{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"climate_tags":["extreme cold"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'extreme cold' for facet 'climate_tags' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":6,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?climate_tags=extreme+cold","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"climcent-000263","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/climcent-000263","title":"Statements you can make about climate change and extreme weather events","publisher":{"name":"Climate Central","organization":"climate-central"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12","source_url":"https://assets.ctfassets.net/cxgxgstp8r5d/6kWt0rKqAsA2fReNL0VfEW/96f935ebd05921cc514cbf37570b774c/2025AttributionBasics_FullTable_en_title_lg.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines how human-caused climate change affects different weather phenomena. It states that extreme heat, marine heat waves, and the intensity of heavy rain and hurricanes are increasing, while extreme cold is becoming less likely. It notes that while climate change increases hot, dry conditions contributing to droughts and wildfires, other factors like land use also play a role. For localized severe storms, the document explains that current climate models cannot yet accurately simulate specific events to make direct attribution statements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000263#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Human-caused climate change has increased the frequency, intensity, and danger of heat waves and unseasonably warm temperatures globally.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000263#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global warming has made instances of extreme cold less likely and less intense worldwide.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000263#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Warming oceans are driving more frequent, longer, and stronger marine heat waves, as well as an increase in the number of hurricanes reaching the most severe categories, although the total number of tropical cyclones per year remains unchanged.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000263#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change increases the likelihood and intensity of heavy rainfall and the hot, dry conditions that exacerbate droughts and wildfires, though flooding and wildfires are also significantly influenced by topography, land use, and fuel availability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000263#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While general trends suggest an increase in the intensity and frequency of some severe storm hazards like hail and tornado outbreaks, scientists cannot currently make direct attribution statements about the role of climate change in isolated severe storms due to limited historical records and model resolution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000263#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["extreme heat","extreme cold","marine heatwave","extreme rainfall","flood","drought","wildfire","tropical cyclone","ocean acidification"],"geography_discussed":["United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fact sheet"]},{"id":"climcent-000120","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/climcent-000120","title":"Monthly Attribution Overview February 2025","publisher":{"name":"Climate Central","organization":"climate-central"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-03-03","source_url":"https://www.climatecentral.org/report/monthly-attribution-overview-february-2025","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In February 2025, U.S. temperature anomalies were split, with 92 cities warmer and 99 cooler than the 1991-2020 normal. Despite an average anomaly of -0.3°F and significant cold in the Northern Rockies and Plains, no city set a low temperature record for the month. Conversely, Phoenix, Arizona, recorded its hottest February on record. Analysis using the Climate Shift Index (CSI) indicates that temperatures in many cities remained warmer than they would have been without climate change, as more cities experienced days with positive than negative CSI values. Long-term trends show that 189 out of 191 analyzed stations have warmed since 1970, with Juneau, Alaska, being the fastest-warming station for February.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000120#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Temperature anomalies across 191 analyzed U.S. cities in February 2025 were divided, with 92 cities warmer than normal and 99 cooler than normal, resulting in an average temperature anomaly of -0.3°F.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000120#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While cities in the Northern Rockies and Plains were on average 7.3°F cooler than normal, no city in the analysis set a low temperature record for February. In contrast, Phoenix, Arizona, set a record for its hottest February.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000120#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change continued to influence temperatures despite the overall cold anomalies; more cities experienced days with positive Climate Shift Index (CSI) values than negative ones, and the average number of days with a CSI of 3 or higher exceeded those with a CSI of -3 or lower.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000120#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Long-term data indicates a widespread warming trend in February since 1970, with 189 of the 191 analyzed ACIS stations showing positive trends. Juneau, Alaska, is identified as the fastest-warming station for February, increasing by 9.6°F on average since 1970.