{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":13,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=supply+chain+mapping","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-003098","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003098","title":"India’s Potential in the Midstream of Battery Production","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-09","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-09/india-potential-midstream-battery-production.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines India's strategic position in the electric vehicle (EV) battery supply chain, identifying opportunities in mineral processing and cell manufacturing. It analyzes key investment drivers—such as guaranteed demand, infrastructure, and policy incentives—and evaluates India's comparative advantages, including low labor costs and a strong chemical sector, against challenges like critical mineral dependency and the need for more upfront capital subsidies to attract multinational firms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003098#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"India has set ambitious EV adoption targets for 2030, including 80% for two- and three-wheelers, 70% for commercial cars, 40% for buses, and 30% for private cars.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003098#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cells (PLI-ACC) has attracted approximately USD 8.3 billion in investments for 30 GWh of capacity, though this remains below the projected 2030 demand of 145–158 GWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003098#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China maintains a dominant position across the global battery supply chain, processing over 50% of required minerals and controlling 75% of global battery cell capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003098#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India has a strong comparative advantage in LFP (lithium iron phosphate) battery chemistry because it produces 100% or more of its domestic iron ore demand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003098#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India can leverage its port infrastructure and free trade agreements, such as with Australia, to become a hub for mineral processing and export refined materials to the US, Europe, and Asia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003098#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A critical bottleneck for attracting investment in cathode and anode manufacturing is the lack of guaranteed demand or firm offtake agreements, which hinders access to private capital.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003098#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's low labor costs and established chemical sector make it a competitive location for mineral processing; infrastructure costs are estimated to be 70% lower than in other chemical processing countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003098#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While India has significant natural graphite resources (8th largest globally), economic extraction remains largely unexplored, though the country has capacity for synthetic graphite production using coal tar.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003098#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Multinational companies are less likely to participate in schemes like PLI-ACC because other jurisdictions offer higher levels of upfront capital subsidies rather than just production-linked incentives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003098#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The production of synthetic graphite for anodes is highly energy-intensive, and India's continued reliance on coal for over 70% of its electricity generation could conflict with the ESG requirements of global investors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003098#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["electric vehicle","Battery Manufacturing","critical minerals","renewable electricity","environmental, social and corporate governance","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","Australia","European Union","Japan","South Korea","Karnataka","Telangana","Gujarat","Haryana","Argentina","Chile","Bolivia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative advantage analysis","policy assessment","supply chain mapping"]},{"id":"mearth-000145","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/mearth-000145","title":"Tesco: A basket of problems for the Amazon","publisher":{"name":"Mighty Earth","organization":"mighty-earth"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://www.mightyearth.org/wp-content/uploads/MET2314_Report_6-2_FNL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"An investigation by Mighty Earth, Repórter Brasil, and Ecostorm found that Tesco's UK meat products are linked to illegal deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The report traces soy from the Santa Ana farm in Mato Grosso, which used illegal fires to clear 400 hectares of forest in 2022, through Cargill's logistics network to UK suppliers Avara and Pilgrim's UK. The authors argue that Cargill's monitoring systems are flawed, allowing 'grain laundering' where illegal soy is mixed with legal crops. Despite public pledges to be deforestation-free by 2025, Tesco continues to source heavily from Cargill, which has a 2030 target. The report also criticizes proposed UK due diligence legislation for failing to cover 'legal' deforestation, potentially making the UK a leakage market for soy that does not meet EU standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000145#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Chicken and pork products sold in Tesco UK stores are linked to illegal deforestation and forest fires in the Brazilian Amazon, breaching the Amazon Soy Moratorium and Brazilian laws.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000145#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Satellite imagery and field investigations at the Santa Ana farm in Mato Grosso, Brazil, revealed 635 hectares of deforestation, including 400 hectares burned in September 2022, which is equivalent to over 560 Wembley football pitches and the loss of more than 220,000 trees.