{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["subsidy mapping"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'subsidy mapping' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":5,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=subsidy+mapping","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-000514","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000514","title":"Mapping India's Energy Subsidies 2021: Time for renewed support to clean energy","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-07-14","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/mapping-india-energy-subsidies-2021","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that fossil fuel subsidies in India significantly outweigh those for clean energy, with the disparity increasing from 7 to 7.3 times the size of renewable subsidies between FY 2019 and FY 2020. While electric vehicle subsidies more than doubled by FY 2020, renewable energy subsidies fell nearly 45% from their FY 2017 peak. Additionally, seven major energy public sector undertakings invested 11 times more in fossil fuel projects than in renewable energy projects in FY 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000514#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Fossil fuel subsidies in India significantly exceed those for clean energy, and this gap widened between FY 2019 and FY 2020, increasing from 7 times to 7.3 times the amount provided to renewables.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000514#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies for renewable energy in India experienced a decline of nearly 45% from their peak in FY 2017, remaining stagnant at approximately INR 8,000 crore in FY 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000514#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In FY 2020, the largest subsidy category was electricity transmission and distribution, totaling around INR 1.3 lakh crore (USD 18.2 billion). Oil and gas subsidies rose by 16% from FY 2019 to FY 2020, reaching INR 55,347 crore (USD 7.8 billion), while electric vehicle subsidies more than doubled since FY 2019 to reach INR 1,141 crore (USD 161 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000514#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Seven major Indian energy public sector undertakings spent INR 22,261 crore (USD 3.1 billion) on fossil fuel projects in FY 2020, which was 11 times the amount invested in renewable energy projects during the same period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000514#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To support the 'Make in India' initiative for domestic solar manufacturing, the report identifies three needs: demand-side certainty to trigger expansion, the development of healthy manufacturing ecosystems by states, and a combination of fiscal incentives and research and development to improve competitiveness.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000514#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy","electric vehicle","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Jharkhand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["subsidy mapping","policy assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-003092","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003092","title":"Mapping India’s Energy Subsidies 2020","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-04","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/india-energy-transition-2020.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while India has shifted resources toward clean energy since FY 2014, subsidies for fossil fuels remain over seven times larger than those for renewables and electric vehicles. Oil and gas subsidies rose by over 65% between FY 2017 and FY 2019, driven by higher oil prices and LPG use, while renewable energy subsidies fell by 35% in the same period. Electricity transmission and distribution subsidies doubled, primarily due to under-priced electricity for residential and agricultural users. Electric vehicle subsidies grew over 400-fold since FY 2014. A special analysis of coal indicates a massive net cost of INR 3,36,446 crore in FY 2018 when accounting for social costs like air pollution and GHG emissions, far outweighing tax revenues and charges.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003092#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between FY 2017 and FY 2019, oil and gas subsidies increased by over 65%, rising from INR 40,762 crore (USD 6.1 billion) to INR 67,679 crore (USD 10.07 billion), primarily due to higher oil prices and increased use of subsidized liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003092#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Renewable energy (RE) subsidies decreased by 35% from a peak of INR 15,313 crore (USD 2.3 billion) in FY 2017 to INR 9,930 crore (USD 1.5 billion) in FY 2019, attributed to falling RE costs and policy decisions such as price caps in auctions and the solar safeguard duty.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003092#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies for electric vehicles (EVs) grew more than 400-fold from FY 2014 to FY 2019, increasing from INR 3.8 crore (USD 0.6 million) to INR 1,673 crore (USD 249 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003092#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) subsidies doubled between FY 2014 and FY 2019, reaching INR 79,671 crore (USD 11.9 billion). The most significant component is the under-pricing of electricity, estimated at INR 63,778 crore (USD 9.5 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003092#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite a general shift toward clean energy since FY 2014, fossil fuel subsidies (oil, gas, and coal) remained significantly higher than clean energy support, totaling INR 83,134 crore (USD 12.4 billion) in FY 2019 compared to INR 11,604 crore (USD 1.7 billion) for renewables and electric mobility.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003092#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Quantified coal subsidies remained stable from FY 2014 to FY 2019, ending at INR 15,456 crore (USD 2.3 billion) in FY 2019. The largest single coal subsidy is a concessional 5% sales tax under the GST, which forewent INR 13,681 crore (USD 2.0 billion) in revenue in FY 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003092#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A comprehensive cost assessment for FY 2018 reveals that coal-fired power results in a net overall cost to India of INR 3,36,446 crore (USD 52.2 billion), as social costs from air pollution and GHG emissions (estimated at INR 3,91,128 crore) far exceed tax revenues and charges.