Tesco has invested more than £700 million in refrigeration and energy efficiency, resulting in a 41% reduction in emissions per square foot for its distribution centres and stores.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wmbco-000176#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agricultural emissions are a significant challenge, representing approximately 70% of Tesco's supply chain emissions, leading the company to set a separate reduction target for agriculture compared to other scope 3 sources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wmbco-000176#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tesco has already achieved 100% renewable electricity usage in the Republic of Ireland and the UK, and invested £8 million in onsite generation in Asia during 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wmbco-000176#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","Scope 2","Scope 3","renewable electricity","power purchase agreement","energy efficiency","deforestation","Net-zero emissions","Paris Agreement","Nationally Determined Contributions"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","Ireland","Asia","Europe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study"]},{"id":"iisd-003034","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003034","title":"Global Trends in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM)","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-01","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/igf-asm-global-trends.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report highlights the explosive growth of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), with an estimated 40.5 million direct workers in 2017. It examines the sector's critical role in global mineral supplies—including 20% of gold and 80% of sapphires—while detailing severe environmental and health risks, particularly from mercury use in gold mining. The document analyzes the tensions between ASM and large-scale mining (LSM), the limitations of current certification schemes, and the necessity of inclusive formalization processes that address the poverty-driven nature of the sector rather than focusing solely on entrepreneurs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003034#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) has seen rapid growth, with the number of directly engaged people rising from 6 million in 1993 to an estimated 40.5 million in 2017, supporting over 150 million dependents across approximately 80 countries in the global South.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003034#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"ASM is a significant contributor to the global supply of several minerals, accounting for approximately 20% of global gold, 80% of sapphire, and 20% of diamond supplies, as well as 26% of tantalum and 25% of tin production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003034#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The sector is a primary source of global mercury pollution, with estimated releases of 1,400 tonnes per year in 2011. Mercury is used primarily in gold mining to capture fine gold, often through inefficient 'whole ore amalgamation' (WOA) which releases large quantities of the toxin into tailings.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003034#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There are significant power imbalances and conflicts between ASM and large-scale mining (LSM) due to overlapping concessions and governance frameworks that favor foreign direct investment over local artisanal miners.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003034#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ethical certification schemes like Fairmined and Fairtrade Gold aim to professionalize the sector, but critics argue they may only empower already licensed and relatively affluent cooperatives, failing to reach the most marginalized miners.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003034#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Formalization is often hindered by bureaucratic and expensive licensing processes, leading to high informality rates of 70% to 80% among small-scale miners in many countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003034#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"ASM is predominantly a poverty-driven activity, often serving as a supplement to agriculture. Programs attempting to move miners into alternative livelihoods often fail because they do not recognize that ASM is frequently the alternative to unviable farming.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003034#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Minamata Convention on Mercury requires countries with significant ASGM to develop National Action Plans (NAPs), but its effectiveness is challenged by the emergence of new illegal mercury trade hubs and a lack of consideration for local socioeconomic contexts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003034#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable development"],"geography_discussed":["Africa","Asia","Latin America","Ghana","Indonesia","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Tanzania","Brazil","Colombia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["literature review","trend analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"fordecl-000018","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fordecl-000018","title":"2018 Goal 10 Assessment","publisher":{"name":"Forest Declaration Assessment","organization":"forest-declaration-assessment"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://forestdeclaration.org/resources/2018-goal-10-assessment/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2018 Goal 10 Assessment finds that slow improvements in forest governance and the failure to implement existing laws contribute to ongoing deforestation. It highlights a critical gap between legal protections on paper and the practical security of land rights for indigenous peoples and local communities, noting an increase in land conflicts and violence against activists since 2014. While some Asian countries are introducing market restrictions on illegal commodities to complement EU, US, and Australian frameworks, the report emphasizes that local innovations for community empowerment require greater scaling and financial support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000018#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Forest governance is insufficient to support deforestation reduction, particularly in poorer countries where institutions and the rule of law are weak. While many nations have laws regarding justice and information access, these are often poorly implemented or contain restrictions that maintain opacity in the forest sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000018#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Illegality