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000145#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies 'grain laundering' or 'triangulation' in the supply chain, where illegally grown soy from embargoed areas is mixed with legally grown soy, making it difficult to trace and allowing traders like Cargill to continue purchasing from the Lucion family despite restrictions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000145#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cargill dominates the UK soy market, with 70 per cent of soy exports from Brazil to the UK supplied by the company, and 75 per cent of its exports to Liverpool originating from the port of Santarém.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000145#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tesco's claim to achieve 100 per cent deforestation and conversion-free (DCF) soy by 2025 is described as disingenuous because its largest soy supplier, Cargill, has a target date of 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000145#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tesco's soy footprint is poorly traced, with 64 per cent (262,602 tonnes) of its 2021 soy footprint listed as 'not yet attributable'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000145#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UK's proposed due diligence requirements under the Environment Act 2021 are criticized for not encompassing 'legal' deforestation, which differs from the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) and may lead to the UK becoming a 'leakage market'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000145#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report links Tesco's supply chain to Avara Foods (poultry) and Pilgrim's UK (pork), both of which use soy-based feed linked to Cargill.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000145#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","Global supply chain governance","greenhouse gas emissions","biodiversity loss","Net-zero emissions","regenerative agriculture","methane emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Mato Grosso","Pará","Santarém","Liverpool","Bahia","Piauí","Maranhão"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping","corporate accountability investigation","policy analysis"]},{"id":"glowit-000242","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000242","title":"How Europe’s meat industry drives human rights abuses in Paraguay","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2022-12-01","source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/documents/106/Toxic_takeaways_EN_-_December_2022.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report documents systemic human rights violations in Paraguay's soy-growing regions, linking these abuses to major US commodity traders (ADM, Cargill, and Bunge) and European meat processors (2 Sisters and Danish Crown). It argues that voluntary sustainability certifications, specifically 'mass balance' schemes, act as accounting tricks that allow tainted soy to enter European supply chains. The document calls for mandatory due diligence legislation in the EU and UK to replace ineffective voluntary initiatives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Soy production in eastern Paraguay is linked to severe human rights abuses, including forced evictions, armed attacks, chemical poisoning, and the criminalisation of land defenders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The global soy trade in Paraguay is dominated by US firms, with ADM and Cargill handling approximately 40% of the country's soy exports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global Witness traced supply chains connecting human rights violations in Paraguay to 2 Sisters, the UK's largest chicken company, and Danish Crown, Europe's largest meat processing company.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'mass balance' certification system allows soy from non-certified or abusive farms to be mixed with certified soy, effectively laundering tainted products into the European market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Illegal agrochemical fumigations in regions like Canindeyú have caused deaths and severe health issues, with the UN finding that the Paraguayan government failed to investigate these violations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Paraguay exhibits extreme land inequality, where 12,000 people own 90% of the land, contributing to a Gini coefficient of 0.93.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Paraguayan state is accused of complicity through budget cuts to the Indigenous Institute (INDI) and the Land Institute (INDERT), and by failing to tax soy exports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Proposed EU legislation, including the Deforestation Regulation and the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), contains loopholes that may allow companies to avoid due diligence on small-scale farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Industry trade bodies such as Fediol, Coceral, and FEFAC have lobbied the European Commission to remove requirements for geolocated traceability and segregation of soy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000242#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["land grabbing","indigenous rights","deforestation"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","United Kingdom","Denmark","Argentina","Alto Paraná Department","Canindeyú Department","San Pedro Department","Caaguazú Department"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping","human rights impact assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"sei-000147","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-000147","title":"Sweden's climate risk international trade","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2022-10-21","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/publications/swedens-climate-risk-international-trade","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This research paper by the Stockholm Environment Institute examines transboundary climate risks to Sweden's international trade, arguing that traditional analysis overlooks hidden vulnerabilities in deeper supply chain tiers, specifically regarding inputs from Asia, Africa, and soy production in Brazil.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000147#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Traditional trade analysis suggests Sweden's climate risk is low because its primary trading partners are geographically close, such as Germany and Nordic countries, which have low climate vulnerability. However, more detailed data reveals 'hidden links' to highly vulnerable emerging economies in Asia and Africa that are critical to Swedish supply chains, creating a 'new risk horizon' where climate change threatens the stability of inputs entering the chain thousands of miles away.