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003092#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"LPG subsidies are a major expenditure, with the Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG (DBTL) worth INR 31,447 crore (USD 4.7 billion) in FY 2019. However, evidence suggests these subsidies are poorly targeted, with a significant portion benefiting higher-income households.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003092#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","electric vehicle","coal","petroleum industry","greenhouse gas emissions","air pollution","energy transition","carbon price","energy access","Grid balancing","energy storage","just transition"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["subsidy mapping","cost-benefit analysis","policy review"]},{"id":"iisd-003091","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003091","title":"India’s Energy Transition: Subsidies for Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy, 2018 Update","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/india-energy-transition-2018update.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that total quantified energy subsidies in India declined from INR 2,15,974 crore in FY2014 to INR 1,51,484 crore in FY2017. While support for renewables grew nearly six-fold and oil and gas subsidies dropped by 76%, subsidies for fossil fuels remained more than triple those for renewables and electric vehicles in FY2017. Electricity transmission and distribution emerged as the largest subsidy recipient, largely due to under-pricing for consumers. The document highlights the challenge of poor targeting in energy access subsidies and the stability of coal subsidies despite environmental externalities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003091#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Total quantified energy subsidies in India decreased from INR 2,15,974 crore (USD 35.7 billion) in FY2014 to INR 1,51,484 crore (USD 23.0 billion) in FY2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003091#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) became the largest single recipient of energy subsidies, reaching INR 83,313 crore (USD 12.9 billion) in FY2017, primarily through the under-pricing of electricity for certain consumer groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003091#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies for oil and gas saw a significant reduction of 76 per cent between FY2014 and FY2017, falling from INR 1,57,678 crore (USD 26.1 billion) to INR 36,991 crore (USD 5.5 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003091#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Government support for renewable energy increased almost six-fold, rising from INR 2,608 crore (USD 431 million) in FY2014 to INR 15,040 crore (USD 2.2 billion) in FY2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003091#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the growth in renewable support, subsidies for oil, gas, and coal in FY2017 (INR 52,983 crore) were more than triple the value of subsidies for renewables and electric vehicles (INR 15,188 crore).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003091#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Quantified subsidies for coal mining and coal-fired power remained stable between FY2014 and FY2017, totaling INR 15,992 crore (USD 2.4 billion) in FY2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003091#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies for electric vehicles are growing but remain small, totaling INR 148 crore (USD 22.1 million) in FY2017, with the FAME scheme being the largest contributor at INR 144 crore.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003091#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Direct energy access subsidies, which reduce consumer prices for electricity and clean cooking, accounted for 72 per cent of all quantified FY2017 subsidies, totaling INR 109,618 crore (USD 16.3 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003091#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in July 2017 altered several energy subsidies, including reducing the sales tax rate on coal to 5 per cent and introducing a 5 per cent tax on renewable energy equipment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003091#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy","electric vehicle","coal-fired power station","energy access","clean cooking","carbon tax","greenhouse gas emissions","air pollution","energy security"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","subsidy mapping","trend analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-001634","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001634","title":"India’s Energy Transition: Subsidies for Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy 2018 Annex Update","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2018","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/india-energy-transition-2018update-annex.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The annex details updates to India's energy subsidy landscape, noting the discontinuation of several renewable energy schemes and tax holidays for power generation and mineral oil production. It introduces new subsidies linked to the 2017 Goods and Services Tax (GST) for coal, LPG, and renewable energy equipment, alongside the Saubhagya electrification scheme and various national and state-level (Maharashtra) incentives for electric vehicles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001634#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Several fossil fuel subsidies were modified or discontinued by 2017, including a 100 per cent tax holiday for power generating companies that began operations after April 1, 1993, which was \"discontinued in March 2017\". Additionally, the tax holiday for companies producing mineral oil or refining mineral oil ceased to be applicable for blocks awarded or undertakings beginning refining after March 31, 2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001634#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Multiple renewable energy support mechanisms were terminated or reduced. The Biomass Gasifier Programme and the Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems Programme both ended in 2017 with \"no further notification regarding the continuation/extension of the scheme\". The Akshay Urja Shops Programme was discontinued on June 20, 2017. Furthermore, the accelerated depreciation rate for renewable energy was halved from 80 per cent to 40 per cent in Budget 2017, and the Generation-Based Incentive (GBI) for wind and solar projects was withdrawn in Budget 2017–18.