is a primary driver of deforestation, especially in the production of commodities for commercial agriculture. To combat this, several Asian countries have introduced measures to restrict market access for illegal timber and agricultural products, adding to existing frameworks in Australia, the United States, and the European Union, though enforcement concerns remain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000018#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Progress in recognizing and securing land rights for indigenous peoples and local communities is slow. This lack of security, combined with land demand, has increased land conflicts and the number of murders of community activists annually since 2014. Developed countries with high forest cover often provide less protection for these rights than developing countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000018#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","land tenure","indigenous people","illegal logging"],"geography_discussed":["Asia","European Union","United States","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["assessment"]},{"id":"fordecl-000043","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fordecl-000043","title":"NEW YORK DECLARATION ON FORESTS PROGRESS ASSESSMENT GOALS SUMMARY","publisher":{"name":"Forest Declaration Assessment","organization":"forest-declaration-assessment"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/2017Goal10-low-res.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates global progress in forest governance and land rights, noting a record 182 killings of environmental defenders in 2016. While it highlights positive developments in illegal timber import controls in countries like South Korea, Malaysia, and the US, and the implementation of EU FLEGT agreements in Indonesia and Vietnam, it warns that climate finance for local communities remains insufficient, with only 10 percent reaching the local level in 2016. The document also emphasizes the lack of gender-sensitive provisions in community-based tenure regimes and the ongoing effort to track tenure security via SDG Indicator 1.4.2.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000043#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Environmental defender killings reached a record high in 2016 with 182 deaths, continuing an upward trend from 80 in 2010. The mining and extractive industries sector was the primary driver with 33 killings, followed by logging (23) and agribusiness (23). Approximately 70 percent of these killings occurred in Latin America.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000043#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Several consumer countries have implemented new legal frameworks to combat illegal timber imports. South Korea passed an act in March 2017 to revise the 2012 Forest Legislation, Malaysia introduced an Import Legality Regulation in July 2017 for Peninsular Malaysia, and the United States strengthened Lacey Act enforcement via the Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) system in November 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000043#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Progress has been made in producer countries through the EU's Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan. Indonesia began official FLEGT licensing at the end of 2016, and Vietnam reached an agreement on a joint Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) implementation framework with the EU.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000043#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial resources for indigenous peoples and local communities are insufficient, with only 10 percent of climate finance reaching the local level in 2016. However, specific initiatives include the International Land and Forest Tenure Facility (budget of USD 35 million) and the Forest Investment Program\u0002s Dedicated Grant Mechanism, which had been capitalized with USD 80 million as of its 2016 Annual Report.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000043#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A study of 30 low- and middle-income countries found a significant lack of gender equality in community-based forest tenure. Adequate gender-sensitive provisions were found in only 3 percent of regimes for women\u0002s voting rights, 5 percent for leadership, 10 percent for inheritance, 18 percent for dispute resolution, and 29 percent for membership.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000043#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["land tenure","indigenous rights","illegal logging","climate finance","gender equality","Sustainable Development Goals"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Vietnam","Honduras","Ghana","Republic of the Congo","South Korea","Malaysia","European Union","United States","Norway","Latin America","Asia","Panama","Liberia","Mali","Cameroon","Peru"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["progress assessment"]},{"id":"fordecl-000044","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fordecl-000044","title":"NEW YORK DECLARATION ON FORESTS PROGRESS ASSESSMENT","publisher":{"name":"Forest Declaration Assessment","organization":"forest-declaration-assessment"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2017Goal2.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2017 update to the New York Declaration on Forests Goal 2 assessment finds that while corporate commitments to reduce deforestation in agricultural supply chains are increasing, their scope and ambition remain variable. Progress is most evident in the palm oil and timber sectors, where certification standards are more prevalent, while the cattle and soy sectors lag behind. Although traceability systems are improving—with 81% of producer companies having them in place by 2016—many companies still struggle to verify if their supply is free of converted High-Conservation-Value (HCV) or High-Carbon-Stock (HCS) forests. Financial institution engagement remains limited, and direct data on the impact of these commitments on deforestation rates is currently unavailable, though new monitoring tools like GFW-Commodities and Trase are being developed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000044#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Corporate commitments to reduce deforestation are growing, but their quality varies. As of August 2017, the Supply Change Initiative tracked nearly 900 companies with risk exposure to cattle, palm, soy, or timber and pulp, with 471 companies having at least one commitment totaling 785 commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000044#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Commitment rates differ significantly by commodity; palm oil and timber and pulp sectors show higher adoption, correlating with the availability of certification schemes like RSPO and FSC. In contrast, the cattle and soy sectors lag behind.