{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidies"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'fossil fuel subsidies' for facet 'climate_tags' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":5,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?climate_tags=fossil+fuel+subsidies","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"newclim-000038","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000038","title":"The Climate Action Tracker's Guide to a Good 2035 Climate Target","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2024-06-10","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/the-climate-action-trackers-guide-to-a-good-2035-climate-target","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This briefing from the Climate Action Tracker (CAT) outlines the requirements for national governments submitting new Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for 2035 by early 2025. It argues that current 2030 targets and policies are insufficient to limit warming to 1.5°C and calls for an 'emergency mode' approach to align targets with a global net CO2 zero emissions pathway by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000038#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Current 2030 mitigation ambition and policy implementation are insufficient to limit global warming to 1.5°C. Failure to substantially increase the ambition of these 2030 targets and actions would likely result in a multi-decadal, high overshoot of the 1.5°C limit, even if 2035 targets are strong.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000038#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"To align with the 1.5°C goal, governments must submit 2035 NDC targets by early 2025. These targets should be based on sectoral plans and 1.5°C compatible benchmarks, allowing COP30 in Brazil to evaluate progress.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000038#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Credible NDCs require the reversal of contradictory policies, specifically the phasing out of fossil fuel production and the cessation of fossil fuel subsidies and exploration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000038#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Transparency in NDCs requires absolute, economy-wide emission reduction trajectories for all greenhouse gases, specified in MtCO2e (excluding LULUCF) for each year. Targets should prioritize domestic decarbonization across all sectors over reliance on carbon markets, forestry sinks, or other carbon dioxide removal (CDR).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000038#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Fairness and finance necessitate that developed countries scale up international climate finance and set 1.5°C aligned domestic targets. Conversely, developing countries should clearly state the finance required to achieve their conditional 1.5°C aligned targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000038#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["nationally determined contributions","1.5°c target","climate finance","net zero","fossil fuel subsidies"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy recommendation"]},{"id":"clipolin-000102","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000102","title":"Innovative Sovereign Bond Structures for Financing a Sustainable Recovery","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2021-05-10","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/recovery-bonds/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This research paper by the Climate Policy Initiative proposes 'Recovery Bonds' as a mechanism for sovereign nations to raise capital for climate-resilient, post-COVID-19 economic recovery, specifically focusing on sovereign green bonds and bonds linked to fossil fuel subsidy reform (FFSR).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000102#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Recovery Bonds are designed to align economic, social, and climate priorities by linking sovereign borrowing to the targeted deployment of capital for low-carbon sustainable recovery, specifically aiming to decrease emissions, increase renewable energy distribution, and create green jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000102#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Sovereign green recovery bonds function similarly to traditional green bonds by earmarking proceeds for eligible projects with environmental benefits. Between 2016 and the date of publication, 20 sovereign green bonds totaling USD 89.7 billion were issued, funding projects such as waste management, landscape conservation, waterways maintenance, and solar power plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000102#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform (FFSR) bonds propose using future savings from the reduction or elimination of fossil fuel subsidies—which the IEA estimates cost the world USD 320 billion annually—as the basis for repaying bonds issued today. While no country has yet issued an FFSR bond, they could reduce fossil fuel use and emissions and decrease exposure to stranded assets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000102#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The implementation of FFSR bonds faces specific hurdles, including the difficulty of estimating correct subsidies and energy prices, managing the impact of price changes on consumers, and securing social and political support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000102#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance","sovereign bonds","green bonds","fossil fuel subsidies","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Policy Blueprint","Financial Analysis"]},{"id":"cer-000458","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cer-000458","title":"BROWN TO GREEN","publisher":{"name":"Centre for Environmental Rights","organization":"centre-for-environmental-rights"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Annexure-E-Relevant-Extracts-from-Brown-to-Green-Report-2018.pdf?x21779","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This executive summary from the 2018 'Brown to Green' report analyzes the progress of G20 countries toward a low-carbon economy. It highlights a significant gap between current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the goals of the Paris Agreement, noting that G20 energy-related CO2 emissions began increasing again in 2017 and that 82% of the G20 energy supply remains dependent on fossil fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000458#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) from G20 countries are insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals, with current trajectories leading to a global temperature increase of approximately 3.2°C. India has the most ambitious NDC, while those of Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey would lead to warming exceeding 4°C if applied globally.