{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["techno-economic modelling"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'techno-economic modelling' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":9,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=techno-economic+modelling","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-002043","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002043","title":"Scaling Rural Distributed Renewable Energy in India","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-06/scaling-rural-distributed-renewable-energy-india_0.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that India's rural electrification must shift from simple access to improving reliability and quality through distributed renewable energy (DRE). While centralized projects are essential for national targets, DRE can address last-mile constraints. The authors develop a 'Model DRE Village Framework' that uses load typologies—such as agriculture-dominant versus residential-dominant—to determine system sizing, storage needs, and grid integration. Through techno-economic modelling in Hiware Bazar (Maharashtra) and Bamun Sualkuchi (Assam), the study demonstrates that solarization is generally cost-competitive compared to average power purchase costs (APPC), though battery energy storage systems (BESS) require careful sizing to remain affordable. The framework emphasizes a co-implementation model where distribution companies (DISCOMs) lead technical planning and ownership, while Gram Panchayats manage community governance and onboarding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002043#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In agriculture-heavy villages, solar generation often exceeds local consumption during non-irrigation months, creating surplus injections and reverse power flows that stress local networks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002043#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Techno-economic modelling in Hiware Bazar shows that a 980 kW ground-mounted solar system is cost-competitive, with an LCOE of INR 3.06/kWh (with subsidy), which is below the state APPC of INR 5.78/kWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002043#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Bamun Sualkuchi, a 1,318 kW on-grid configuration (70% ground-mounted, 30% rooftop) is cost-competitive with an LCOE of INR 4.03/kWh (with subsidy), compared to the state APPC of INR 8.46/kWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002043#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Battery energy storage systems (BESS) increase the blended LCOE and may exceed the APPC if oversized; for example, a 500 kW/2,000 kWh BESS in Bamun Sualkuchi raised the LCOE to INR 9.75/kWh, exceeding the APPC of INR 8.46/kWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002043#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regulatory differences between states impact scalability; for instance, Maharashtra limits virtual net metering (VNM) to apartments and housing societies, while Assam allows wider residential use, facilitating shared solar assets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002043#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The framework suggests a multi-tiered governance structure where DISCOMs act as technical anchors and owners, while Gram Panchayats and Village Energy Committees (VECs) handle community mobilization and monitoring.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002043#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["photovoltaics","rooftop photovoltaic system","battery energy storage system","wide area synchronous grid","energy access","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Maharashtra","Assam","Tamil Nadu","Manyachiwadi","Odanthurai, Tamil Nadu","Hiware Bazar","Bamun Sualkuchi"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","case study","techno-economic modelling","framework development"]},{"id":"clipolin-000573","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000573","title":"Green Industrial Policy for India’s Iron and Steel Sector Transition","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Green-Industrial-Policy-for-Iron-and-Steel.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that India's iron and steel sector, which accounts for roughly 12% of the country's total greenhouse gas emissions, requires a coordinated Green Industrial Policy (GIP) to avoid high-carbon asset lock-ins and meet its 2070 net-zero target. Through plant-level and sectoral modelling, the analysis identifies hydrogen-based Direct Reduced Iron-Electric Arc Furnace (DRI-EAF) as the most viable long-term pathway. To make this technology investable, the report proposes a combination of time-bound capex and opex subsidies, a predictable carbon price trajectory rising from USD 10 in 2025 to USD 50 by 2050, and green public procurement. The study finds that with these interventions, hydrogen-based steel could achieve cost leadership and a 13.3% IRR by 2050, while conventional blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) pathways become financially unviable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000573#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The iron and steel (I&S) sector is a major emitter in India, contributing approximately 12% of the nation's total greenhouse gas emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000573#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Hydrogen-based DRI-EAF is projected to dominate India's steel production by 2050, as greenfield blast furnace additions are expected to taper off by 2030 due to emerging carbon pricing mechanisms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000573#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Low-carbon steel projects currently face a viability gap, with modelled project-level returns of 4–6%, which is significantly lower than the 10–12% internal rate of return (IRR) typically required by industrial investors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000573#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To bridge the viability gap, the report proposes optimized subsidies including a 1% capex subsidy for DRI and 4% for EAF, alongside a green hydrogen opex subsidy starting at INR 50/kg in year 1 and tapering to INR 30/kg by year 3.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000573#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The total cumulative subsidy outlay required between 2026 and 2032 is estimated at INR 8,340 crore, with 67% dedicated to hydrogen operating costs and 33% to capital cost relief.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000573#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A predictable carbon price trajectory, starting at USD 10 per tCO2 in 2025 and reaching USD 50 per tCO2 by 2050, is identified as critical for internalizing emission costs and steering capital toward cleaner pathways.