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000044#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Traceability systems are improving, particularly among producers. In 2016, 81% of producer companies had a traceability system, up from 69% in 2015, while the rate for downstream companies remained at 71%. Traceability is more advanced for timber due to legislation in the US and EU.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000044#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite increased reporting, many commitments remain 'dormant' or vague. Progress information was available for 51% of tracked commitments in 2017, up from 36% in 2016, but one-fifth of all commitments are considered dormant because their target dates have passed or were never set.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000044#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial institutions have shown limited engagement in addressing deforestation risks. As of 2016, only a small number of 150 financial institutions linked to Forest 500 companies addressed these risks, and only about one-third had commitments related to the four major commodities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000044#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is currently no available data to measure the direct impact of private-sector commitments on the reduction of deforestation, although platforms like Global Forest Watch–Commodities and Trase are being developed to fill this gap.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000044#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","climate finance","Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","United States","Brazil","Indonesia","Mato Grosso","South Sumatra","Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["progress assessment","indicator-based monitoring"]},{"id":"fordecl-000051","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/fordecl-000051","title":"NEW YORK DECLARATION ON FORESTS PROGRESS ASSESSMENT GOALS SUMMARY","publisher":{"name":"Forest Declaration Assessment","organization":"forest-declaration-assessment"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2017Goal9.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The assessment finds that while over USD 4.1 billion has been committed to results-based REDD+ payments, disbursements remain limited and concentrated, primarily in Brazil. It highlights the emergence of jurisdictional-sourcing initiatives across Asia, Latin America, and Africa as a promising mechanism to scale zero-deforestation commitments, though private resource flows remain small.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000051#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"International results-based REDD+ finance commitments exceed USD 4.1 billion, but only approximately one-third of these funds have been disbursed. The majority of these disbursements have gone to Brazil, with Norway providing the largest share, exceeding USD 1.1 billion via a bilateral agreement between 2008 and 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000051#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Several international funding mechanisms are active or in development, including the German REDD Early Movers (REM) program, which mobilized USD 306 million for payments to Colombia and the Brazilian state of Acre. The FCPF Carbon Fund has mobilized nearly USD 686 million from eleven donors, though no finance has been disbursed yet. Additionally, the BioCarbon Fund’s ISFL has earmarked USD 130 million for results-based REDD finance for Zambia, Ethiopia, and Colombia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000051#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Domestic mechanisms for rewarding emission reductions are being implemented in India and Brazil. India has modified its tax proceed devolution systems to encourage forest cover restoration and protection, while Brazil uses a mix of results and existing forest stocks to distribute international REDD+ finance to states within the Amazon biome.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000051#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Jurisdictional-sourcing initiatives are expanding across Africa, Asia, and Latin America, with 34 active programs. These programs cover 41 percent of global soy production and 34 percent of global palm oil production. While private funding is currently small, multi-stakeholder platforms and financing vehicles are increasing to support zero-deforestation supply chains.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"fordecl-000051#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation","climate finance","forest conservation"],"geography_discussed":["Brazil","Norway","Germany","United Kingdom","Indonesia","Liberia","Colombia","Peru","Guyana","Ecuador","Mexico","Ethiopia","Zambia","India","Acre","Mato Grosso","Asia","Latin America","Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["progress assessment"]},{"id":"prio-001234","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001234","title":"Children Affected by Armed Conflict, 1990–2016","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/5ab8ff5b-9cd2-4a07-a434-8b58ad9982bf/Bahgat Dupuy Ostby et al- Children Affected by Armed Conflict Conflict Trends 1-2018.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The document estimates that in 2016, 1.35 billion children lived in conflict-affected countries, with 357 million living in 'conflict zones' defined as within 50 km of a lethal conflict event. Asia has the highest absolute number of affected children, while the Middle East has the highest proportional risk. The number of children in conflict zones has increased by over 50% since the 1990s, with nearly half living in high-intensity conflict zones in 2016. The authors highlight a critical lack of systematic data on direct harms like killing and maiming, urging increased investment in data collection and targeted policy interventions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001234#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2016, approximately 1.35 billion children under 18, representing 59% of all children globally, lived in conflict-affected countries, while 942 million lived in peaceful countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001234#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors define 'conflict zones' as areas within a 50 km radius of a lethal conflict event; in 2016, approximately 357 million children (1 in 6) lived within these zones.