{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"climate_tags":["nationally determined contributions (ndc)"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'nationally determined contributions (ndc)' for facet 'climate_tags' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":5,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?climate_tags=nationally+determined+contributions+%28ndc%29","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"cer-000968","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cer-000968","title":"STAATSKOERANT","publisher":{"name":"Centre for Environmental Rights","organization":"centre-for-environmental-rights"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-08-18","source_url":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Forum-Establishment-Notice-and-Terms-of-Reference.pdf?x21779","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This government notice and accompanying Terms of Reference establish the National Environmental Consultative and Advisory Forum to advise the Minister of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment on applications for the suspension and postponement of compliance with Minimum Emission Standards (MES) and the issuance of Provisional Atmospheric Emission Licences (PAEL).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000968#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The National Environmental Consultative and Advisory Forum was established by Minister Barbara Dallas Creecy for a period of 12 months to conduct a consultative process regarding non-compliance with Minimum Emission Standards (MES) and applications for Provisional Atmospheric Emission Licences (PAEL).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000968#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Forum's primary objective is to provide the Minister with practical options to resolve issues related to ESKOM's non-compliance with the MES and PAEL applications, balancing the energy crisis and local economic climate against constitutional rights to health and international commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000968#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Forum is tasked with reviewing specific technical and documentary evidence, including the history of MES and PAEL appeals, ESKOM's compliance history, the health impacts of air emissions, and the costs of compliance versus the co-benefits of pollution reduction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000968#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Forum must analyze the implications of the 2021 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update for ESKOM's coal fleet and identify requirements for improving national energy security, including the potential for renewable energy roll-out and the re-purposing of the Grootvlei, Komati, and Hendrina stations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000968#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Forum's functions include conducting preliminary hearings, one-on-one consultations with key parties, and visits to communities in airsheds affected by ESKOM power stations and PAEL applications under appeal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000968#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Forum consists of a Chairperson, Mr Peter Harris, and six members: Mr Etienne Rubbers, Prof Aneesa Vanker, Ms Lauren Hermanus, Dr Emily Tyler, Mr Arvishkar Ramandh, and Dr Maphuti Kwata.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000968#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Forum is required to complete its work within a maximum of 6 months, delivering a project plan within 10 days of appointment, live recordings of hearings on the DFFE website, and a final report with recommendations to the Minister.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000968#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["air quality","energy transition","coal-fired power","nationally determined contributions (ndc)","emission standards"],"geography_discussed":["Mpumalanga Highveld"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy Framework","Regulatory Compliance"]},{"id":"cer-001131","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cer-001131","title":"LIFE AFTER COAL CAMPAIGN COMMENTS ON THE CLIMATE CHANGE BILL, 2022","publisher":{"name":"Centre for Environmental Rights","organization":"centre-for-environmental-rights"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2022-05-27","source_url":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Life-After-Coal-comments-Climate-Change-Bill-2022_27_May_2022.pdf?x21779","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Life After Coal/Impilo Ngaphandle Kwamalahle Campaign, represented by the Centre for Environmental Rights, groundWork, and Earthlife Africa, submitted comments on the Climate Change Bill, 2022. The submission argues that the Bill is insufficient to address the climate emergency and lacks the urgency, ambition, and enforcement mechanisms necessary to meet South Africa's international obligations under the Paris Agreement and protect constitutional rights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001131#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Campaign argues that the Climate Change Bill, 2022 lacks urgency and contains inadequate or absent timeframes for critical mitigation actions, such as the determination of GHG emissions trajectories and the listing of GHGs and activities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001131#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The submission contends that the Bill's current emission trajectory is based on the obsolete 2015 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), which is deemed 'highly insufficient' and inconsistent with the 2021 updated NDC and the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C or well below 2°C.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001131#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Campaign highlights a critical lack of enforcement and penalties in the Bill, noting that there is currently no criminal or administrative penalty for exceeding a carbon budget, which renders the carbon budget mechanism ineffective.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001131#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The submission criticizes the Bill's limited access to information, arguing that relying on the Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA) and the Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA) is insufficient and that automatic, real-time public disclosure of climate data should be the default.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001131#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Campaign asserts that the Bill fails to adequately center the South African Constitution and the Bill of Rights, specifically the right to an environment not harmful to health or well-being, which the Pretoria High Court confirmed is immediately realisable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001131#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The document emphasizes that fossil fuels are the primary driver of South Africa's emissions—accounting for over 80% of GHGs—yet they are not mentioned in the Bill, which the Campaign argues is a significant omission.