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000573#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"By 2030, the combination of subsidies and carbon pricing is expected to make hydrogen-based steel the lowest-cost option, with a levelized cost of steel (LCOS) of INR 1,05,985/t, undercutting conventional BF-BOF.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000573#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"By 2050, hydrogen-based DRI-EAF is projected to achieve long-term cost leadership with a 13.3% IRR and the lowest LCOS at INR 1,69,375/t, while BF-BOF and BF-BOF + CCS become financially unviable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000573#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Increasing scrap utilization significantly improves financial and emission outcomes; for BF-BOF, increasing scrap from 0% to 40% reduces LCOS from INR 98,610 to INR 93,471 per tonne and lowers emissions from 2.82 to 1.85 tCO2 per tonne.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000573#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The transition to low-carbon steel is estimated to generate approximately 540,000 additional jobs by 2050, comprising 70,000 direct and 470,000 indirect positions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000573#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["green industrial policy","green hydrogen","carbon capture and storage","carbon price","sustainable procurement","Net-zero emissions","climate finance","Industrial decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["techno-economic modelling","policy analysis","financial viability assessment"]},{"id":"catf-001184","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/catf-001184","title":"Superhot Rock Methodology Report","publisher":{"name":"Clean Air Task Force","organization":"clean-air-task-force"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-05","source_url":"https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/25170717/shr-heat-mapping-methodology.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report establishes a methodology for mapping superhot rock (SHR) geothermal resources globally, defining SHR as heat from subsurface formations exceeding 374°C. Using the LithoRef18 global reference model and a 'hydrothermal proxy' to account for non-steady-state heat flow, the study estimates the un-risked global resource. For depths of 4-8 km ('today's resource'), the estimated potential is 3,272 GWe (13,895 GWth). For depths of 8-12.5 km ('tomorrow's resource'), the potential increases to 59,930 GWe (245,581 GWth). The analysis identifies 125 countries with SHR potential, with significant resources in the US, China, Indonesia, and others. The report also analyzes flow rate uncertainties using a database of 33 petrothermal projects, determining a P50 flow rate of 55 l/s for its calculations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-001184#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The study estimates the un-risked global SHR resource at depths of 4-8 km (accessible with current technology) to be 3,272 GWe or 13,895 GWth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-001184#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The un-risked global SHR resource at depths of 8-12.5 km (a medium-term 'stretch goal') is estimated at 59,930 GWe or 245,581 GWth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-001184#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"SHR potential was observed in 125 countries globally. At depths of 4-8 km, 46 countries have potential endowments greater than 50 GWe; at 8-12.5 km, this number increases to 86 countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-001184#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The methodology utilizes the LithoRef18 global reference model to calculate the depth to the steady-state 450°C conductive isotherm, applying a +5km correction to account for optimistic interpretations of convective and advective processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-001184#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To account for non-steady-state heat flow, the report uses a 'hydrothermal proxy' map created by calculating the difference between measured surface heat flow (from the IHFC database or Lucazeau 2019 model) and the LithoRef18 modelled heat flow, selecting areas with a residual anomaly greater than +40 mW/m².","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-001184#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Area Developable' method was used to estimate the prospective endowment, which assumes that only 1% of the mapped shallow heat is initially developable due to factors like surface/subsurface rights and infrastructure distance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-001184#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of 33 petrothermal projects revealed that only 47% were commercially successful (excluding research projects), with a success rate of 46% specifically for hard-rock/crystalline basement projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-001184#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Probabilistic modelling of flow rates for petrothermal projects established a P50 flow rate of 55 l/s, with a P90 of 25 l/s and a P10 of 100 l/s.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-001184#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report suggests that if approximately 25% of the global prospective SHR resource at the 4-12.5 km interval were developed, it could meet the entire predicted global electric demand for 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-001184#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["decarbonization","Levelized cost of energy","energy security"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Indonesia","Japan","Argentina","People's Republic of China","Bolivia","Mexico","Peru","Chile","Iceland","Russia","Mongolia","Sudan","Chad","Libya","Niger","Antarctica"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["resource assessment","methodology report","techno-economic modelling"]},{"id":"sei-000737","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-000737","title":"Competition and Climate Policy in the Steel Transition","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2025-02-11","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/publications/competition-and-climate-policy-in-the-steel-transition/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The research examines how green industrial policies and subsidies affect the cost of low-carbon steel production in the US and EU, concluding that subsidies have a more significant impact on cost reduction than renewable energy costs, which creates a tension between maintaining a level playing field and accelerating climate action.