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001234#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regional analysis for 2016 shows that Asia had the highest total number of children in conflict zones (166 million), but the Middle East had the highest proportional share at approximately 39%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001234#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Five countries accounted for 57% of all children living in conflict zones in 2016: India (over 50 million), Nigeria (44 million), Pakistan (40 million), Bangladesh (37 million), and the Philippines (20 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001234#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The number of children living in conflict zones has risen by more than 50% since the early-to-mid 1990s, increasing from around 200 million to over 300 million, despite a stable number of countries experiencing armed conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001234#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2016, 46.2% of children living in conflict zones were located in high-intensity conflict zones, defined as those with 1,000 or more battle-related deaths in a year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001234#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant 'knowledge gap' regarding systematic data on direct harms to children, such as killing, maiming, child soldier recruitment, and sexual exploitation, which hinders rigorous large-n analysis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001234#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Asia","Middle East","Africa","Americas","Europe","India","Nigeria","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Philippines"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"prio-001626","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001626","title":"Children Affected by Armed Conflict, 1990–2017","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/6edb427a-12f5-40f6-a5e8-70f31712b033/Ostby Rustad Tollefsen et al- Children Affected by Armed Conflict 1990-2017 Conflict Trends 10-2018.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed"],"summary":{"text":"The document provides a mapping of children living in conflict settings, distinguishing between those in conflict-affected countries and those in 'conflict zones' (within 50km of fighting). In 2017, approximately 1.8 billion children lived in conflict-affected countries, while 420 million lived in conflict zones. Asia has the highest absolute number of affected children, but the Middle East has the highest proportion relative to its population. The report also notes a rise in the number of children in conflict zones since 2000 and discusses the severe impact of the denial of humanitarian access, particularly in South Sudan, Yemen, Syria, and the Central African Republic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001626#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Approximately 420 million children (more than 1 in 6) lived in 'conflict zones' in 2017, defined as being within a 50km radius of a conflict event. This represents a 7% increase from 2016, when the figure was 393 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001626#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Asia is the region with the highest absolute number of children in conflict zones (195 million), while the Middle East has the highest relative share, with approximately 40% of its children living in such zones.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001626#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Six countries account for more than half of all children living in conflict zones in 2017: India (over 56 million), Pakistan, Nigeria, Egypt, Bangladesh, and the Philippines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001626#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The number of children living in conflict zones has risen by more than 50% since the early-to-mid 1990s, when the figure was around 200 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001626#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2017, 33.7% of children in conflict zones lived in high-intensity zones (conflicts with over 1,000 battle-related deaths per year), a decrease from 46.8% in 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001626#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United Nations verified 1,432 incidents of denial of humanitarian access (DHA) to children in 2017. South Sudan had the most incidents (783), followed by Yemen (248), Syria (107), and the Central African Republic (101).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001626#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Asia","Middle East","Africa","Americas","Europe","India","Pakistan","Nigeria","Egypt","Bangladesh","Philippines","People's Republic of China","Indonesia","South Sudan","Yemen","Syria","Central African Republic","Myanmar","Gaza Strip"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]},{"id":"seforall-000226","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000226","title":"Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2018","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2019-05/TrackingSDG7_18electrification_annex.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes electricity access in 20 high-deficit countries by comparing government reports, utility data, household surveys, and solar sales. It consistently finds that household consumption (wealth) is a stronger driver of access disparity than gender, although specific national patterns vary. In many cases, significant gaps exist between formal utility connection rates and household survey results, often attributed to off-grid solutions, informal connections, or self-supply methods like diesel generators.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000226#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In Bangladesh, there is a significant gap of 18.8% between the electrification rate reported by the HIES (75.9%) and the estimated grid connection rate (57.1%), which is partially explained by off-grid solar solutions providing service to 11.6% of the population in 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000226#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Burkina Faso, electricity access is highly skewed by wealth, with access rates improving by more than 38 times from the bottom consumption quintile to the top quintile.