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000147#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The study utilized a high-granularity approach to map climate risks to soy production at the municipality level in Brazil and traced these risks through to Swedish consumption. This methodology also included an assessment of climate change 'choke points' affecting the transport of soy from farms to ports in Brazil, a factor typically omitted from trade-related climate risk assessments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000147#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["climate risk","supply chain","international trade","adaptation policy","transboundary risk"],"geography_discussed":["Germany","Brazil","Asia","Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping","risk assessment"]},{"id":"ciel-000239","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ciel-000239","title":"The EU’s Methane Regulation Must Include Supply Chain Emissions and the Petrochemical Sector","publisher":{"name":"Center for International Environmental Law","organization":"center-for-international-environmental-law"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2021-11-25","source_url":"https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/21.12.2.6-pager_EU-Methane-Regulation-Backgrounder.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The briefing highlights a growing trade in natural gas liquids (NGLs), specifically ethane and propane, from US fracking basins to European petrochemical plants. It contends that because several European countries have banned fracking, the reliance on US imports creates a loophole where emissions are outsourced. The author urges the European Commission to ensure the EU Methane Regulation covers the entire supply chain and includes petrochemical feedstocks to avoid undermining emissions reductions and health policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000239#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The European Union's climate and plastic reduction goals are being jeopardized by the use of fossil feedstocks from the United States for plastics production in Europe.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000239#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"US steam cracking capacity for ethane increased from 26 million tons per year in 2005 to 45 million tons per year in 2021, with plans as of October 2021 to add another 9.1 million tons per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000239#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Seven European countries have implemented bans or moratoria on fracking: France, Bulgaria, The Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Spain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000239#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Most US natural gas liquids (NGLs) exported to Europe originate from the Appalachian (Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia), Eagle Ford (Texas), and Permian (Texas and New Mexico) basins.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000239#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Europe, the primary known users of US ethane are Borealis and INEOS, while the primary known users of US propane are Dow Chemical and INEOS.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000239#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Parliament passed a resolution in October 2021 requesting that the EU Methane Regulation include fossil gas and oil used for non-energy purposes, such as petrochemicals, and cover the whole supply chain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000239#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The original EU strategy for the energy sector identified measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV), leak detection and repair (LDAR), and a ban on routine venting and flaring as required pillars, while extension to the petrochemical sector and full supply chain coverage were listed as optional.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-000239#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["methane emissions","petrochemical product","hydraulic fracturing","plastic production"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Norway","United Kingdom","France","Bulgaria","Netherlands","Germany","Ireland","Spain","Texas","New Mexico","Pennsylvania","Ohio","West Virginia","Antwerp"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","supply chain mapping"]},{"id":"chanmar-000338","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000338","title":"What Lies Beneath: Uncovering the truth about Peru’s colossal fishmeal and fish oil industry","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2020-11","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/What_Lies_Beneath_Executive_Summary_ENGLISH.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report exposes systemic issues in Peru's fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) industry, the world's largest, highlighting the overfishing of juvenile anchovies, corruption in quota setting, and the failure of sustainability certifications like MarinTrust. It details how major producers, such as TASA and Austral Group, supply global aquafeed giants (including Skretting and BioMar) that provide feed for salmon sold to major European retailers. Additionally, the document reports severe health and safety violations during the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, where companies allegedly covered up widespread infections among workers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Peru is the global leader in fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) production, accounting for one-third of global output and exporting over 1 million tonnes annually. The Peruvian anchovy (anchoveta) fishery is the largest single-species fishery in the world, with 6,053,201 metric tonnes of anchovy destined for FMFO landed in 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The industry is characterized by unsustainable practices and corruption, including the overfishing of juvenile fish, underreporting of catches, and the diversion of fish intended for human consumption to FMFO production. There are concerns that the anchoveta fishery could collapse, similar to the 1972 El Niño event, due to risk factors and climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major Peruvian FMFO producers TASA and Austral Group, which together generated nearly one-third of Peru's fishmeal (32%) and fish oil (29%) exports in 2019, are linked to European aquafeed and aquaculture giants. TASA supplies companies such as EWOS/Cargill, Skretting, and BioMar, which in turn supply the world's largest fish-farming companies and retailers like Aldi, Marks & Spencer, and REWE.