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000737#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Subsidies have a greater effect on reducing the costs of low-carbon steelmaking than the costs of renewable energy, which may create competitive advantages for regions with more aggressive industrial policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000737#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is an inherent conflict between the goal of maintaining an equal policy playing field and the goal of achieving rapid progress on climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000737#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["green industrial policy","subsidy","climate policy"],"geography_discussed":["Ohio","West Virginia","Germany","Spain"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative analysis","techno-economic modelling"]},{"id":"cliinstca-000432","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cliinstca-000432","title":"HEAT EXCHANGE","publisher":{"name":"Canadian Climate Institute","organization":"canadian-climate-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-06","source_url":"https://climateinstitute.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Heat-Exchange-Report-Canadian-Climate-Institute.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that a cost-optimal path to net zero in Canada requires a massive shift toward electrification of building heat, with electricity powering 78% to 91% of annual space heating demand by 2050. It argues that continued expansion of gas networks is inconsistent with these goals and risks creating stranded assets. The analysis highlights a critical gap in provincial policy leadership, noting that current utility regulation—which incentivizes infrastructure growth—is ill-suited for the energy transition. To mitigate risks, the report recommends that provincial governments legislate net zero targets, mandate electrification for new buildings, and equip regulators to manage the gradual contraction of gas networks while investing in electricity capacity and peak demand management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000432#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A cost-optimal pathway to net zero requires a significant increase in electricity for building heat and a decline in gas use. Nationally, electricity's share of annual space heating energy demand is projected to rise from 21% today to between 55% and 60% by 2040, and between 78% and 91% by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000432#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Continued expansion of gas distribution networks is inconsistent with cost-effectively reaching net zero. Such expansion risks creating stranded assets that ratepayers must pay off, as overall gas demand in buildings is projected to fall in every province.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000432#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Low-carbon gases, such as hydrogen and biomethane, are too scarce and expensive to replace fossil gas at scale in the buildings sector. They are more cost-optimally used in other hard-to-abate sectors like heavy industry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000432#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Hybrid heating systems (pairing heat pumps with gas furnaces) may serve as a stepping stone or a long-term solution in some cold-climate regions, but they do not justify gas network expansion because total gas consumption still drops significantly.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000432#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Reaching net zero will require a massive build-out of electricity system capacity, with a projected national average increase of 2.6 to 2.9 times current levels. Managing winter peak demand is identified as the central challenge for electric utilities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000432#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current utility regulation is based on outdated assumptions of steady demand growth and incentivizes the installation of infrastructure over fuel efficiency. This creates a direct economic incentive for gas utilities to pursue network growth even when long-term usage is uncertain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000432#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Canada's buildings sector is currently off-track for net zero; greenhouse gas emissions from the sector grew 8.8% between 2005 and 2022, and existing policies are insufficient to reverse this trend.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000432#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant lack of provincial policy leadership. No province has yet issued a long-term direction on the future of gas for building heat or mandated the transformation of energy systems to align with a cost-effective net zero path.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000432#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Building electrification","Net-zero emissions","heat pump","stranded asset","utility regulation","renewable natural gas","hydrogen","energy efficiency","climate policy","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Alberta","British Columbia","Ontario","Quebec","Saskatchewan","Manitoba","Nova Scotia","New Brunswick","Prince Edward Island","Newfoundland and Labrador","United States","Massachusetts","Germany","Netherlands","California"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["techno-economic modelling","policy analysis","regulatory review"]},{"id":"climstra-000153","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/climstra-000153","title":"Implementing coal transitions","publisher":{"name":"Climate Strategies","organization":"climate-strategies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-09","source_url":"https://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Coaltransitions_finalreport_Coal-Synthesis-Report_2018.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that coal transitions are already underway due to economic shifts, the falling cost of renewables, and environmental concerns, independent of climate policy. Through analysis of China, India, South Africa, Poland, Germany, and Australia, it concludes that phasing out coal is technically feasible and cost-neutral or advantageous for consumers. It emphasizes that a 'just transition' for workers and communities is possible through early stakeholder consultation, tailored workforce programs, and regional economic diversification. The document also warns coal exporters of the risks of stranded assets and the potential for abrupt declines in global demand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000153#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Coal transitions are already occurring globally, driven by a combination of climate policy and non-climate factors. Global coal consumption may begin to decline by the early 2020s, with 36 governments and 28 companies already committing to phase out coal from the power sector by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000153#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The