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001131#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The submission recommends the establishment of an independent scientific advisory panel to provide evidence-based recommendations to the government, distinct from the political and consensus-based output of the Presidential Climate Commission.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001131#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Campaign argues that the Bill places an undue burden on municipalities and provinces without providing necessary funding, capacity-building, or technical support for implementing climate response plans.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001131#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The submission suggests that the Bill should be amended to include a 'ratchet mechanism' for sectoral emission targets (SETs) and the national trajectory, ensuring that successive targets always become stricter and never more lenient.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001131#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate change bill 2022","ghg emissions","carbon budgets","just transition","paris agreement","nationally determined contributions (ndc)","climate litigation","climate governance"],"geography_discussed":["KwaZulu-Natal","Mpumalanga","Limpopo","Northern Cape","Eastern Cape","Western Cape"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy Analysis","Legislative Review","Legal Submission"]},{"id":"clipolin-000140","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000140","title":"The Landscape of Climate Finance in Kenya","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-03-26","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/the-landscape-of-climate-finance-in-kenya/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report 'The Landscape of Climate Finance in Kenya' analyzes climate finance flows in Kenya for 2018, comparing them against the financial requirements of the country's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). It finds a significant funding gap, with tracked finance meeting only one third of the annual need, and a misalignment between the high proportion of mitigation funding (primarily in renewable energy) and the country's adaptation-focused needs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000140#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Kenya's estimated cost for implementing mitigation and adaptation actions for 2020-2030 is KES 6,775 billion (USD 65 billion). This follows previous estimates of KES 4,040 billion (USD 40 billion) in 2015 and KES 1,848 billion (USD 18.3 billion) for the 2018-2022 period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000140#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"In 2018, KES 243.3 billion (USD 2.4 billion) flowed to climate-related investments, which represents approximately one third of the annual financing required to meet NDC targets. Public investment accounted for KES 144.3 billion (59.4%), while private sector investment totaled KES 98.9 billion (40.7%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000140#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There is a significant misalignment between climate finance allocation and Kenya's adaptation-focused NDC. Over 79% of finance was directed toward mitigation—specifically renewable energy—while only 11.7% went to adaptation. The water and blue economy sector is identified as having the largest financing gap.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000140#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"International public climate finance is heavily skewed toward debt and mitigation, with 79% delivered as debt and 55% channeled toward mitigation. The report notes that international partners must sustain at least 87% of costs by 2030 to meet NDC requirements, a level not achieved in 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000140#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Climate-related disasters, including floods and droughts, create an annual economic liability of 2-2.8% of Kenya's GDP due to the economy's dependence on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water, energy, tourism, wildlife, and health.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000140#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","nationally determined contributions (ndc)","adaptation","mitigation","renewable energy","green growth"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Finance Tracking","Policy Analysis"]},{"id":"cer-001394","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cer-001394","title":"Commentary on National Treasury’s Draft Technical Paper: Financing a Sustainable Economy 2020","publisher":{"name":"Centre for Environmental Rights","organization":"centre-for-environmental-rights"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2020-07-24","source_url":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Submissions-on-National-Treasury-Technical-Paper-24.07.20.pdf?x21779","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Centre for Environmental Rights, on behalf of the Life After Coal campaign and 350Africa.org, provides commentary on the National Treasury's 2020 Draft Technical Paper 'Financing a Sustainable Economy'. The submission argues that the Draft Paper focuses too heavily on voluntary disclosure rather than binding commitments and fails to align with the urgency of the climate crisis or South Africa's international obligations under the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001394#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The authors argue that the Draft Technical Paper's primary focus on voluntary disclosure is insufficient and contradicts its title, 'Financing a Sustainable Economy'. They contend that a voluntary approach lacks oversight and that National Treasury should instead implement binding measures for state and corporate actors to incentivize a shift away from fossil fuel financing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001394#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The submission highlights a contradiction between the National Treasury's sustainable finance goals and current government energy policy. Specifically, it points to the continued public and private financing of new coal-fired power, such as the 3300MW coal plant and the Limpopo Musina-Makhado Special Economic Zone (MMSEZ) metallurgical complex, as obstacles to a just transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001394#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The authors criticize the composition and transparency of the working group that prepared the Draft Paper, noting it consists only of regulatory agencies and