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Norwegian salmon producers Mowi and Lerøy rely heavily on Peruvian sources; in 2019, Mowi sourced 40.2% of its fish oil from Peruvian and Chilean waters, while Lerøy sourced 26.4% from Peru.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The MarinTrust Global Standard for Responsible Supply is described as fatally flawed for certifying companies involved in underreporting catches, overfishing juveniles, and corruption scandals. Furthermore, between 2012 and 2018, an annual mismatch of 46,000 tonnes of 'phantom' fishmeal was identified, where exports exceeded production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"During the 2020 fishing season, FMFO companies TASA and Austral Group allegedly violated health and safety protocols, leading to widespread Covid-19 infections. At TASA's Vegueta plant, 76% of workers represented by the SINTETASA union were infected, and 48% of the workforce at the Samanco plant were infected. TASA is also accused of failing to report at least two cases to the Peruvian Ministry of Health.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000338#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","climate change","supply chain","food security"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","Chimbote","Norway","Chile"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping","environmental impact assessment","social impact assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000339","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000339","title":"Escondido en la profundidad: destapando la verdad sobre la descomunal industria peruana del pienso y aceite de pescado","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"es","date_published":"2020-11","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/What_Lies_Beneath_Executive_Summary_SPANISH.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report exposes the Peruvian fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) industry as unsustainable, citing widespread corruption, overfishing of juvenile anchovies, and poor worker safety during the Covid-19 pandemic. It maps the supply chain from Peruvian producers like TASA and Austral Group to major European feed companies (e.g., Skretting, BioMar) and retailers (e.g., Aldi, Tesco, Sainsbury), arguing that sustainability certifications like MarinTrust are ineffective 'greenwashing'. The document calls for the global aquaculture sector to phase out FMFO by 2025 to protect marine ecosystems, particularly the Humboldt Current.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Peru is the world's largest producer of fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO), accounting for one-third of global production and exporting over one million tonnes annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Peruvian anchovy fishery is the largest single-species fishery globally; in 2018, 6,053,201 metric tonnes of anchovy were landed for FMFO, an 88% increase from the previous year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major Peruvian FMFO producers TASA and Austral Group are linked to unsustainable practices, including the overfishing of juvenile anchovies and the under-reporting of catches.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report maps a supply chain where FMFO from TASA is sold to European feed giants such as EWOS/Cargill, Skretting, and BioMar, which then supply major retailers including Aldi, Marks & Spencer, and REWE.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Norwegian salmon giant Mowi obtained 40.2% of its fish oil from Peruvian and Chilean anchovies in 2019, and is a sole supplier to the UK retailer Sainsbury.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The MarinTrust certification is described as flawed for certifying companies involved in corruption, under-reporting catches, and overfishing juveniles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 2012 and 2018, there was an annual discrepancy of approximately 46,000 tonnes of 'ghost' fishmeal, where recorded exports exceeded production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"During the 2020 fishing season, FMFO companies TASA and Austral Group allegedly violated health protocols, leading to widespread Covid-19 infections; at TASA's Vegueta plant, 76% of unionized workers were infected, and 48% at the Samanco plant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000339#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","Global supply chain governance","climate change"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","Chimbote","Chile"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping","environmental assessment","social impact assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000068","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000068","title":"Pescando una catástrofe","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"es","date_published":"2019-10","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM-EX-SUMMARY-SPANISH-FINAL-WEB-FISHING-FOR-CATASTROPHE-2019-.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that the production of fish meal and fish oil (FMFO) for aquaculture is precipitating the collapse of fish populations and threatening food security in regions like India, Vietnam, and Gambia. It maps supply chains linking unsustainable and often illegal fishing practices to major European retailers and global aquafeed companies, while critiquing the Marine Ingredients Organisation (IFFO) for providing a 'smoke screen' of sustainability through its certifications. The document recommends a transition away from wild-caught fish in aquafeeds toward sustainable alternatives and the cultivation of species that do not require FMFO.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The production of fish meal and fish oil (FMFO) for global aquaculture is causing fish populations to collapse, which in turn threatens food security and destroys the socio-economic fabric of coastal communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In India, FMFO plants are capitalizing on the capture of juvenile fish, damaged fish, and species not previously used for fishing, leading to ecosystem imbalances and the collapse of traditional species like sardines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Vietnam's FMFO industry is characterized by uncontrolled overfishing, unauthorized transshipments at sea, and a lack of reporting of catches to authorities, leading to declining fish populations and regional tensions due to fishing in foreign waters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Gambia, the FMFO industry is operating at a scale where a single plant's combined catch represented approximately 40% of the country's total reported fish catches in 2016, with much of the product exported to China via a black market in Vietnam to bypass food safety controls.