{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"climate_tags":["carbon pricing"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'carbon pricing' for facet 'climate_tags' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":3,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?climate_tags=carbon+pricing","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"cer-000868","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cer-000868","title":"DRAFT REGULATIONS: TRADE EXPOSURE ALLOWANCE","publisher":{"name":"Centre for Environmental Rights","organization":"centre-for-environmental-rights"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-12","source_url":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Draft-Trade-Exposure-Regulations-2-Dec-2019.pdf?x21779","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document presents draft regulations for the Trade Exposure Allowance under section 10 of the Carbon Tax Act, 2019, in South Africa. These regulations establish a mechanism to provide transitional support to specific sectors and subsectors to mitigate the risk of carbon leakage and maintain industry competitiveness while implementing carbon pricing to meet Paris Agreement goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000868#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Trade Exposure Allowance is designed as a transitional support measure to address the \"potential risk of carbon leakage and reduced industry competitiveness\" while ensuring the carbon tax continues to drive GHG emission reductions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000868#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Taxpayers generally determine their allowance by matching their sector to a percentage listed in Annexure A. For those operating across multiple sectors, the allowance is calculated as a sum of percentages based on a formula involving the average total production of the relevant sectors over the preceding three tax periods, using data from Statistics South Africa's \"Manufacturing: Production and Sales\" or \"Mining: Production and Sales\" releases.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000868#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"An alternative method for calculating the allowance is available for taxpayers who believe the standard sector-based allowance does not accurately reflect their trade exposure. This method calculates 'trade intensity' based on the monetary value of exports and imports relative to total sales. The resulting allowance is tiered: no allowance if trade intensity is under 10%, an allowance of the intensity multiplied by 0.33 if between 10% and 30%, and a flat 10% allowance if trade intensity is 30% or greater.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000868#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Annexure A specifies varying allowance percentages by sector. Many industrial and mining sectors, such as 'Mining of coal and lignite', 'Basic Chemicals', and 'Motor vehicles', are assigned a 10.00% allowance. Other sectors have lower rates, such as 'Production, collection and distribution of electricity' at 4.87% and 'Beverages' at 3.46%, while 'Printing , recorded media' and 'Other transport equipment' are assigned 0.00%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000868#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["carbon pricing","carbon leakage","carbon tax","industrial competitiveness","paris agreement"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["regulatory framework","policy proposal"]},{"id":"cer-000458","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cer-000458","title":"BROWN TO GREEN","publisher":{"name":"Centre for Environmental Rights","organization":"centre-for-environmental-rights"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Annexure-E-Relevant-Extracts-from-Brown-to-Green-Report-2018.pdf?x21779","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This executive summary from the 2018 'Brown to Green' report analyzes the progress of G20 countries toward a low-carbon economy. It highlights a significant gap between current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the goals of the Paris Agreement, noting that G20 energy-related CO2 emissions began increasing again in 2017 and that 82% of the G20 energy supply remains dependent on fossil fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000458#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) from G20 countries are insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals, with current trajectories leading to a global temperature increase of approximately 3.2°C. India has the most ambitious NDC, while those of Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey would lead to warming exceeding 4°C if applied globally.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000458#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"G20 energy systems remain heavily reliant on fossil fuels, which account for 82% of the energy supply. While energy-related CO2 emissions stalled between 2014 and 2016, they began to increase again in 2017, with 15 G20 countries seeing increases in energy-related CO2 emissions that year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000458#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"There are significant sectoral failures in the G20, particularly in power and transport. South Africa, Australia, and Indonesia have the highest emission intensity in the power sector and lack coal phase-out plans. In transport, the United States, Canada, and Australia have the highest per capita emissions, with the United States and Canada lacking adequate fuel efficiency standards and Australia having none.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000458#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Financial policies in the G20 largely favor fossil fuels over climate action. In 2016, G20 countries provided US$147 billion in subsidies to coal, oil, and gas. Only Canada and France generate more public revenue from explicit carbon pricing than they spend on fossil fuel subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000458#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Efforts toward a 'just transition' vary across the G20. Canada is developing a just transition plan for coal workers, and China is allocating 30 billion yuan (US$4.56 billion) to support the closure of inefficient coal mines and redeploy approximately 1 million workers. Conversely, India, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, and the United Kingdom are noted as having no dialogue or action yet despite being socially affected.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000458#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["g20","ndcs","fossil fuel subsidies","carbon pricing","just transition","energy transition","emission intensity"],"geography_discussed":["Argentina","Australia","Brazil","Canada","People's Republic of China","European Union","France","Germany","India","Indonesia","Italy","Japan","Mexico","Russia","Saudi Arabia","South Africa","South Korea","Turkey","United Kingdom","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","emission tracking","financial analysis"]},{"id":"wri-001176","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-001176","title":"零碳之路：“十四五”开启中国绿色发展新篇章","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"zh","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://files.wri.org/s3fs-public/accelerating-net-zero-transition-china_3.pdf?RLUd6F6efcSMSwRt_wI6FT5DcJnYwUfX","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This report by the World Resources Institute (WRI) outlines a strategic pathway for China to achieve deep decarbonization by 2050, focusing on the critical transition period of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025). It argues that adopting a 'Strengthened Ambition Scenario' (SAS) can lead to significant economic and social benefits, including a net social gain of 6.5 trillion yuan in 2050 and the avoidance of 1.89 million premature deaths annually by that year. The report emphasizes the role of key economic regions—the Yangtze River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area—in leading the national transition by peaking emissions early.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001176#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Under the SAS, China's CO2 emissions could peak in 2026 at approximately 10.3 billion tons, significantly earlier than the 2030 target. This path would reduce CO2 emissions to around 3.6 billion tons by 2050, potentially enabling carbon neutrality by 2060.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001176#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"Case study analysis of Zhejiang Province indicates that it could achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 under a 'near-zero' scenario. This would involve increasing the share of non-fossil energy in primary consumption to 83% by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001176#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["net zero","energy transition","carbon capture and storage","renewable energy","carbon pricing","industrial decarbonization","electric vehicles"],"geography_discussed":["Jing-Jin-Ji","Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Scenario Modeling","Policy Analysis","Case Study"]}]}