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000226#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Democratic Republic of Congo exhibits a massive disparity in access based on wealth, with access rates improving by more than 60 times from the bottom quintile to the top quintile, a gradient steeper than most other large access deficit countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000226#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Ethiopia, a high rate of shared metered connections due to high connection charges explains why household surveys report a grid connection rate of 29%, while utility data estimates it at 10.5%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000226#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's electrification is driven by a $2.5 billion program aiming for universal access by December 2018, with a formal grid connection rate estimated at 80.3% in 2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000226#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Kenya, off-grid solar power is a significant contributor to access, with 14.1% of the population relying on it according to household surveys, compared to a formal grid connection rate of 40.4%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000226#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tanzania shows a severe wealth-based access gap, where the access rate for the top quintile is 19 times that of the bottom quintile.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000226#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Nigeria, there is a substantial gap between the formal and informal grid connection rate (combined at 26.5%) and the household survey electrification rate (59.3%), partly due to self-supply via diesel generation which serves an additional 5.2% of the population.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000226#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Pakistan reports a high formal grid connection rate of 82.4%, with an additional 1.7% of the population estimated to have access through informal connections, particularly shared metered connections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000226#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Sudan, gender is a more significant driver of access disparity than in other Sub-Saharan African countries, with male-headed households outperforming female-headed households by 12 percentage points.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000226#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy poverty","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Asia","sub-Saharan Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative analysis","data triangulation","socioeconomic disaggregation"]},{"id":"seforall-000363","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000363","title":"SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL 2018 WORKPLAN","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/system/files/gather-content/SEforALLWorkplanJanuary2018_0.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The SEforALL 2018 Workplan focuses on four primary workstreams: 'Energy Efficiency First', 'Leaving No One Behind', 'Sustainable Energy Diplomacy', and the 'Body of Evidence'. Key initiatives include the 'Cooling for All' program to protect vulnerable populations from heat, the development of energy efficiency finance accelerators, and the coordination of biomass data in Sub-Saharan Africa. The plan emphasizes unlocking finance and brokering partnerships through high-level engagement with the G7, G20, and the UN system. Additionally, the organization aims to enhance its evidence base through the Global Tracking Framework (GTF) and Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE), while utilizing the annual SEforALL Forum to connect government, business, and civil society leaders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000363#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The 'Energy Efficiency First' workstream aims to make energy efficiency and demand-side solutions central to business strategies and energy plans by unlocking finance and brokering partnerships, specifically targeting the most energy-intensive sectors and countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000363#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Cooling for All' initiative, launched in July 2017 in partnership with the Kigali Cooling Efficiency Program, seeks to increase global access to affordable and sustainable cooling to protect vulnerable populations from intensifying heat.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000363#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Under the 'Leaving No One Behind' workstream, SEforALL intends to establish an international initiative to coordinate the collection and analysis of biomass energy data specifically for Sub-Saharan Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000363#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Sustainable Energy Diplomacy' workstream utilizes the SEforALL CEO's role as the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General to influence the UN system, the G7, and the G20 to accelerate the implementation of SDG 7 and the Paris Climate Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000363#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"SEforALL maintains a 'Body of Evidence' to benchmark progress and inform decision-making, which includes the Global Tracking Framework (GTF), Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE), the Multi-tier Framework (MTF), and 'Heat Maps'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000363#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The organization's operational goals for 2018 include expanding its Administrative Board to 13 seats and achieving a resource mobilization target of $12 million per annum as part of a larger $20 million target.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000363#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy efficiency","climate finance","cooling","renewable energy","biomass","energy access","Paris Agreement","carbon price"],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa","Asia","Africa","Latin America"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["strategic planning"]},{"id":"sei-002498","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002498","title":"Towards a climate test for industry: Assessing a gas-based methanol plant","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/sei-2018-db-towards-a-climate-test.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document evaluates the proposed Northwest Innovation Works methanol facility at the Port of Kalama, arguing that its greenhouse gas emissions are significantly underestimated and that it is unlikely to reduce global emissions. It proposes a 'climate test' for new industry to ensure projects do not lock in high-carbon technologies or become stranded assets in a transition to a low-carbon economy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002498#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the proposed Kalama methanol refinery are estimated to be significantly higher than those reported in the facility's Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS). While the FEIS estimated 1.3 million tons CO2e, the authors estimate 2.6 million to 4 million tons CO2e annually (using a 100-year GWP), or 3.7 million to 7 million tons CO2e (using a 20-year GWP).