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Marine Ingredients Organisation (IFFO) is described as an unfit certification body because its membership and certifications act as a 'smoke screen' for sustainability, masking the true impacts of using wild fish in aquaculture.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major European retailers in the UK, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain are linked to unsustainable FMFO supply chains through their procurement from aquafeed companies and seafood processors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000068#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","food security","Global supply chain governance"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Norway","Scotland","Peru","Mauritania","Europe","United Kingdom","France","Germany","Netherlands","Spain","United States","Canada","Chile","Thailand","Saudi Arabia","Tunisia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping","field research","policy assessment"]},{"id":"clipolin-000664","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000664","title":"Menuju Rantai Pasok Kelapa Sawit yang Lebih Berkelanjutan dan Efisien di Berau, Kalimantan Timur","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"id","date_published":"2018-07","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Menuju-Rantai-Pasok-Kelapa-Sawit-yang-Lebih-Berkelanjutan-dan-Efisien-di-Berau-Kalimantan-Timur.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes the palm oil sector in Berau, East Kalimantan, finding that the region can meet its production targets and mill capacities without further land expansion by focusing on productivity increases. While corporate plantations operate efficiently, smallholders face significant barriers, including lack of land certification, limited access to finance, and inefficient transport routes. The report recommends strengthening smallholder cooperatives, improving financial access, and exploring the feasibility of local CPO refineries to increase regional value-add.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000664#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Berau can achieve optimal production levels and meet its total mill processing capacity of 2.8 million tons of Fresh Fruit Bunches (TBS) per year by 2021 through good agricultural practices and productivity increases, eliminating the need for further land expansion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000664#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The palm oil sector in Berau has grown rapidly, with planted areas increasing from 40,000 hectares in 2010 to 120,000 hectares in 2016, now dominating over 70% of agricultural land in the region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000664#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant productivity gap between corporate plantations and smallholders, with the difference ranging between 3 to 9 tons per hectare over the last five years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000664#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Palm oil mills in Berau are currently underutilized, operating at only 44% of their combined capacity, suggesting they are positioned to handle future production increases as trees reach peak maturity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000664#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Smallholders face severe operational inefficiencies, with some transporting TBS over 137 km to distant mills because they lack contracts with closer mills or cannot meet specific quality standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000664#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial constraints are a primary barrier for smallholders; only 28% of independent smallholders possess land ownership certificates (SHM), which hinders their ability to secure formal credit for quality seeds and inputs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000664#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Berau lacks CPO refineries, resulting in most crude palm oil being shipped outside East Kalimantan to other provinces or to Sabah, Malaysia, which limits the regional economic value-add.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000664#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sustainability certifications like RSPO can inadvertently alienate smallholders if they are not supported by empowerment programs, as mills may reject TBS that does not meet strict certification standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000664#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable agriculture","land use","deforestation","climate finance","green economy"],"geography_discussed":["Indonesia","Malaysia","Sabah","Balikpapan","North Sulawesi","East Java","South Kalimantan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping","productivity analysis","financial accessibility assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000282","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000282","title":"Superbugs in der Lieferkette","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"de","date_published":"2016-10","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Superbugsinthesupply_DE.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria near pharmaceutical production sites in India and China, arguing that poor waste management in these hubs fuels the global spread of 'superbugs'. Through water sampling and supply chain analysis, it identifies specific companies—such as Aurobindo Pharma, Orchid Chemicals, and Asiatic Drugs and Pharmaceuticals—as 'AMR hotspots' and traces their products to major healthcare providers and pharmaceutical giants in the West.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000282#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Water sampling conducted in June 2016 across 34 sites in India revealed antibiotic-resistant bacteria at 16 locations. Four of these sites showed resistance to three major classes of antibiotics: Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, and Fluoroquinolones.