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climcent-000120#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["extreme heat","extreme cold"],"geography_discussed":["Phoenix","Grand Junction","Juneau","San Juan","Puerto Rico","Arizona","Florida","Montana","North Dakota","South Dakota","Nebraska","Kansas","Idaho","Washington"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["attribution analysis"]},{"id":"rmi-000457","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/rmi-000457","title":"How Many Hours-of-Safety Do Our Homes Have in Extreme Weather?","publisher":{"name":"RMI","organization":"rmi"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2019-07-24","source_url":"https://rmi.org/resources/how-many-hours-of-safety-do-our-homes-have-in-extreme-weather/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing introduces 'hours-of-safety' to measure how long a home remains at a comfortable temperature after power is lost during extreme weather. It highlights the life-threatening risks of heat waves and polar vortexes, particularly for vulnerable populations in poorly insulated housing. The author advocates for passive design strategies—such as improved insulation, tighter envelopes, and cool roofs—combined with islandable solar PV and battery storage to increase passive survivability and community resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000457#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The author proposes the concept of 'hours-of-safety' to quantify the duration a home can maintain a comfortable indoor temperature before it matches extreme outdoor conditions during a power outage, noting that the difference between 5 and 20 hours can be critical for the survival of vulnerable populations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000457#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Extreme weather events are increasing in frequency and magnitude, with the National Resource Defense Council projecting nearly 30,000 annual heat-related deaths in the United States by 2100 if carbon dioxide emissions persist at current levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000457#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Power outages during extreme weather are a significant risk; between January and June 2019, severe weather caused over 2.9 million customers to lose power for a combined total of 684 hours.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000457#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Passive survivability—the ability of a building to remain livable without electricity, water, or fuel—is primarily determined by the home's insulation and air leakage. Effective strategies to increase hours-of-safety include tighter envelopes, thicker walls, cool roofs, lower window-to-wall ratios, and natural ventilation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000457#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In warm climates, applying white paint can reduce roof temperatures by up to 30°C (86°F) and indoor temperatures by 3.6°F to 9°F. Additionally, combining an efficient building envelope with battery storage and islandable solar PV systems can maintain power during outages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"rmi-000457#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["extreme heat","extreme cold","building insulation","energy efficiency","Resilience (power system)","photovoltaics","battery energy storage system","carbon dioxide emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Quebec","Montreal","Chicago","New York City","Midwestern United States","Brooklyn"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy briefing"]},{"id":"capeca-000290","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/capeca-000290","title":"Climate Change Toolkit for Health Professionals","publisher":{"name":"Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment","organization":"canadian-association-of-physicians-for-the-environment"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2019-04","source_url":"https://cape.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Module-7-FINAL-FINAL-UPLOAD-Solo-APRIL-5-2019.pdf#new_tab","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines adaptation strategies for various climate-related health risks in Canada, including extreme temperature events, flooding, wildfires, food insecurity, vector-borne diseases, and water quality issues. It provides specific examples of municipal actions—such as Toronto's green roof bylaws and Vancouver's warming centres—and offers actionable tips for health professionals to support vulnerable patients and advocate for resilient community policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000290#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Municipalities in Canada use various alert and response systems to protect vulnerable populations from extreme cold, including the issuance of warnings based on temperature and wind chill, the opening of warming centres, and the provision of emergency shelter and transportation for people experiencing homelessness.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000290#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To combat the Urban Heat Island effect, where dark surfaces in cities absorb and release heat, communities are implementing green and white roof regulations and increasing urban vegetation to lower temperatures and improve air quality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000290#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Flooding risks in Canada, driven by heavy precipitation and rising sea levels, lead to immediate injuries and long-term health issues such as respiratory illness from mould, water contamination, and psychosocial impacts including PTSD and depression.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000290#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Wildfire adaptation strategies in Canada include implementing building codes for fire-resistant materials in hazard zones and using tools like the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) to manage the health impacts of smoke.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000290#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change threatens food security by disrupting supply chains and reducing agricultural yields, particularly in Northern communities where thawing permafrost and reduced ice thickness hinder access to local food sources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000290#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are expanding the geographic range of vector-borne diseases in Canada, specifically West Nile virus and Lyme disease, necessitating enhanced surveillance and public education.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000290#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Water quality risks are increasing due to contamination from floods, droughts, and permafrost melt, leading cities to adopt stormwater management plans that utilize natural infrastructure like rain gardens to reduce runoff.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000290#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Community resiliency is being fostered through a 'Whole Community Approach' and partnerships with faith-based organizations to ensure vulnerable populations are reached during climate emergencies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000290#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","public health","extreme heat","extreme cold","urban heat island","flood","wildfire","air quality","food security","vector-borne disease","water quality","community resilience"],"geography_discussed":["Toronto","Vancouver","Montreal","Quebec","Paris","Alberta","Calgary","Nova Scotia","British Columbia","Manitoba","Yukon","Nunavut","Ontario","France"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["guide","policy overview"]},{"id":"commgmu-000138","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/commgmu-000138","title":"Extreme Weather and Climate Change in the American Mind","publisher":{"name":"Center for Climate Change Communication","organization":"center-for-climate-change-communication"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2013-04","source_url":"https://climatecommunication.