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000458#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"G20 energy systems remain heavily reliant on fossil fuels, which account for 82% of the energy supply. While energy-related CO2 emissions stalled between 2014 and 2016, they began to increase again in 2017, with 15 G20 countries seeing increases in energy-related CO2 emissions that year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000458#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There are significant sectoral failures in the G20, particularly in power and transport. South Africa, Australia, and Indonesia have the highest emission intensity in the power sector and lack coal phase-out plans. In transport, the United States, Canada, and Australia have the highest per capita emissions, with the United States and Canada lacking adequate fuel efficiency standards and Australia having none.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000458#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Financial policies in the G20 largely favor fossil fuels over climate action. In 2016, G20 countries provided US$147 billion in subsidies to coal, oil, and gas. Only Canada and France generate more public revenue from explicit carbon pricing than they spend on fossil fuel subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000458#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Efforts toward a 'just transition' vary across the G20. Canada is developing a just transition plan for coal workers, and China is allocating 30 billion yuan (US$4.56 billion) to support the closure of inefficient coal mines and redeploy approximately 1 million workers. Conversely, India, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, and the United Kingdom are noted as having no dialogue or action yet despite being socially affected.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000458#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["g20","ndcs","fossil fuel subsidies","carbon pricing","just transition","energy transition","emission intensity"],"geography_discussed":["Argentina","Australia","Brazil","Canada","People's Republic of China","European Union","France","Germany","India","Indonesia","Italy","Japan","Mexico","Russia","Saudi Arabia","South Africa","South Korea","Turkey","United Kingdom","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","emission tracking","financial analysis"]},{"id":"eesi-000029","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/eesi-000029","title":"Fossil Fuel Subsidies: A Closer Look","publisher":{"name":"Environmental and Energy Study Institute","organization":"environmental-and-energy-study-institute"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2011-06-23","source_url":"https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/issue-brief-fossil-fuel-subsidies-a-closer-look","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This executive summary from the Environmental and Energy Study Institute discusses the nature and scale of fossil fuel subsidies in the United States, distinguishing between direct spending and indirect tax expenditures, and calls for a re-examination of these policies in light of industry maturity and environmental externalities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000029#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The document distinguishes between direct subsidies, which involve spending on research and development and other programs, and indirect subsidies, which are tax expenditures or foregone government revenue. Indirect subsidies are three times larger in scale than direct subsidies and often persist indefinitely without re-examination.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000029#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Many fossil fuel subsidies in the U.S. tax code have existed for up to a century and may no longer be justified because the coal, oil, and natural gas industries are now mature and highly profitable. The indirect subsidies examined in the paper are estimated to cost nearly $50 billion over the next decade, while the National Academy of Sciences suggests fossil fuel externalities could exceed $1 trillion over ten years, excluding climate-related costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000029#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"International organizations including the OECD, the International Energy Agency, and the G20 have advocated for the phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies. The document suggests that U.S. policymakers should evaluate whether these subsidies are still justified or if they should be repealed or modified to avoid skewing the market and to align with energy security and climate change concerns.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"eesi-000029#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidies","energy transition","externalities","tax expenditures"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-001948","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001948","title":"GSI_RelativeEnergySubsidiesJuly2010","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/relative_energy_subsidies.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report by the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) provides preliminary estimates of global energy subsidies by source for 2007, detailing the assumptions and calculations used for nuclear energy, renewable energy, biofuels, fossil fuels, and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001948#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The GSI estimates global subsidies for various energy sources in 2007, with fossil-fuel consumer subsidies in non-OECD countries being the largest at US$400 billion per year, followed by nuclear energy at US$45 billion and renewable energy (excluding hydroelectricity) at US$27 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001948#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The estimate for nuclear power subsidies is based on the assumption that subsidies are \"generally equal to one-third or more of the value of the power produced,\" resulting in a calculated subsidy of 1.7 U.S. cents per kWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001948#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Subsidies for renewable electricity (excluding hydroelectricity) are estimated at 5.0 U.S. cents per kWh, based on the premise that new generation would not occur without government support provided at \"support levels of at least 5 U.S. cents per kWh.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001948#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Biofuel subsidies are estimated at US$20 billion per year globally, with the most significant contributions coming from the United States (US$10.7 billion to $12.9 billion in 2008) and the European Union (US$7.4 billion in 2008).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001948#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Support for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) demonstration schemes between 2010 and 2020 is projected to be between US$2.5 billion and $4 billion per year, all occurring within OECD countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001948#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","fossil fuel subsidies","renewable energy","carbon capture and storage","biofuels"],"geography_discussed":["United States","European Union","Australia","Canada","People's Republic of China","Indonesia","Malaysia","Switzerland","Denmark","Spain","Germany","South Africa","United Kingdom","Japan","Netherlands","Norway"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Quantitative estimate","Policy analysis"]}]}