transition from coal to alternative energy sources is technically feasible and affordable. In the six studied countries, coal can be replaced by 2040-2050 with a mix of solar, wind, hydro, biomass, nuclear, and natural gas without significantly increasing electricity costs for consumers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000153#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Renewable energy is becoming competitive with or cheaper than coal. In India, renewable-based mini-grids and off-grid solutions are identified as more cost-effective and reliable for providing universal electricity access to poor populations than new industrial-scale coal plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000153#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A 'just transition' for workers is achievable through early preparation and meaningful stakeholder participation. Effective strategies include setting clear phase-down timelines, providing pension bridges for older workers, and prioritizing on-the-job retraining and worker transfer programs over stand-alone retraining courses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000153#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regional economic resilience can be built through 'related diversification' and 'smart specialisation,' which leverage a region's existing strengths (such as infrastructure or workforce skills) to attract new industries. This is necessary to avoid the 'lock-in' effect where incumbent industries resist economic diversification.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000153#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major coal exporters face significant risks from stranded assets and non-linear declines in global demand. Even a 5-10% drop in Chinese coal demand could eliminate approximately one-third of the global export market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000153#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To avoid stranded assets, governments should cap approvals for new coal-fired power or mining capacity after 2020 and signal that public funds will not be used to compensate assets closed due to climate policy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000153#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal transitions can deliver significant co-benefits, such as reducing water conflicts in water-stressed regions of India and eliminating major contributors to air pollution (SO2, NOx, and PM2.5) in China and India.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000153#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Coal phase-out","just transition","renewable energy","stranded asset","energy transition","carbon capture and storage","Paris Agreement","energy access","air pollution","economic diversity","Mini-grids"],"geography_discussed":["Canada","United States","Colombia","European Union","Netherlands","Alberta"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","techno-economic modelling","policy analysis","literature review"]},{"id":"climstra-000155","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/climstra-000155","title":"Coal transition in India","publisher":{"name":"Climate Strategies","organization":"climate-strategies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Coaltransitions_finalreport_India_2018.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines India's coal dependency and the challenges of transitioning to a low-carbon economy. Using the AIM/Enduse model, it compares the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) scenario with two 2°C pathways: a 'conventional' one relying on Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) and a 'sustainable' one shifting toward renewables, gas, and nuclear power. Key findings highlight the risk of significant stranded assets—including approximately 220 billion tonnes of unutilized coal reserves valued at USD 6.7 trillion—and the increasing vulnerability of coal power plants to water shortages, which already cause substantial generation losses. The report argues that while coal remains a mainstay until 2030, a managed phase-out is necessary to meet global climate targets, requiring synchronized actions in energy efficiency, renewable scaling, and the retirement of inefficient sub-critical plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000155#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"India's current energy system is heavily dependent on coal, which provides 70% of its power generation and accounts for 65% of its CO2 emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000155#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Under a 2°C sustainable scenario, coal in the power sector is phased out by 2038, replaced by natural gas, renewables, and nuclear power, leading to a 59% reduction in steam coal demand compared to the INDC scenario.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000155#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant volume of coal reserves is at risk of becoming stranded assets; approximately 220 billion tonnes may remain unutilized, with a notional value of roughly USD 6.7 trillion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000155#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Approximately 100 GW of coal-based capacity added in the last decade is vulnerable to techno-economic-regulatory shocks, as roughly 70% of this capacity uses inefficient sub-critical PC technology.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000155#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Water scarcity is a critical risk for coal-fired power plants, with 45% of plants stranded during certain times of the year located in water-stressed regions; a one-day shutdown of a 1 GW plant results in revenue losses of approximately INR 4-10 Crores (USD 0.6-1.5 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000155#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite a 'zero-import' policy for thermal coal, India would still require at least 50 to 100 million tonnes of steam coal imports to satisfy demand from import-based power plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000155#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To achieve 2°C-compatible transitions, India must scale up renewables—targeting 175 GW of solar by 2030—and increase nuclear capacity to 30 GW by 2030 and 50 GW by 2050 in the sustainable scenario.