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000282#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Three specific Indian pharmaceutical companies were identified as 'AMR hotspots': Aurobindo Pharma (Hyderabad), Orchid Chemicals (Chennai), and Asiatic Drugs and Pharmaceuticals (Delhi).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000282#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The supply chain analysis reveals that antibiotics from polluting Indian plants reach major Western entities. Aurobindo Unit VII in Polepally has supplied Amoxicillin directly to the US wholesaler McKesson, which in turn supplies CVS Health.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000282#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Aurobindo Pharma distributes products in Europe under several brands, including Actavis, Arrow, and Milpharm, and supplies the UK National Health Service (NHS) and the French Santé Publique.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000282#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) inspections are insufficient because they focus on drug safety and quality but do not include environmental criteria or waste management requirements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000282#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Global supply chain governance","waste management","environmental regulation"],"geography_discussed":["Hyderabad","New Delhi","Chennai","United States","European Union","United Kingdom","France","Germany"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["environmental assessment","supply chain mapping","policy analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000283","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000283","title":"Superbactéries dans la chaîne d’approvisionnement","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2016-10","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Superbugsinthesupply_FR.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a critical link between irresponsible pharmaceutical manufacturing practices in China and India and the proliferation of 'superbugs'. Field sampling in India revealed high levels of antibiotic resistance in water sources near factories owned by Aurobindo Pharma, Orchid Chemicals, and Asiatic Drugs and Pharmaceuticals. The analysis shows that these polluting sites are integrated into global supply chains, providing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished drugs to major distributors and healthcare providers in the West, including McKesson in the US and various public hospitals in France. The document argues that antimicrobial resistance is driven by three factors—medical, agricultural, and industrial—and calls for the integration of environmental criteria into Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and greater supply chain transparency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000283#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Field sampling conducted in June 2016 across 34 sites in Hyderabad, New Delhi, and Chennai found that 16 sites were 'bouillons de cultures de résistance aux antibiotiques'. Four sites showed resistance to three major antibiotic families: cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000283#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Three specific production units were identified as 'foyers ardents de résistance': Aurobindo Pharma in Hyderabad, Orchid Chemicals in Chennai, and Asiatic Drugs and Pharmaceuticals in Delhi.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000283#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In China, pharmaceutical waste from antibiotic fermentation is frequently repurposed as agricultural fertilizer, creating a risk of spreading resistance through the soil. For example, Shandong Lukang Pharmaceutical Co. has been linked to the sale of fermentation residues to fertilizer companies like Jining Lite Biotechnology Co. Ltd.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000283#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The global supply chain is highly opaque, with 90% of Indian medicines, including antibiotics, produced from APIs manufactured in China. This structure allows polluting practices to persist while products reach Western markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000283#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Aurobindo Pharma is highlighted as a major offender, importing from polluting Chinese factories and exporting to the US and Europe. Its Unit VII in Polepally supplies Amoxicillin to the US distributor McKesson and provides products to French public hospitals via the brand Arrow Génériques.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000283#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) inspections by the EMA and US FDA focus on drug safety and quality but do not include environmental criteria, meaning factories can be certified for export while continuing to discharge pollutants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000283#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a 'third cause' of antimicrobial resistance—industrial pollution—alongside the widely recognized causes of irrational medical use and prophylactic use in livestock.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000283#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Global supply chain governance","water pollution"],"geography_discussed":["Hyderabad","New Delhi","Chennai","France","United States","Europe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["field sampling","supply chain mapping","policy analysis"]},{"id":"chanmar-000284","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000284","title":"Superbugs in the Supply Chain","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2016-10","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Superbugsinthesupplychain_CMreport_ENG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies pharmaceutical manufacturing waste in India and China as a significant driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Through water sampling in India and supply chain analysis, it links specific polluting factories to major global distributors and public health systems, including the UK's NHS. It argues that current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) frameworks are insufficient because they lack environmental criteria, allowing 'superbugs' to proliferate and spread globally via trade and travel.