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/April-2013-Extreme-Weather-and-Cliamte-Change-in-the-American-Mind-2013.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The April 2013 report 'Extreme Weather and Climate Change in the American Mind' reveals that 58% of Americans believe global warming is affecting U.S. weather. A significant majority (85%) reported experiencing extreme weather in the past year, with 37% stating they suffered moderate or great harm. While over half of Americans believe a natural disaster in their community is likely in the coming year, only 31% have a family emergency plan and 36% have a supply kit. Communication about these events remains primarily face-to-face or via phone, despite some use of social media.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"commgmu-000138#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A majority of Americans perceive a connection between global warming and domestic weather patterns, with 58% stating that \"global warming is affecting weather in the United States.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"commgmu-000138#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Americans frequently attribute the increased severity of specific recent weather events to global warming, including 2012 as the warmest year on record (50%), the Midwest and Great Plains drought (49%), Superstorm Sandy (46%), and Superstorm Nemo (42%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"commgmu-000138#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a growing perception that U.S. weather is deteriorating; 64% of Americans believe weather has been \"worse\" over the past several years, an increase of 12 percentage points since Spring 2012.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"commgmu-000138#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Personal experience with extreme weather is widespread, with 85% of Americans reporting at least one such event in the past year, most commonly extreme high winds (60%) and extreme heat waves (51%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"commgmu-000138#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proportion of Americans reporting significant harm from extreme weather is increasing, with 37% stating they suffered a \"moderate or great deal of harm\" in the past year, up 5 percentage points from Fall 2012.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"commgmu-000138#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite 54% of Americans believing it is \"very\" or \"somewhat likely\" that extreme weather will cause a natural disaster in their community within the next year, actual preparedness is low: only 31% have a known family emergency plan and 36% have an emergency supply kit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"commgmu-000138#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Interpersonal communication remains the dominant way Americans share experiences of extreme weather, with 89% talking face-to-face and 84% using the phone, while social media use is lower, such as 23% writing on Facebook.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"commgmu-000138#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","extreme weather event","extreme heat","drought","hurricane","extreme cold","climate change communication"],"geography_discussed":["Northeastern United States","West"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["public opinion survey"]},{"id":"capeca-000198","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/capeca-000198","title":"Factsheet: Preparing for Climate Change in our Communities","publisher":{"name":"Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment","organization":"canadian-association-of-physicians-for-the-environment"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://cape.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Module-7-FACTSHEET-READY-TO-UPLOAD.pdf#new_tab","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines how climate change impacts Canadian health through extreme weather, food and water insecurity, and disease, while offering specific guidance for health professionals to mitigate these risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000198#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Climate change increases the frequency and severity of heat waves in Canada, necessitating adaptation measures such as increasing green spaces, using reflective surface materials like green and cool roofs, and providing air conditioned spaces.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000198#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Extreme cold weather increases the risk of hypothermia and frostbite for people experiencing homelessness, and can elevate cardiovascular-related mortality for several days following exposure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000198#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Flooding risks in Canada are rising due to sea level rise and heavy precipitation, leading to health impacts including respiratory illness from mould in damaged homes, drinking water contamination, and mental illness.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000198#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Wildfires, driven by heat and drought, are expected to increase in extent and severity across many Canadian regions, impacting health through smoke exposure and psychosocial stress.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000198#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change threatens Canadian food and water security; food production is vulnerable to drought and flooding, while water quality is compromised by chemicals, microbes, and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) resulting from storms, permafrost melt, and sea level rise.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000198#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns in Canada increase the prevalence of vector-borne diseases, specifically West Nile virus (WNV) and Lyme disease.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"capeca-000198#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["extreme heat","extreme cold","flood","wildfire","food security","vector-borne disease","water quality","community resilience","public health","urban heat island"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":[]}]}