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001634#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in July 2017 created new concessional tax regimes. Coal production attracts a 5 per cent GST rate, while domestic LPG and PDS kerosene are levied at 5 per cent compared to an 18 per cent rate for other minerals in the same category. For renewable energy, GST on selected machinery for solar and wind generation is set at 5 per cent. In FY18, the subsidy conferred for renewable energy equipment was 24,667 INR crore (367.7 USD million), and for domestic LPG it was 13,964 INR crore (2081.5 USD million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001634#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Saubhagya scheme (Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana) aims for universal household electrification. The project has a total outlay of INR 16,320 crores (USD 2.5 billion), with Gross Budgetary Support of INR 12,320 crores (USD 1.9 billion). In FY18, the subsidy conferred was 2,000 INR crore (310.33 USD million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001634#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India implemented several electric vehicle (EV) incentives. The FAME-India scheme, running from 2015 to 2020, provided 235 INR crore (36.46 USD million) in FY18. Under the GST regime, EVs are taxed at 12 per cent compared to 28 per cent for fossil fuel vehicles. Additionally, customs duty exemptions apply to specific EV parts including batteries, battery packs, and AC/DC motors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001634#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The State of Maharashtra introduced a 2018-2023 EV policy targeting 500,000 registered electric vehicles. Incentives include a 10 per cent subsidy (up to INR 0.2 crore) for the first 1,000 EV passenger buses and a 15 per cent subsidy for the first 100,000 EVs (capped at INR 5,000 for 2-wheelers, INR 12,000 for 3-wheelers, and INR 100,000 for 4-wheelers). The policy also provides a 25 per cent subsidy on equipment for the first 250 commercial public EV charging stations, limited to INR 0.1 crore per station.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001634#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","coal","solar energy","wind power","electric vehicle","electric vehicle charging network"],"geography_discussed":["Maharashtra","Mumbai","Pune","Aurangabad","Thane","Nagpur","Nashik"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","subsidy mapping"]},{"id":"iisd-001637","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001637","title":"India’s Energy Transition: Mapping subsidies to fossil fuels and clean energy in India","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2017-11","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/india-energy-transition-summary.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report provides the first comprehensive inventory of central government energy subsidies in India, covering coal, oil and gas, renewable energy, and electricity transmission and distribution (T&D). It finds that while total quantified subsidies declined from USD 35.8 billion in FY2014 to USD 20.4 billion in FY2016, support for fossil fuels remained more significant than for renewables. The study highlights a shift in the primary recipient of subsidies toward electricity T&D and notes that many consumer subsidies fail to reach the poorest populations, instead benefiting those above the poverty line.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001637#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Total quantified energy subsidies from the central government decreased significantly between FY2014 and FY2016, falling from INR 216,408 crore (USD 35.8 billion) to INR 133,841 crore (USD 20.4 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001637#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies for electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) became the largest category of energy subsidies by FY2016, increasing from INR 40,331 crore (USD 6.7 billion) in FY2014 to INR 64,896 crore (USD 9.9 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001637#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Oil and gas subsidies saw a sharp decline, dropping from INR 157,678 crore (USD 26 billion) in FY2014 to INR 44,654 crore (USD 6.8 billion) in FY2016, driven by pricing reforms and lower global oil prices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001637#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Support for renewable energy increased substantially, with central government subsidies rising from INR 2,607 crore (USD 431 million) in FY2014 to INR 9,311 crore (USD 1.4 billion) in FY2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001637#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the growth in renewable support, the overall scale of subsidies for fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) remained higher than those for renewables throughout the review period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001637#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal subsidies remained relatively stable, totaling INR 14,979 crore (USD 2.3 billion) in FY2016, with approximately 90 per cent provided through tax breaks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001637#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Consumer electricity subsidies in India are poorly targeted, with an estimated 87 per cent of payments going to households above the poverty line.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001637#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy","petroleum industry","energy access","clean cooking","air pollution","greenhouse gas emissions","energy transition","Paris Agreement","Nationally Determined Contributions"],"geography_discussed":["Rajasthan","Tamil Nadu","Chhattisgarh","People's Republic of China","Indonesia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["subsidy mapping","trend analysis","impact assessment"]}]}