industry associations. They argue this excludes critical stakeholders such as trade unions, civil society, academia, and project developers, leading to an 'exclusionary process of engagement'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001394#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The submission asserts that South Africa's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is 'highly insufficient' and inconsistent with the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C. The authors state that meeting revised targets would require phasing out coal-fired power generation by 2040 at the latest and increasing renewable energy capacity beyond the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001394#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The authors claim that the Draft Paper's definition of sustainable finance is flawed because it lacks an explicit reference to lowering greenhouse gas emissions and the Paris Agreement. Furthermore, they argue the framework is skewed toward financing mitigation from the perspective of financial sector risk, while neglecting the social costs of adaptation and transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001394#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The document criticizes South African Development Finance Institutions (DFIs), specifically the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) and the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA), for failing to align their investment policies with international social, environmental, and governance standards or to support a just transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001394#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable finance","just transition","coal phase-out","paris agreement","nationally determined contributions (ndc)","climate risk disclosure"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy Commentary","Stakeholder Submission"]},{"id":"cer-001327","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cer-001327","title":"FIRST DRAFT CARBON TAX BILL 2015: RESPONSE DOCUMENT","publisher":{"name":"Centre for Environmental Rights","organization":"centre-for-environmental-rights"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017-12","source_url":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Response-document.pdf?x21779","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 'First Draft Carbon Tax Bill 2015: Response Document' is a December 2017 report by the Centre for Environmental Rights (representing the National Treasury's responses) that details public comments and government feedback on the design of South Africa's carbon tax. It addresses key policy issues including revenue recycling, tax-free allowances for trade-exposed sectors, the treatment of the electricity and aviation sectors, and the alignment of the tax with South Africa's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001327#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The National Treasury proposes three categories for recycling carbon tax revenues: tax shifting (such as reducing the electricity generation levy), tax incentives (like the Energy efficiency savings tax allowance), and 'soft' earmarking for budget allocations such as improved public transport and enhanced free basic energy/electricity programmes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001327#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"To avoid double taxation and maintain electricity price neutrality during the first phase (up to 2022), the government proposes a combination of a lower electricity generation levy and a credit for the renewable energy premium.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001327#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Non-stationary greenhouse gas emissions from liquid fuels in the transport sector will be integrated into the existing fuel tax regime as an add-on. Based on a 60 per cent tax-free threshold, the estimated tax is a maximum of 11 c/litre for petrol and 13 c/litre for diesel.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001327#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"While South Africa supports a global approach for international aviation via the Carbon offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), emissions from domestic flights will remain subject to the domestic carbon tax regime based on fuel carbon content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001327#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The trade exposure allowance has been transitioned from a company-based to a sector-based model. It uses a 'Trade Intensity' formula—the ratio of the sum of the value of imports and exports to production—to grant graduated relief up to a maximum of 10 per cent for high trade intensity sectors (those with intensity ≥ 30 per cent).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001327#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The carbon offset allowance is capped at 10 per cent for combustion emissions and 5 per cent for process emissions to ensure firms prioritize mitigation within their own operations. For the first phase (up to 2022), the geographic scope is limited to South African projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001327#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The carbon tax is designed to help South Africa meet its Paris Agreement commitments, specifically its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to have emissions peak between 2020 and 2025, plateau from 2025 to 2035, and decline from 2036 onwards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001327#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Economic modelling indicates the carbon tax will lead to an estimated decrease in emissions of 13 to 14.5 per cent by 2025 and 26 to 33 per cent by 2035 compared to business-as-usual, with a marginal impact on average annual economic growth (0.05–0.15 percentage points below business-as-usual).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001327#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The headline marginal tax rate is set at R120/tCO2e. For the first phase (up to 2022), the nominal rate will increase annually by the rate of inflation plus 2 per cent, with only inflationary adjustments applied thereafter.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001327#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The government rejected the implementation of a domestic Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) as an efficient primary measure because South Africa's emissions profile is oligopolistic, with approximately four companies accounting for 55 to 60 per cent of the country's GHG emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001327#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["carbon tax","revenue recycling","nationally determined contributions (ndc)","ghg emissions","energy transition","carbon offsets"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy Response","Economic Modelling","Regulatory Framework"]}]}