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000155#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 2°C conventional scenario relies heavily on the deployment of Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) in power and industry sectors to achieve a cumulative emission reduction of 6 Gt by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000155#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Coal phase-out","stranded asset","renewable energy","nuclear power","natural gas","energy efficiency","Nationally Determined Contributions","greenhouse gas emissions","carbon tax"],"geography_discussed":["Jharkhand","Odisha","Chhattisgarh","West Bengal","Madhya Pradesh","Telangana","Maharashtra","Indonesia","South Africa","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["techno-economic modelling","scenario analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"cliinstca-000480","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cliinstca-000480","title":"The Future of Building Heat and the Natural Gas Network in a Net Zero Canada","publisher":{"name":"Canadian Climate Institute","organization":"canadian-climate-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://climateinstitute.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Technical-Report%E2%80%94The-Future-Of-Building-Heat-Natural-Gas-Net-Zero.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details the use of the North American TIMES Energy Model (NATEM) to identify the most cost-effective technology combinations for decarbonizing Canada's building sector. It establishes a core 'Optimal NZ50' scenario targeting 440 Mt of emissions in 2030 and 10 Mt by 2050, while outlining seven sensitivity analyses covering heat pump costs, retrofit levels, and hydrogen integration. The modelling accounts for regional differences across 13 jurisdictions, incorporating detailed load curves, climate change temperature forecasts, and a comprehensive database of over 7,000 technologies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000480#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The study is centered on the 'Optimal NZ50' scenario, which aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 through a trajectory that targets 440 Mt of GHG emissions in 2030 and a remaining 10 Mt in 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000480#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The analysis employs the North American TIMES Energy Model (NATEM), an economy-wide optimization tool that identifies the least-cost technology mix to meet energy demands across 13 Canadian jurisdictions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000480#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To accurately assess the impact of building electrification on the electricity grid, the model introduces two novel 'seasons' to simulate three-day cold snaps and three-day heat waves, supplementing the standard four seasons.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000480#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The model assumes that while large-scale hydrogen transport would require new transmission pipelines, the existing gas distribution network can be leveraged for hydrogen delivery to buildings and industry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000480#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The research incorporates seven specific sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of the optimal solution, focusing on parameters such as heat pump investment costs, deep retrofit penetration, and hydrogen blending ratios in natural gas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000480#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The modelling of building heat includes a diverse range of technologies, including biomass, standard electricity, natural gas, propane, oil, hydrogen, and various heat pump configurations (electric or gas back-up).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000480#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon neutrality","heat pump","energy efficiency","Deep energy retrofit","hydrogen","renewable natural gas","electricity generation","biomass"],"geography_discussed":["British Columbia","Alberta","Ontario","Quebec","New Brunswick"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["techno-economic modelling","optimization analysis","sensitivity analysis"]},{"id":"seforall-000148","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/seforall-000148","title":"BEYOND THE 100% ASSUMPTION: ADJUSTING OnSSET TO REFLECT GRID RELIABILITY COSTS","publisher":{"name":"Sustainable Energy for All","organization":"sustainable-energy-for-all"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2025-12/GridReliaiblityOnSSETWhiteReport.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document introduces updates to the OnSSET tool to move beyond the assumption of 100% grid reliability. It proposes two proxies for the cost of non-supplied electricity: a parametric Cost of Non-Served Energy (CNSE) penalty and a diesel back-up system model. Testing in eastern Uganda shows that incorporating these reliability costs shifts the 'least-cost' preference from grid extension toward off-grid solutions, with the diesel back-up approach causing more significant shifts in technology mix and increasing total estimated investment by approximately 20%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000148#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The standard OnSSET model assumes grid extension provides 100% reliability, which is not reflected in its capital expenditure (CAPEX) or electricity cost calculations, whereas off-grid systems are sized with reliability requirements of 95-99%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000148#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Cost of Non-Served Energy (CNSE) approach applies a monetary penalty for outages based on reliability indices like SAIDI; in the Uganda case study, this caused minor shifts from grid connections to solar home systems (SHS) and had limited impact on total investment because it acts as a shadow price.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000148#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The diesel back-up system approach, which models the CAPEX and OPEX of generators to cover supply gaps, resulted in more significant shifts from grid extension to off-grid solutions and increased the total estimated investment of the least-cost scenario by approximately 20%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000148#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The CNSE approach is limited by its 'value-laden' nature, as there is no universal method for calculating the economic cost of outages, and it cannot currently capture sectoral differences (e.g., higher costs for hospitals versus residential users) at the settlement level.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000148#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The diesel back-up approach relies on the assumption that all customers use generators to cover unmet demand and uses a generic average-to-peak load ratio for sizing, which may lead to undersizing critical loads or oversizing household systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"seforall-000148#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Power system reliability","energy access"],"geography_discussed":["Namibia","Sri Lanka","India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["techno-economic modelling","case study","sensitivity analysis"]}]}