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002498#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The FEIS for the Kalama facility contained two primary flaws: it used average rather than marginal emission rates for off-site power generation, and it erroneously claimed zero GHG emissions for the production and transportation of natural gas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002498#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Although proponents claim the facility would reduce emissions by displacing coal-based methanol in China, the authors argue it is more likely to displace lower-emission olefin production routes based on ethane or naphtha, which would increase global GHG emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002498#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The viability of displacing coal-based methanol is questioned due to declining economics for new coal-to-methanol plants in China and Chinese policy efforts to curb coal consumption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002498#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"If the methanol produced is used for transportation fuels rather than olefins, it is likely to increase global GHG emissions and potentially slow the transition to electric vehicles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002498#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors propose a 'climate test' for new industrial development, asserting that a facility should only be approved if it has significantly lower emissions than the practices it displaces and is consistent with a transition to a deeply low-carbon future (keeping warming well below 2 degrees Celsius).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002498#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a risk that the Kalama facility could become a 'stranded asset' if a high global price on carbon or a shift toward bioplastics renders fossil-fuel-derived methanol financially unviable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002498#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","methane leak","natural gas","plastic","decarbonization","stranded asset","life cycle assessment","carbon price","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","Canada","Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy analysis","emissions modeling"]},{"id":"wacc-000132","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wacc-000132","title":"Addressing Communication and Information Poverty in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)","publisher":{"name":"World Association for Christian Communication","organization":"world-association-for-christian-communication"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://waccglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Addressing-Communication-and-Information-Poverty2018.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that communication and information poverty—characterized by lack of access to platforms, media misrepresentation, and low media literacy—undermines the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It specifically analyzes the intersections between communication rights and SDGs 5, 9, 16, and 17, while providing recommendations for a rights-based approach to communication. The report highlights the need to democratize media systems, increase digital media literacy, and address the specific needs of marginalized groups, particularly Indigenous peoples, which it claims are insufficiently addressed in Agenda 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000132#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Communication and information poverty is defined as a form of poverty arising from structural deficits that prevent people from fully participating in decision-making processes. Its manifestations include lack of access to platforms, under- or misrepresentation in media, low media literacy, limited access to public information, and the absence of a free, independent, and pluralistic media sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000132#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender inequality is a key dimension of communication and information poverty, as it affects how women and girls are represented in media and their access to platforms. This undermines their ability to exercise freedom of expression and participate in decision-making, thereby perpetuating broader gender inequality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000132#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While SDGs 9 and 17 promote universal internet and mobile telephony access, the report argues that mere access is insufficient. It emphasizes that structural issues regarding ownership, regulation, privacy, and illegal surveillance of civil society must be addressed to ensure digital platforms contribute to sustainable development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000132#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) is closely linked to communication rights, as media freedom and access to information are essential for reducing corruption, promoting the rule of law, and ensuring accountable institutions. However, the report notes that Goal 16 fails to explicitly reference linguistic rights, digital convergence, and media ownership.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000132#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies critical gaps in Agenda 2030, stating that it lacks focus on the democratization of media systems, media literacy for the digital age, and the specific communication needs of historically marginalized communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000132#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indigenous peoples face significant communication and information poverty, often suffering from poor political representation and cultural discrimination. The report argues that a rights-based approach to communication is essential for realizing the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000132#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Latin America, some countries (such as Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina, and Uruguay) have developed laws to democratize media by promoting equitable license distribution between public, private, community, and sometimes indigenous sectors and discouraging media concentration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wacc-000132#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Sustainable Development Goals","gender equality","indigenous rights","climate change mitigation","climate change adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["Africa","Asia","Caribbean","Latin America","Guatemala","Ecuador","Palestine","Mexico","Colombia","Argentina","Eswatini","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Philippines","Nepal","Hong Kong","Uganda","Zimbabwe","Bolivia","Uruguay"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","rights-based assessment"]}]}