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000284#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Water sampling conducted in June 2016 across 34 sites in Hyderabad, New Delhi, and Chennai found that 16 sites harboured antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Four of these sites showed resistance to three major antibiotic classes: cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000284#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Three specific Indian factories were identified as 'resistance hotspots': Aurobindo Pharma (Hyderabad), Orchid Chemicals (Chennai), and Asiatic Drugs and Pharmaceuticals (Delhi).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000284#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Aurobindo Pharma is highlighted as a major polluter that imports raw materials from polluting Chinese factories and exports finished antibiotics to the U.S. and EU. Its Unit VII in Polepally was found to have wastewater emerging from the perimeter wall, and the site is linked to U.S. distributor McKesson and the UK's National Health Service (NHS).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000284#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In China, pharmaceutical residues are often repurposed as fertiliser to avoid the cost of incineration, creating a legal loophole. For example, Shandong Lukang Pharmaceutical Co. has been linked to the sale of solid waste used in 'organic fertilizer' sold in markets like Shouguang City.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000284#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that the current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) framework used by U.S. and EU regulators is inadequate for preventing AMR because it focuses on drug safety and does not include environmental criteria or waste treatment requirements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000284#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China is the world's largest exporter of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), supplying over 50% of the global market. Over 80% of Chinese-made penicillin salts are exported to India for processing into end products for global markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000284#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a 'perfect storm' where industrial pollution combines with the misuse of antibiotics in human medicine and livestock rearing to accelerate the global spread of drug-resistant infections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000284#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Global supply chain governance","water pollution"],"geography_discussed":["Hyderabad","New Delhi","Chennai","United States","Europe","United Kingdom","France","Germany"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["environmental assessment","supply chain mapping","policy analysis"]},{"id":"glowit-000032","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000032","title":"Toxic Takeaways","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/toxic-takeaways/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report documents a pattern of forced evictions, illegal chemical fumigations, and the criminalization of land defenders in eastern Paraguay, driven by the expansion of industrial soy production. It identifies US traders ADM, Cargill, and Bunge as primary conduits, linking these abuses to European meat processors 2 Sisters and Danish Crown. The document argues that voluntary sustainability initiatives and 'mass balance' certification schemes are insufficient to prevent the import of 'tainted' soy into the EU and UK, and calls for mandatory human rights due diligence legislation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000032#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indigenous and campesino communities in eastern Paraguay face severe human rights violations, including forced evictions, armed attacks, and chemical poisoning, to secure land for soy export.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000032#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"US commodity traders ADM and Cargill dominate the Paraguayan soy market, handling approximately 40% of exports, and are linked to producers responsible for human rights abuses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000032#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Illegal soy fumigations in communities like Yerutí and Campo Agua’e have caused severe health issues and cultural loss, with the UN finding that the Paraguayan government failed to provide an effective remedy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000032#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Paraguayan state is accused of complicity through the failure to enforce environmental laws and the active repression of land activists, including increasing prison sentences for 'property invasion'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000032#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Supply chain mapping links Paraguayan soy to 2 Sisters (UK's largest chicken company) and Danish Crown (Europe's largest meat processor) via traders ADM, Cargill, and Bunge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000032#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'mass balance' certification system used by the industry is described as an 'accounting trick' that allows soy from non-compliant or abusive farms to be mixed with certified soy, effectively laundering tainted products into European markets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000032#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Proposed EU legislation, including the Deforestation Regulation and the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), contains loopholes that may allow companies to avoid accountability through third-party verifications and limited supplier scopes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000032#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major soy traders and feed industry associations (Fediol, Coceral, FEFAC) have lobbied the European Commission to weaken traceability and segregation requirements in deforestation laws to protect commercial confidentiality and keep prices low.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000032#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","human rights","land tenure","pesticide","indigenous rights"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","United Kingdom","Alto Paraná Department","Candindeyú","San Pedro Department","Caaguazú Department","Denmark","Argentina"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain mapping","human rights impact assessment","policy analysis"]}]}